Professional Documents
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ç ÿ¥¬Õ¥ Grammaré
æ‘¡æå§√—Èß∑’Ë 1 ‘ßÀ“§¡ 2547
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®“°∫√‘…—∑ °“¬∫ÿä° å ®”°—¥
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¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑“ß∫√√≥“πÿ°√¡¢ÕßÀÕ ¡ÿ¥·Ààß™“µ‘
ÿ¥¬Õ¥ Grammar -- °√ÿ߇∑æœ : °“¬∫ÿä° å, 2547.
232 Àπâ“
1. ¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ… -- ‰«¬“°√≥å I. ™◊ËÕ‡√◊ËÕß.
425
ISBN: 974-389-522-1
S7901-30-08-04
§”π“¡„π¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ… à«π„À≠à®–‡ªìππ“¡π—∫‰¥â
1.1 π“¡π—∫‰¥â®–¡’ 2 √Ÿª §◊Õ√Ÿª‡Õ°æ®πå ‡¡◊ËÕ
°≈à“«∂÷ß∫ÿ§§≈À√◊Õ ‘Ëß„¥ ‘ËßÀπ÷Ëß ‡™àπ a pen,
the teacher ·≈–√ŸªæÀŸæ®πå ‡¡◊ËÕ°≈à“«∂÷ß
∫ÿ § §≈À√◊ Õ ‘Ë ß ¢Õß∑’Ë ¡’ ¡ “°°«à “ Àπ÷Ë ß ‡™à π
two pens, some teachers
1.2 °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ§”π“¡„ÀâÕ¬Ÿà„π√ŸªæÀŸæ®πå
1.2.1 ‡µ‘¡ çsé À≈—ߧ”π“¡∑—Ë«‰ª
‡™àπ book books
size sizes
1.2.2 ‡µ‘¡ ç-esé À≈—ߧ”π“¡∑’Ë≈ß∑⓬¥â«¬
s, ss, ch, sh, x À√◊Õ z
‡™àπ gas gases
class classes
watch watches
dish dishes
box boxes
quiz quizes
Nou ns 7
ouns
safe safes
chief chiefs
cliff cliffs
1.2.10 §”π“¡∫“ߧ”‡¡◊ÕË ‡ªìπ√ŸªæÀŸæ®πå®–
‡ª≈’ˬπ√Ÿª‰ª ‡™àπ
child children
woman women
mouse mice
1.2.11 §”π“¡∫“ߧ”¡’√Ÿª‡À¡◊Õπ°—π∑—Èß√Ÿª
‡Õ°æ®πå·≈–æÀŸæ®πå
‡™àπ fish fish
sheep sheep
salmon salmon
1.2.12 §”π“¡∫“ߧ”√Ÿ ª ‡Õ°æ®πå ·µà „ ™â
Õ¬à“ßæÀŸæ®πå
‡™àπ people ª√–™“™π
police µ”√«®
cattle ΩŸß«—«À√◊Õ§«“¬
10 ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAM
GRAMMM AR
Unit 2 ∆
14 ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAM
GRAMMM AR
§”§ÿ≥»—æ∑å (Adjectives) D
Adjectives ‡ªìπ§”∑’‡Ë √“π”¡“¢¬“¬§”π“¡À√◊Õ§”
√√æπ“¡°Á‰¥â ‡æ◊ËÕ· ¥ß∂÷ß≈—°…≥– §ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘À√◊Õ®”π«π
¢Õßπ“¡
™π‘¥¢Õß Adjectives ∑’ËπâÕß Ê „™â∫àÕ¬¡’∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ 8 ™π‘¥
§◊Õ D
1. Descriptive Adjective
§◊Õ§”§ÿ≥»—æ∑å∑’ËπâÕß„™â∫Õ°∂÷ß≈—°…≥– §ÿ≥¿“æ
¢π“¥ ’ √Ÿª√à“ß ¢Õߧ”π“¡∑’Ë¡—πª√–°Õ∫ ‡™àπ
good ¥’
bad ‡≈«
big „À≠à
Adjectives 15
small ‡≈Á°
clean –Õ“¥
dirty °ª√°
beautiful «¬
ugly ¢’ȇÀ≈à
old ·°à
new „À¡à
rich √«¬
poor ®π
‡™àπ Methinee is beautiful.
Paradorn is a good tennis player.
This house is very big.
‡√“¡’À≈—°°“√‡√’¬ß≈”¥—∫§”§ÿ≥»—æ∑å‡æ◊ÕË √«¡‡ªìπ
ª√–‚¬§ ‰¥â¥—ßπ’È
1. ∂â“¡’§”∑’Ë∫Õ°∑’Ë¡“ «— ¥ÿ ’ ®ÿ¥ª√– ß§å §”π“¡
‡√“ “¡“√∂‡√’¬ß„À⇪ìπª√–‚¬§ ¥—ßπ’È
§”§ÿ≥»—æ∑å ∑’Ë¡“ «— ¥ÿ ®ÿ¥ª√– ß§å §”π“¡
∑’Ë∫Õ° ’
black England leather sport shirt
yellow New Zealand silk business tie
16 ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAM
GRAMMM AR
3. Quantitative Adjective
§◊Õ §”∑’∫Ë Õ°∂÷ߪ√‘¡“≥ «à“§”π“¡∑’¢Ë ¬“¬π—πÈ ¡’¡“°
πâÕ¬‡∑à“„¥ ‡™àπ
some ∫â“ß much ¡“°
little πâÕ¬ enough ‡æ’¬ßæÕ
all ∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ no ‰¡à¡’
any ∫â“ß whole ∑—ÈßÀ¡¥
‡™àπ Give me some fruit.
I do not have enough money.
4. Numberal Adjective
§◊Õ §”∑’Ë∫Õ°®”π«ππ—∫ ≈”¥—∫∑’Ë ·≈–®”π«π∑’ˉ¡à
·πàπÕπ
4.1 ®”π«ππ—∫ ‰¥â·°à one, two, three, four, five .....
4.2 ≈”¥—∫∑’Ë ‰¥â·°à first, second, third, fourth, fifth .....
‡™àπ He is the second son.
4.3 ®”π«π∑’ˉ¡à·πàπÕπ ‰¥â·°à
‡™àπ Some roses are double.
many ¡“°
much ¡“°
18 ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAM
GRAMMM AR
double ∑—Èß Õß
few / a few πâÕ¬, ®”π«ππâÕ¬, Õß “¡
several À≈“¬
a little / little ‡≈Á°πâÕ¬
all ∑—ÈßÀ¡¥
no ‰¡à¡’
some ∫â“ß
enough ‡æ’¬ßæÕ
I have two cats.
I like some vegetable.
5. Demonstrative Adjective
‡ªì𧔻—æ∑噒ȇ©æ“– ‡æ◊ËÕ∫Õ°„Àâ‡√“∑√“∫«à“ ‡√“
À¡“¬∂÷ߧ”π“¡„¥ ‰¥â·°à
this (π’È) „™â°∫— §”π“¡‡Õ°æ®πå∑Õ’Ë ¬Ÿ„à °≈â
that (π—Èπ) „™â°∫— §”π“¡‡Õ°æ®πå∑Õ’Ë ¬Ÿ‰à °≈
these (‡À≈à“π’)È „™â°—∫§”π“¡æÀŸæ®πå∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà„°≈â
those (‡À≈à“π—Èπ) „™â°∫— §”π“¡æÀŸæ®πå∑Õ’Ë ¬Ÿ‰à °≈
This is my car.
Those dogs are theirs.
Adjectives 19
6. Possessive Adjective
‡ªì𧔧ÿ≥»—æ∑å∑’Ë„™â· ¥ß§«“¡‡ªìπ‡®â“¢Õß ‡√“
®–µâÕß«“߉«âÀπⓧ”π“¡∑’ˇ√“µâÕß°“√∫√√¬“¬ ‰¥â·°à
my ¢Õß©—π
her ¢Õ߇∏Õ
his ¢Õ߇¢“
its ¢Õß¡—π
your ¢Õߧÿ≥
our ¢Õßæ«°‡√“
their ¢Õ߇¢“‡À≈à“π—Èπ
This is my car.
Your pen is under the chair.
7. Interrogative Adjective
‡ªì𧔧ÿ≥»—æ∑å∫Õ°§”∂“¡„™â«“߉«âÀπ⓪√–‚¬§
·≈–µ“¡¥â«¬§”π“¡∑’ˇ√“µâÕß°“√∂“¡∂÷ß ‰¥â·°à
what
which
whose
‡™àπ Which way shall we go ?
20 ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAM
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8. Distributive Adjective
‡ªì𧔧ÿ≥»—æ∑å∑’ˇ√“„™â·∫àß·¬°π“¡ÕÕ°®“°°—π
‡ªìπ°≈ÿà¡ Ê ‡ªìπ™‘Èπ À√◊Õ‡ªìπÕ—π ‰¥â·°à
each
every
either
neither
‡™àπ Either side is a narrow lane.
Neither accusation is true.
«‘∏„’ ™â Adjective ∑’πË Õâ ß Ê “¡“√∂𔉪„™â„πª√–‚¬§
‰¥â¡¥’ ß— π’È D
1. ‡√“ “¡“√∂π” Adjective ‰ª‰«âÀπⓧ”π“¡∑’ˇ√“
µâÕß°“√¢¬“¬‚¥¬µ√ß ‡™àπ
- It is a white dog.
adj. n.
- There is a young lady in a beautiful garden.
adj. n. adj. n.
2. ‡√“π”¡“«“߉«âÀ≈—ß verb to be À√◊Õµ“¡À≈—ߧ”
°√‘¬“µàÕ‰ªπ’È
Adjectives 21
Unit 3 ∆
22 ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAM
GRAMMM AR
§”°√‘¬“ (Verbs) D
§”°√‘¬“ (Verbs) §◊Õ §”∑’Ë„™â· ¥ß∂÷ß°“√°√–∑”
À√◊Õ°“√∂Ÿ°°√–∑”¢Õߧ”∑’ˇªìπª√–∏“π À√◊Õ Õ¥·∑√°‡¢â“¡“
‡æ◊ÕË ∑”Àπâ“∑’™Ë «à ¬°√‘¬“µ—«Õ◊πË „Àâ„®§«“¡™—¥‡®π„π‡√◊ÕË ß°“≈‡«≈“
·≈–Õ“√¡≥å ´÷Ëß·∫àßÕÕ°‡ªìπ 5 ™π‘¥ §◊Õ
1. Transitive Verb ( °√√¡°√‘¬“)
§◊Õ °√‘¬“∑’˵âÕß°“√°√√¡¡“√Õß√—∫ ‡æ◊ËÕ§«“¡
¡∫Ÿ√≥å¢Õߪ√–‚¬§ ‡™àπ
buy write speak hit kick
look at order open close wash
‡™àπ My father gave me some money.
He looks at that dog.
Verbs 23
Subject +
}let
feel
hear
watch
observe
see
help
make
}
+ Object + Simple Form
‚¥¬ª°µ‘§”∑’ËÕ¬ŸàÀ≈—ߧ”∫ÿæ∫∑®–µâÕ߇ªìπ§”π“¡
À≈—ß √√æπ“¡ ‡æ√“–∑”Àπâ“∑’ˇªìπ°√√¡µ“¡À≈—ß∫ÿæ∫∑
¥—ßπ—È𧔰√‘¬“®–µ“¡À≈—ߧ”∫ÿæ∫∑‡≈¬‰¡à‰¥â πÕ°®“°®–∑”
„À⇪ìπ Gerund (- ing Form)
¢âÕ§«√®” F ¡’§”°√‘¬“Õ¬Ÿà°≈àÿ¡Àπ÷Ëß∑’Ë®–µâÕß
µ“¡¥â«¬°√‘¬“∑’Ë¡’√Ÿª -ing Form ‡ ¡Õ ·≈–®–‰¡à„™â Infinitive
µ“¡À≈—ß°√‘¬“°≈àÿ¡π’È ‰¥â·°à
enjoy avoid risk stop finish
insist on consider give up suggest admit
detest escape get through resist imagine
keep recent miss postpone practice
appreciate deny quit
πÕ°®“°π’Ȭ—ß¡’°√‘¬“Õ’°°≈ÿà¡Àπ÷Ëß∑’˵“¡‰¥â¥â«¬∑—Èß
°√‘¬“ -ing Form ·≈–°√‘¬“ Infinitive °√‘¬“°≈ÿà¡π’ȉ¥â·°à
begin continue dislike dread prefer
intend like neglect plan start
4.3 Participle ‡ªìπ Verb ∑’‡Ë µ‘¡ ing ·≈– ed À√◊Õ
Verb ™àÕß∑’Ë 3
28 ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAM
GRAMMM AR
Subject +
} feel
hear
see
watch
} + Object + Present Participle
Verbs 29
5. Auxiliary Verb
Auxiliary Verb À√◊Õ Helping verb §◊Õ °√‘¬“πÿ‡§√“–Àå
À√◊Õ°√‘¬“™à«¬ ‡æ◊ËÕ„À⇪ìπª√–‚¬§§”∂“¡ ª√–‚¬§ªØ‘‡ ∏
À√◊Õ∫Õ°°“≈‡«≈“ ·≈–°“√§“¥§–‡π ¥—ßπ’È
Verb to be = is, am, are, was, were
Verb to have = has, have, had
Verb to do = do, does, did, done
= will, would
= shall, should
= can, could
= may, might
= must
= need (‡ªìπ‰¥â∑—Èß°√‘¬“·∑â·≈–
°√‘¬“™à«¬)
= dare
= ought to
= used to
Unit 4 ∆
30 ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAM
GRAMMM AR
§”°√‘¬“«‘‡»…≥å (Adverbs) D
§”°√‘¬“«‘‡»…≥å (Adverbs) ‡ªìπ§”∑’∫Ë Õ°√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥
‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡‡°’ˬ«°—∫§”°√‘¬“À√◊Õ§”§ÿ≥»—æ∑å §”°√‘¬“«‘‡»…≥å
·∫àßÕÕ°‡ªìπ 5 ª√–‡¿∑À≈—° ‰¥â·°à
1. Adverb of Manner
§◊Õ °≈àÿ¡§”°√‘¬“«‘‡»…≥å∑’Ë∫√√¬“¬«à“ °√‘¬“π—Èπ
‡°‘¥¢÷πÈ „π≈—°…≥–„¥ ‡ªìπ§”∑’„Ë ™âµÕ∫§”∂“¡ çhowé µ—«Õ¬à“ß
¢Õߧ” Adverb of Manner ‡™àπ
beautifully carefully slowly softly fast
quickly happily bravely hard well
Adverbs 31
§”°√‘¬“«‘‡»…≥åª√–‡¿∑π’È®–«“ß„πµ”·Àπà“À≈—ß
§”°√‘¬“‡ ¡Õ
µ”·ÀπàߢÕß Adverbs of place
‡™àπ hear, there, everywhere, up, down, near, by
Adverb of place ®–«“߉«âÀ≈—ß°√√¡µ√ßÀ√◊ÕÀ≈—ß°√‘¬“
‡™àπ He looked everywhere.
They built the house here.
À¡“¬‡Àµÿ 1. ∂â“„πª√–‚¬§¡’ Adverb of manner Õ¬Ÿà¥â«¬
Adverb of place ®–Õ¬Ÿàµ“¡À≈—ß ‡™àπ
He played well there.
2. nowhere à«π„À≠à„™â„π°“√µÕ∫ —Èπ Ê ‡™àπ
Where are you going ? Nowhere
(Iûm not going anywhere.)
3. Adverbs of Time
§◊Õ°≈ÿ¡à §”°√‘¬“«‘‡»…≥å∑‡’Ë ªì𧔵Õ∫ ”À√—∫§”∂“¡
çwhené ‡ªìπ§”À√◊Õ«≈’∑’Ë∫Õ°«à“°√‘¬“∑’Ë查‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‡¡◊ËÕ‰√ ‡™àπ
çyesterdayé, çlast nighté ‡ªìπµâπ
µ—«Õ¬à“ß
I went swimming yesterday.
Jenny had dinner with Mike last night.
36 ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAM
GRAMMM AR
Unit 5 ∆
Prepositions 47
§”∫ÿæ∫∑ (Prepositions) D
§”∫ÿæ∫∑ (Prepositions) §◊Õ§”∑’Ë„™â‡™◊ËÕ¡§”π“¡
À√◊Õ √√æπ“¡‡¢â“°—∫ª√–‚¬§ Preposition ¡’ 2 √Ÿª¥Ñ«¬°—π
§◊Õ
1. ‡ªì𧔇¥’¬«‚¥¥ Ê ‡™àπ at, by, in, on, of,
after, with etc.
2. ‡ªìπ«≈’∑’Ë√«¡°—π‡ªìπÀπ૬ (unit) ‡¥’¬« ‡™àπ in
front of, at the back of, etc.
§”∫ÿæ∫∑·∫àßÕÕ°‡ªìπ 6 ª√–‡¿∑ ¥—ßπ’È D
1. Preposition of Place and Position (∫Õ°
∂“π∑’Ë·≈–µ”·Àπàß)
48 ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAM
GRAMMM AR
in on above by near
beside below before behind
in front of, at the back of, under
1.1 ∫ÿæ∫∑ in, on ·≈– at
in = „π, ¿“¬„π, „π ∂“π∑’Ë ‡™àπ
He lives in a big apartment.
His shop is in that apartment.
on = ∫π, ¢â“ß∫𠇙àπ
The carpet is on the floor.
The pictured are on the wall.
at = for a definite position ‡™àπ
They stayed at home.
I met Brithney at the hotel.
°√‘¬“∑’˵âÕßµ“¡¥â«¬ çoné
based on Õ“»—¬√“°∞“π®“°
call on ‡¬’¬Ë ¡
comment on «‘®“√≥å
congratulation on · ¥ß§«“¡¬‘π¥’
count on À«—ß
Prepositions 49
depend on ¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫
live on ¡’™’«‘µÕ¬Ÿà‰¥â¥â«¬
spend on „™â (‡«≈“, «—π)
decide on µ—¥ ‘π„®
insist on √∫‡√â“
°√‘¬“∑’˵âÕßµ“¡¥â«¬ çiné
absorb in π„®¡“°,§√Ë”‡§√àß
believe in ¡’§«“¡‡™◊ËÕ∂◊Õ„®, π—∫∂◊Õ
dress in «¡™ÿ¥, ·µàߥ⫬
encourage in π—∫ πÿπ
engage in ¡’∏ÿ√–Õ¬Ÿà°—∫
fail in Õ∫µ°, ≈⡇À≈«
interested in π„®„π
involved in ‡¢â“‰ª¡’ à«π√à«¡°—∫
persist in ¬◊π°√“π
share in à«π·∫àß„π
succeed in ‰¥â√—∫§«“¡ ”‡√Á®
50 ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAM
GRAMMM AR
°√‘¬“∑’˵âÕßµ“¡¥â«¬ çaté
aim at ‡≈Á߉ª∑’Ë
amused at ‡æ≈‘¥‡æ≈‘π°—∫
good at ‡°àß„π∑“ß
knock at ‡§“–, ∑ÿ∫
stay at æ—°Õ¬Ÿà∑’Ë
surprised at ª√–À≈“¥„®
”À√—∫§”°√‘¬“ arrive π—πÈ „™â‰¥â°∫— ∫ÿæ∫∑ in À√◊Õ at
arrive in „™â°∫— ™◊ÕË ª√–‡∑»À√◊Õ‡¡◊Õß„À≠à Ê (a country, city)
arrive at „™â°—∫ ∂“π∑’Ë∑’Ë™’ȇ©æ“– (more specific places)
‡™àπ Students should arrive at school early.
He arrives at his office at eight.
She arrived in Paris last Sunday.
We arrived in Cheingmai long - ago.
1.2 ∫ÿæ∫∑ by, beside, near, against
by = ¢â“ß
The matches are over there by
the cigar.
Prepositions 51
beside = πÕ°®“°
Mrs. Brown is sitting beside
(= next to) Mr. Brown
near = „°≈â
They live near the park.
against = µâ“π
Donût learn against the table
1.3 ∫ÿæ∫∑ above, over, under, below
above = Anywhere higher than a
certain point.
She hung the picture above
the fireplace.
over = Over a certain point in a
perpendicular line.
The sun is over our head at
noon.
under = Below a certain point in a per-
pendicular line.
The door was locked, so I
shoved the letter under the
door.
52 ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAM
GRAMMM AR
at the bottom
C D
µ”·ÀπàߢÕß A, B, C, D “¡“√∂‡√’¬ß‰¥â¥—ßπ’È
A §◊Õ in the top left - hand corner
B §◊Õ in the top right-hand corner
C §◊Õ in the bottom left-hand corner
D §◊Õ in the bottom right-hand corner
E §◊Õ in the middle
1.6 ∫ÿæ∫∑ between, among
Between ®–„™â„π°√≥’∑’Ë查∂÷ß ‘Ëß 2 ‘Ëß
Among ®–„™â„π°√≥’∑’Ë查∂÷ß ‘Ëß∑’Ë¡“°
°«à“ 2 ‘Ëß
‡™àπ She is sitting between Mr. and Mrs. Brown.
54 ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAM
GRAMMM AR
by ®–„™â∫Õ°®ÿ¥‡«≈“∑’Ë ‘Èπ ÿ¥°“√°√–∑”
π—Èπ Ê ‡™àπ
I finish my work by 6 oûclock.
3.2 ∫ÿæ∫∑ in, on
in = „™â°—∫™à«ß‡«≈“ (period of time)
§◊Õ À≈—ß in ‡ªì𧔷 ¥ß‡«≈“∑’Ë¡’
√–¬–§«“¡¬“«´÷ßË ‡√“ “¡“√∂ —߇°µ
‰¥â®“°§”‡À≈à“π’È ‡™àπ in two years,
in May, in the morning, in 2004,
in summer, in the twentieth
century.
He graduated to directing in
2004.
The school bus will arrive in an
hour.
on = ¡—°®–„™â°—∫«—π «—π∑’Ë ·≈–«—π∑’ˇ√“
√–∫ÿ‡©æ“–‡®“–®ß ‡™àπ on Sunday,
on his birthday, on New Year
Day on May 11,1900.
Prepositions 59
I always go to shopping on
Sunday.
Jonhûs birthday is on May 11
3.3 ∫ÿæ∫∑ for, during, since
for = ®–„™â °— ∫ ™à « ߇«≈“´÷Ë ß ‡√“ “¡“√∂
—߇°µ‰¥â®“°°“√¡’§«“¡¬“«π“π
¢Õ߇«≈“∫Õ° ¥—ßµ—«Õ¬à“ßµàÕ‰ªπ’È
They have studied here for nine
years.
çThey have studied here for nine
years,é
°“√„™â çforé ∑’ËπâÕß Ê ¡—°®–æ∫Õ¬Ÿà∫àÕ¬ Ê §◊Õ
to change for the better = ‡ª≈’¬Ë π·ª≈߇æ◊ÕË „À⥢’ π÷È
fore hire l sale = ≈¥√“§“, ”À√—∫¢“¬
fore ever = ™—Ë«°“≈π“π
to go for lunch = ‰ª√— ∫ ª√–∑“πÕ“À“√
°≈“ß«—π
for no rhyme or reason = ‰√â‡Àµÿº≈
for nothing = ‰¡à‰¥â∑”‡æ◊ËՇߑπ
60 ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAM
GRAMMM AR
Unit 6 ∆
Comparison of Adjective and Adverb 65
Unit 7 ∆
74 ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAM
GRAMMMAR
Articles (§”π”Àπâ“π“¡) D
Õߧåª√–°Õ∫Àπ÷ßË ∑’πË Õâ ß Ê ¡—°®–æ∫„πª√–‚¬§¿“…“
Õ—ß°ƒ…°Á§◊Õ Articles À√◊Õ §”π”Àπâ“π“¡ ´÷Ë߇ªìπÀ≈—°
‰«¬“°√≥åÕ—πÀπ÷Ëß∑’ËπâÕß Ê ®–µâÕ߇√’¬π√Ÿâ
‡√“ “¡“√∂·∫àß Articles ÕÕ°‰¥â‡ªìπ 2 ª√–‡¿∑§◊Õ D
1. Indefinite Article ‰¥â·°à a À√◊Õ an ´÷Ëß„™âπ”
Àπⓧ”π“¡∑’ˉ¡à‡©æ“–‡®“–®ß
2. Definite Article ‰¥â·°à the ‡√“®–„™âπ”Àπâ“
§”π“¡∑’Ë™’ȇ©æ“–‡®“–®ß
Articles 75
in a rush ‡√àß√’∫
in a pinch 欓¬“¡
keep it a secret ‡°Á∫‰«â‡ªì𧫓¡≈—∫
keep up a correspondence (®¥À¡“¬) ‚µâµÕ∫
make a living À“‡≈’Ȭߙ’æ
make a mistake ∑”º‘¥
make a stand µ—ßÈ ¡—πË
make it a rule µ—È߇ªìπ°Æ
on a large scale Õ¬à“ß¡‚ÀÓ√
on an average ‚¥¬‡©≈’¬Ë
tell a lie 查ª¥
take a trip ‡¥‘π∑“ß
take a picture ∂à“¬√Ÿª
take a look at ¡Õ߉ª∑’Ë
take a guess ∑“¬, ‡¥“
take a seat ‡™‘≠π—Ëß
with a view to ‡æ◊ËÕ®–∑”„Àâ
with an eye to ‡æ◊ÕË ¥Ÿ, ‡æ◊ÕË ∑—»π“®√
Articles 83
All
Most + of the + §”π“¡∑’Ëπ—∫‰¡à‰¥â
Some
29. πâÕß Ê “¡“√∂„™â the π”Àπâ“ ”π«π°“√
·∫àß™à«ß‡«≈“¢Õß«—𠇙àπ
in the morning „π‡«≈“‡™â“
in the afternoon „π‡«≈“∫à“¬
in the evening „π‡«≈“‡¬Áπ
96 ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAM
GRAMMMAR
Turkey ª√–‡∑»µÿ√°’
New York √—∞𑫬Õ√å§
Horwang School ‚√߇√’¬πÀÕ«—ß
Dusit Thani College «‘∑¬“≈—¬¥ÿ ‘µ∏“π’
Bangkok University ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬°√ÿ߇∑æ
Thammasart University ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬∏√√¡»“ µ√å
7. πâÕß Ê ‰¡àµâÕß„™â Article °—∫ «—𠇥◊Õπ ≈—∑∏‘
»“ π“ ƒ¥Ÿ°“≈ ·≈–¡◊ÈÕ¢ÕßÕ“À“√ ‡™àπ
Sunday «—πÕ“∑‘µ¬å
May ‡¥◊Õπ情¿“§¡
Christianity »“ π“§√‘ µå
Imperialism ≈—∑∏‘®—°√«√√¥‘π‘¬¡
Summer ƒ¥Ÿ√âÕπ
Winter ƒ¥ŸÀπ“«
Breakfast Õ“À“√‡™â“
Lunch Õ“À“√°≈“ß«—π
Dinner Õ“À“√‡¬Áπ
8. πâ Õ ß Ê ‰¡à µâ Õ ß„™â Article °— ∫ ”π«π∑’Ë ¡’
§«“¡À¡“¬«à“ ç·∫∫é, 笒ËÀâÕé À√◊Õç™π‘¥é
Articles 101
kind of
sort of
brand of
variety of
type of
variety of
species of
make of
9. πâÕß Ê ‰¡àµÕâ ß„™â Article °—∫™◊ÕË ¬»À√◊Õµ”·Àπàß
∂â“„™âπ”Àπâ“¢Õß∫ÿ§§≈∑’ˉ¥â√—∫µ”·Àπàß ‡™àπ
Senior policeman æ—πµ”√«®‡Õ°æ‘‡»…
Group captain π“«“Õ“°“»‡Õ°
Dean §≥∫¥’
10. πâÕß Ê ‰¡àµâÕß„™â Article °—∫ ¡“™‘°„π
§√Õ∫§√—« ‡§√◊Õ≠“µ‘ ·≈–Õ“™’æ∑’Ë„™â‡√’¬°∑—Ë« Ê ‰ª ‡™àπ
Father æàÕ Mother ·¡à
Uncle ≈ÿß,Õ“ Aunt ªÑ“, πâ“
Grand-mother ¬à“, ¬“¬ Grand-father ªŸÉ, µ“
102 ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAM
GRAMMM AR
Unit 8 ∆
Conjunctions 103
furthermore
moreover
again
likewise
besides
¬‘ßË °«à“π—πÈ ¬—ß..Õ’°¥â«¬
πÕ°®“°π—Èπ¬—ß
}}
Pim is rich and
beautiful :
whatûs
more, Pim is
further more, indus-
more over, trious.
again,
likewise,
besides,
Conjunctions 105
‡°√Á¥‡≈Á°‡°√Á¥πâÕ¬ D
§”«à“ nor, moreover, whatûs more, furthermore,
besides, likewise, again ¡’À≈—°°“√„™â∑’ËπâÕß Ê µâÕß®”«à“
nor ·ª≈«à“ ç·≈–°Á‰¡àé ‡ªì𧔠—π∏“π∑’Ë„™â‡™◊ËÕ¡
ª√–‚¬§ªØ‘‡ ∏ 2 ª√–‚¬§‡¢â“¥â«¬°—𠇙àπ
Pim is not poor. + Pim is not ugly.
= Pim is not poor nor ugly.
À√◊Õ Pim is not poor and not ugly.
à«π§”«à“ moreover , whatûs more, furthermore,
besides, likewise, again ‡ªì𧔠—π∏“π∑’Ë„™â∫Õ°¢âÕ§«“¡
‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡ À√◊Õ查‡ √‘¡ ®“°ª√–‚¬§Àπâ“À√◊Õª√–‚¬§∑’Ë°≈à“«
¡“·≈â« ‡™àπ
Pim is rich and beautiful ; moreover
Pim is rich and beautiful ; whatûs more
‡°√Á¥‡≈Á°‡°√Á¥πâÕ¬ D
æ’Ë Ê ¢ÕÕ∏‘∫“¬√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥‡°’¬Ë «°—∫§«“¡À¡“¬¢Õß
·µà≈–§”Õ’°§√—Èß«à“
but : ∂â“„™â„πª√–‚¬§ —Èπ Ê πâÕß Ê
‰¡àµÕâ ß„™â ç,é (comma) ·µà∂“â
ª√–‚¬§π—πÈ ¬“«πâÕß Ê ®”‡ªìπ
µâÕß„™â ç,é ¡“§—Ëπª√–‚¬§
yet : πâÕß Ê “¡“√∂„™â°—∫¢âÕ§«“¡
∑’Ë¢—¥·¬âß°—πÕ¬à“߇ÀÁπ‰¥â™—¥
however : ·ª≈«à“ çÕ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡é πâÕß Ê
“¡“√∂„™â‰¥â°—∫¢âÕ§«“¡∑’ˉ¡à
¢—¥·¬âß°—π
while ·≈– whereas : πâÕß Ê “¡“√∂„™â‡À¡◊Õπ but
‰¥â‡≈¬
nevertheless : ·ª≈«à“ ç·¡â°√–π—Èπé πâÕß Ê
®–„™â ‡ ¡◊Ë Õ ‡ªì π ¢â Õ §«“¡∑’Ë ∫ Õ°
‡Àµÿ·µà«à“º≈ √ÿª‰¡àµ√߇Àµÿ
for all that : ·ª≈«à“ ç∑—ßÈ Ê ‡™àππ—πÈ é πâÕß Ê
®–„™â°—∫¢âÕ§«“¡∑’Ë¢—¥·¬âß°—∫
§«“¡‡ÀÁπ¢ÕߧπÕ◊Ëπ
108 ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAM
GRAMMM AR
‡°√Á¥‡≈Á°‡°√Á¥πâÕ¬ D
·µà≈–§”¡’§«“¡À¡“¬∑’·Ë µ°µà“ß°—π´÷ßË æ’Ë Ê ®–Õ∏‘∫“¬
„ÀâπâÕß Ê ‰¥â∑√“∫°—π¥—ßπ’È
or : ·ª≈«à“ çÀ√◊Õé ¡’°“√‡™◊ËÕ¡¥—ßπ’È §◊Õ
1. πâÕß Ê “¡“√∂„™â‡™◊ÕË ¡§”∑’ÕË ¬ŸÀà πâ“ or ·≈–À≈—ß
or ‚¥¬∑’ˇ√“‰¡àµâÕß„ à comma (,)
Conjunctions 109
‡°√Á¥‡≈Á°‡°√Á¥πâÕ¬ D
§”‡À≈à“π’ÈπâÕß Ê ®–„™â‡™◊ËÕ¡„π°√≥’µàÕ‰ªπ’È
so : ·ª≈«à“ 祗ßπ—πÈ é ‡√“„™â‡™◊ÕË ¡ª√–‚¬§
‡¢â“¥â«¬°—π ‡Àµÿ·≈–º≈∑’ˇ°’ˬ«æ—π°—π
‰¡àà®”‡ªìπµâÕßÀπ—°·πàππ—°
for : §”π’ÈπâÕß Ê “¡“√∂„™â‡À¡◊Õπ so
‰¥â∑ÿ°ª√–°“√
therefore : ·ª≈«à“ 祗ßπ—πÈ é ‡√“®–„™â‡™◊ÕË ¡ª√–‚¬§
∑’‡Ë ªìπ‡Àµÿº≈ ∑’·Ë ¥ß§«“¡Àπ—°·πàπ
¡“°°«à“ so
consequently ·≈– accordingly : 2 §”π’È¡’§«“¡À¡“¬
‡À¡◊ Õ π°— ∫ therefore ·µà ® –‡ªì 𠧔
°√‘¬“«‘‡»…≥å —π∏“π
Conjunctions 111
‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡‡≈Á°πâÕ¬ D
Conjunctions ®–„™â‡™◊ËÕ¡§”∑’ˇªìπ™π‘¥‡¥’¬«°—π
Verb Verb
Adverb Adverb
Adjective Conjunction Adjective
Pronoun Pronoun
Phrase Phrase
Clause Clause
2. Subordinate Conjunctions
Subordinate Conjunctions §◊Õ §”∑’Ë„™â‡™◊◊ËÕ¡
ª√–‚¬§µ—Èß·µà 2 ª√–‚¬§¢÷Èπ‰ª‡æ◊ËÕ„À⇰‘¥ª√–‚¬§∑’ˇ√’¬°«à“
Complex Sentence ´÷ßË ‡√“ “¡“√∂·∫àßÕÕ°‰¥â‡ªìπ°≈ÿ¡à Ê ¥—ßπ’È
2.1 °“√· ¥ß°“√¬Õ¡√—∫ (Concession) „π
°≈ÿà¡π’È®–¡’§«“¡À¡“¬«à“ ç∂÷ß·¡â«à“é
112 ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAM
GRAMMM AR
although
ever though
even if
though
in spite of the fact that
+ clause + clause
despite of the fact that
admitting that
however
nevertheless
but, yet, still
æ’Ë Ê ¢ÕÕ∏‘∫“¬‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡‡≈Á°πâÕ¬«à“
- Although = ‡√“®–«“߉«âÀπ⓪√–‚¬§‡ ¡Õ ‡™àπ
Although the rain , she will go out.
·π–π” F ∂Ⓡ√“„™â Although „πª√–‚¬§®–µâÕ߉¡à¡’ but
‡¥Á¥¢“¥π–®ä– !
- Though = ‡√“®–«“߉«â À πâ “ ª√–‚¬§À√◊ Õ °≈“ß
ª√–‚¬§°Á‰¥â ·µà∂â“Õ¬Ÿà°≈“ߪ√–‚¬§‡√“®–µâÕß«“߉«âÀ≈—ß
comma (,) ‡™àπ
Though he is rich, he is not happy.
I donût think heûll come, though he said he would.
Conjunctions 113
‡™àπ Inspite of his honesty, his boss did not rely on him.
- However
However
} Adjective
Adverb } Subject + Verb1 + clause
Clause
} in order that
so that } Subject
} will (would)
may (might)
can (could)
‡™àπ
to
in order to
so as to } verb
¢âÕ·π–π”‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡ D
1. ∂â“¡’°√√¡„πª√–‚¬§À≈—° °√√¡µ—«π—Èπ®–‡ªìπ
ºŸâ°√–∑”°√‘¬“µ—«∑’Ë Õß
2. ∂Ⓡªìπª√–‚¬§ªØ‘‡ ∏‡√“®–„™â not to, so as not
to, in order not to + verb ‡™àπ
Ben learnt driving a car so as to deliver
goods to customer.
2.3 · ¥ß “‡Àµÿ (Cause) ¡’§«“¡À¡“¬«à“
ç‡æ√“–é À√◊Õ ç‡æ√“–«à“é
because
since
as
for
clause, clause
seeing that
now that
where as
in as much as
‡™àπ Because Tom gone to school late, he was
punished.
116 ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAM
GRAMMM AR
¢âÕ·π–π”‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡ D
1. because, as, since πâÕß Ê “¡“√∂𔧔
‡À≈à“π’È¢÷Èπµâπª√–‚¬§ À√◊ÕÕ¬Ÿà°≈“ߪ√–‚¬§°Á‰¥â
2. ·µà ”À√—∫ for πâÕß Ê µâÕ߇Փ‰«â°≈“ߪ√–‚¬§
‡∑à“π—πÈ π–®ä– πÕ°®“°π—πÈ πâÕß Ê ¬—ß®–æ∫°—∫ Conjunction ∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà
„π°≈ÿà¡π’È·µà„™â‡™◊ËÕ¡ Noun °—∫ Clause
because of
on account of
due to + Noun , clause
owing to
thanks to
‡™àπ Because of your strength, you can lift one
hundred pounds.
2.4 °“√· ¥ßº≈∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπµ“¡¡“ (result) ¡’
§«“¡À¡“¬«à“ ç¡“°®π°√–∑—Ëßé
} Adjective
clause so +
Adverb } + that clause
·π–π”‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡ D
1. πâÕß Ê µâÕß —߇°µ«à“ª√–‚¬§∑’ËÕ¬ŸàÀ≈—ß as if,
as though ¢âÕ§«“¡∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà„πª√–‚¬§π—Èπ¡—°®–‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕß∑’ˉ¡à‰¥â
‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ®√‘ß ·µà‡ªìπ°“√ ¡¡µ‘À√◊Õ°“√‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫
2. ∂â “ πâ Õ ß Ê µâ Õ ß°“√®–æŸ ¥ ∂÷ ß ‡Àµÿ ° “√≥å ∑’Ë
®‘πµπ“°“√¢÷Èπ¡“ À≈—ß as if, as though πâÕß Ê ®–µâÕß∑”
‡ªìπ Past Simple À√◊Õ Past Perfect ·µà∂“â ‡ªìπ Verb to be
πâÕß Ê ®–µâÕß„™â were °—∫ª√–∏“π∑ÿ°µ—«
2.6 °“√· ¥ß‡«≈“ (time)
- when = ‡¡◊ËÕ
They will do it when they have time
- whenever = ‡¡◊ËÕ‰√°Áµ“¡
She will sad whenever she missed
her brother.
- while, as = ¢≥–∑’Ë
I met Owen while I stayed at Liverpool.
- as soon as = ∑—π∑’∑’Ë
The children will go home as soon as
the bell rings.
Conjunctions 119
Unit 9 ∆
Punctuations and Capitalization 121
1. ™π‘¥∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà¿“¬„πª√–‚¬§
1.1 Comma (,)
Comma ‡ªìπ‡§√◊ËÕßÀ¡“¬∑’Ë„™â¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥
¢Õ߇§√◊ËÕßÀ¡“¬™π‘¥∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà¿“¬„πª√–‚¬§
·≈–µàÕ‰ªπ’æÈ Ê’Ë ®–¢ÕÕ∏‘∫“¬°“√„™â‡§√◊ÕË ßÀ¡“¬
comma
1. „™â‡§√◊ËÕßÀ¡“¬ comma §—Ëπ‡æ◊ËÕ·¬°
§”π“¡´âÕ𠇙àπ
Thailand, a country in Asia, is
famous for its beautiful beaches.
2. „™â‡§√◊ËÕßÀ¡“¬ comma ‡æ◊ËÕ„™â·¬°
√–À«à“ߧ”∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà„π°≈ÿࡇ¥’¬«°—𠇙àπ
I want a new job, new car, and
new house.
Õ—°…√µ—«µâπ Ê D
abs. = Absolute
allow. = Allowance
ans. = Answer
atm. = Atmosphere
ave. = avenue
Õ—°…√µ—«µâπ·≈–µ—« ÿ¥∑⓬‡æ’¬ß∫“ß à«π D
advt. = Advertisement
agnst. = Against
bkg. = banking
deb. = decibel
fcp. = foolscap
Ltd. = Limited
3. „™â full stop „π°“√·¬°‡«≈“¢Õß™—Ë«‚¡ß
°—∫π“∑’ ‡™àπ
15.50 p.m 07.25 a.m
4. „™â full stop ∫Õ°®”π«π‡ß‘π∑’‡Ë ªìπ‡»…
‡™àπ
fl 5.50 (5 Baht °—∫ 50 Stang)
Punctuations and Capitalization 131
Be quiet!
Be careful!
2.5 Quotation Marks (ç..........é)
À≈“¬§πÕ“®®–‡√’ ¬ °‡§√◊Ë Õ ßÀ¡“¬π’È «à “
燧√◊ËÕßÀ¡“¬§”æŸ¥é ´÷Ë߇§√◊ËÕßÀ¡“¬π’È¡’
‰«â ”À√— ∫ „ à ¢â Õ §«“¡∑’Ë §— ¥ ≈Õ°¡“®“°
¢âÕ§«“¡Õ◊Ëπ ´÷Ëß¡’«‘∏’°“√„™â¥—ßπ’È
1. „™â°—∫ª√–‚¬§ Direct Speech ‡™àπ
She said, çI work at the airporté
À≈àÕπ查«à“, ç©—π∑”ß“π∑’Ë π“¡∫‘πé
2. ∂â“πâÕß Ê ®”‡ªìπ®–µâÕß„™â‡§√◊ÕË ßÀ¡“¬
ç.....é ´âÕπ°—π 2 §√—ßÈ ª√–‚¬§πÕ°„Àâ
πâÕß Ê „™â™π‘¥§Ÿà (ç......é) ·µà∂Ⓡªìπ
ª√–‚¬§„πÀ√◊Õ™ÿ¥„π„ÀâπâÕß Ê „™â™π‘¥
‡¥’ˬ« (ù....û) ‡™àπ
She said, çWe are watching ùJu-Onû
nowé
À≈àÕπ查«à“, çæ«°‡√“°”≈—ߥŸ¿“æ¬πµ√å
‡√◊ËÕß º’¥ÿ „π¢≥–π’Èé
Punctuations and Capitalization 133
§”À√◊Õ¢âÕ§«“¡π—Èπ‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡ ‡™àπ
I like the book (It is funny and amazing)
which stand on the shelf.
Brackets §◊Õ‡§√◊ÕË ßÀ¡“¬ ç«ß‡≈Á∫°â“¡ªŸé
‡§√◊ÕË ßÀ¡“¬π’πÈ Õâ ß Ê ®–„™â‡¡◊ÕË µâÕß°“√≈âÕ¡
™◊ËÕ§π ·µà¡’¢âÕ¬°‡«âπÕ¬Ÿà«à“ ™◊ËÕ§π Ê π—Èπ
®–µâÕ߉¡à„™àºŸâ·µàߢâÕ§«“¡π—È𠇙àπ
He [Columbus] discovered America.
‡¢“ [‚§≈—¡∫— ] §âπæ∫Õ‡¡√‘°“
‡°≥±å°“√„™â‡§√◊ËÕßÀ¡“¬«√√§µÕπ°—∫ —π∏“π·≈–
°√‘¬“«‘‡»…≥å π— ∏“π D
„πª√–‚¬§∑’Ë¡’§” —π∏“π πâÕß Ê ®–µâÕßæ∫°—∫
‡§√◊ÕË ßÀ¡“¬«√√§µÕπ∑’ªË √“°ÆÕ¬Ÿ„à πª√–‚¬§ ·≈–‡§√◊ÕË ßÀ¡“¬
«√√§µÕπ∑’ËπâÕß Ê ®–æÕ°Á¡’Õ¬Ÿà 2 ·∫∫ §◊Õ comma (,) °—∫
semicolon comma (; - ,) ´÷Ëßæ’Ë Ê ®–¢ÕÕ∏‘∫“¬°“√„™â‡
§√◊ËÕßÀ¡“¬‡À≈à“π’È„ÀâπâÕß Ê “¡“√∂𔉪„™â‰¥â∂Ÿ°µâÕßπ–®ä–
1. °“√„™â‡§√◊ËÕßÀ¡“¬ comma (,)
πâÕß Ê ®–µâÕß„™â‡§√◊ÕË ßÀ¡“¬ comma °—∫§”
‡À≈à“π’§È ◊Õ and, but, or, so
136 ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAM
GRAMMM AR
Unit 10 ∆
138 ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAM
GRAMMM AR
√ŸªªØ‘‡ ∏ §”¬àÕ
has has not hasnût
have have not havenût
had had not hadnût
can can not canût
could could not couldnût
may may not maynût
might might not mightnût
will will not wonût
would would not wouldnût
shall shall not shanût
should should not shouldnût
must must not mustnût
need need not neednût
dare dare not darenût
ought ought not oughtnût
used to used not to usednût to
140 ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAM
GRAMMM AR
C. ‡√“„™â‡¡◊ËÕ°≈à“«∂÷ß ‘Ëß∑’˧«√®–∑” ´÷Ë߇√“®–
·ª≈«à“ 秫√®–é ‡™àπ
Patrick should read the book before
examination coming.
D. ‡√“„™â should have + V3 ´÷ßË ‡√“„™â楟 ∂÷ßÕ¥’µ
∑’Ë„™â°—∫ ‘Ëß∑’ˉ¡à‰¥â‡°‘¥¢÷ÈπÀ√◊ÕÕ“®®–‡°‘¥ ‡™àπ
He should have called me now.
I should have repeated the conversation.
8. §”«à“ must ·ª≈«à“ çµâÕßé ‡√“®–„™â must
°—∫ verb ™àÕß 1
A. ‡√“®–„™â‡¡◊ËÕ· ¥ß§«“¡®”‡ªìπ∑’˵âÕß°√–∑”
‡™àπ I must work hard in this year.
B. ‡√“®–„™â„π°“√„À⧔·π–π”À√◊Õ°“√ —Ëß
‡™àπ He must stop smoking.
You must take a hat off before enter the
bank.
C. ‡√“®–„™â have to ·∑π must ´÷Ëß 2 §”π’È¡’
§«“¡·µ°µà“ß°—π§◊Õ
must „™â°∫— ‘ßË ∑’®Ë ”‡ªìπ°—∫∫ÿ§§≈∑’°Ë ”≈—ß
查À√◊Õ°”≈—ßøíß
Helping and Auxiliary Verbs 149
·µà∂â“πâÕß Ê µâÕß°“√∑”‡ªìπª√–‚¬§§”∂“¡
·≈–ªØ‘‡ ∏ „Àâπ” Verb to do ¡“™à«¬ ‡™àπ
We donût need to go there.
Do we need to booking the ticket ?
B. à«π„À≠à‡√“‰¡à§àÕ¬„™â‡ªìπ°√‘¬“™à«¬ ·µà‡√“
®–„™â„π√Ÿª¢Õß neednût ‡™àπ
You neednût teach. I can do it.
C. ‡√“„™â neednût + have + V3 ‡æ◊ËÕ· ¥ß°“√
°√–∑”„πÕ¥’µ∑’ˉ¡à®”‡ªìπ ·µà ‘Ëßπ—Èπ°Á∑”‰ª·≈â« ‡™àπ
My mother neednût have cooked for us.
We ate out.
10. §”«à“ dare À¡“¬§«“¡«à“ ç°≈â“é ‡ªìπ‰¥â∑ß—È
°√‘¬“™à«¬·≈–°√‘¬“·∑â
A. ‡√“„™â‡ªìπ°√‘¬“·∑â dare + to + v1
‡™àπ He dare to do everything.
B. ·µà ∂â “ πâ Õ ß Ê µâ Õ ß°“√∑”‡ªì π ª√–‚¬§
ªØ‘‡ ∏·≈–ª√–‚¬§§”∂“¡„Àâπ” Verb to do ¡“™à«¬
‡™àπ I doesnût dare to play with him.
Helping and Auxiliary Verbs 151
C. „π à«π¢Õß°√‘¬“™à«¬‡√“®–‰¡àπ‘¬¡∑”‡ªìπ
ª√–‚¬§∫Õ°‡≈à“ ·µà‡√“®–„™â darenût °—∫∫“ߧπ∑’ˉ¡à°≈â“∑”
∫“ß ‘Ëß∫“ßÕ¬à“ߢ≥–∑’Ë°”≈—ß查 ‡™àπ
I darenût do it.
I darenût eat.
11. §”«à“ ought ·ª≈«à“ 秫√®–é
A. ‡√“®–„™â ought °—∫ to ‡ ¡Õ„π°“√·π–π”
‘Ë ß ∑’Ë § «√∑”„Àâ °— ∫ §πÕ◊Ë π ·≈–µ— « ‡Õß ´÷Ë ß ®–¡’ § «“¡À¡“¬
§≈⓬°—∫§”«à“ should ‡™àπ
Everybody ought to cross the road at
zebra crossing.
B. ‡√“®–„™â ought to + have +V3 ‡¡◊ËÕ查∂÷ß
‘Ëß∑’˧«√∑”„πÕ¥’µ·µà‰¡à‰¥â∑” ‡™àπ
You ought to have come yesterday.
12. §”«à“ used to ·ª≈«à“ 燧¬é
‡√“‰¡àπ‘¬¡„™â used to „π√Ÿª¢Õß°√‘¬“™à«¬
πâÕß Ê “¡“√∂„™â‡©æ“–‡ªìπ°√‘¬“·∑â∑’Ë查∂÷ß ‘Ëß∑’Ë∑”‡ªìπ
π‘ —¬„πÕ¥’µ ‡™àπ
I used to go to school.
152 ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAM
GRAMMM AR
·µà∂â“πâÕß Ê µâÕß°“√∑”‡ªìπª√–‚¬§§”∂“¡
·≈–ª√–‚¬§ªØ‘‡ ∏πâÕß Ê µâÕßπ” Verb to do ‡¢â“¡“™à«¬
·µà∂ⓇՓ Verb to do ¡“™à«¬ ‡√“®–µâÕ߇ª≈’ˬπ use „À⇪ìπ
°√‘¬“™àÕß∑’Ë 1 ‡™àπ
Did you use to eat a salmon?
∂Ⓡªìπª√–‚¬§ªØ‘‡ ∏‡√“®–„™â çnever used
toé
I never used to watch the news.
”À√—∫§”«à“ 燧¬™‘πé ‡√“®–„™â (be) used
to + noun / V.ing
I am used to swimming in the morning.
He is used to the warm weather.
Unit 11 ∆
Question Words and Question 153
Itûs
} Maryûs car.
Maryûs
hers.
H. Which ‡ªìπ‰¥â∑—Èß Adjective ·≈– Pronoun ´÷Ëß
„™â°—∫§π —µ«å ‘ËߢÕß ´÷Ëß¡’§«“¡À¡“¬«à“ §π‰Àπ µ—«‰Àπ
À√◊ÕÕ—π‰Àπ ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ‡≈◊Õ°√–À«à“ߢÕß 2 ‘ËßÀ√◊Õ®“°®”π«π∑’Ë
®”°—¥ ‡™àπ
Which is your pen ? (pronoun) The red
one.
Which house is yours ? (Adjective) The
green one.
Which of you has done this ? Peter.
·µà∂“â What + Noun „™â∂“¡‡æ◊ÕË „Àâ‡≈◊Õ°®“°®”π«π
∑’ˉ¡à®”°—¥ ‡™àπ
What
} shirt
size
colour
shape
} would you like ?
158 ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAM
GRAMMM AR
I. How ®–„™â∂“¡„𧫓¡À¡“¬¢Õß≈—°…≥–Õ“°“√
À√◊Õ«‘∏°’ “√ ‡™àπ
How do you come to school ? By car.
How does she dance ? Beautifully.
How does he play football ? Well.
How do you like it ? Very much.
J. How many ®–„™â°—∫§”∂“¡∑’ˇ°’ˬ«°—∫®”π«π
¡“°πâÕ¬ ‚¥¬„™â°∫— π“¡∑’‡Ë ªìπæÀŸæ®πå
How many + plural noun
‡™àπ How many books did you buy ? Five
hundred.
K. How much ®–„™â∂“¡‡°’ˬ«°—∫®”π«π¡“°πâÕ¬
- ®–„™â°—∫π“¡π—∫‰¡à‰¥â ‡™àπ
How much rice do you have ?
How much money do you need ?
- „™â∂“¡√“§“ ‘ËߢÕß ‡™àπ
How much is this radio ?
How much did this radio cost ?
Question Words and Question 159
- „™â∂“¡πÈ”Àπ—°
How much do you weight ?
How much is five plus three?
How much is five minus three ?
How much is five multiplied by three ?
How much is nine divided by three ?
L. How about
What about
How } Gerund
What } about
Noun
‡™àπ How about going to the zoo ? = ‰ª‡∑’¬Ë « «π-
}
What —µ«å¡“ ‡ªìπÕ¬à“߉√∫â“ß ?
M. How tall „™â°∫— §«“¡ Ÿß¢Õߧπ À√◊Õ ‘ßË ∑’‰Ë ¡à ߟ
¡“°π—° À¡“¬§«“¡«à“ Ÿß‡∑à“‰√ ‡™àπ
How tall are you ?
How tall is this flagpole ?
N. How high „™â°∫— §«“¡ Ÿß∑’ Ë ßŸ ¡“° ·ª≈«à“ ç Ÿß
‡∑à“‰√é ‡™àπ
160 ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAM
GRAMMM AR
Unit 12 ∆
Tag Question 165
Unit 13 ∆
Active and Passive Voices 171
Unit 14 ∆
If Sentence and Subjunctive 177
·∫∫∑’Ë 2 D
If + Present + , + Future
If Ariya walks straight on, she will reach the drug
store.
∂â“Õ√‘¬“‡¥‘πµ√߉ª À≈àÕπ°Á®–æ∫√â“π¢“¬¬“
If Sopa win the game tomorrow, she will be happy.
∂â“‚ ¿“™π–°“√·¢àߢ—πæ√ÿàßπ’È, À≈àÕπ°Á®–¡’§«“¡ ÿ¢
If the tree lack a water, it will die.
∂⓵âπ‰¡â¢“¥πÈ” ¡—π°Á®–µ“¬
‡æ‘¡Ë ‡µ‘¡ D „π‚§√ß √â“ߢÕß çPresenté π—πÈ
πâÕß Ê ®–„™â Present ·∫∫‰Àπ°Á‰¥â ‡™àπ Present Simple,
Present Perfect À√◊Õ Present Continuous ¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫«à“
πâÕß Ê ®–查¢âÕ§«“¡„¥‡ªìπÀ≈—° ·≈–„π à«π¢Õß çFutureé
°Á‡™àπ°—ππâÕß Ê ®–„™â Future ·∫∫‰Àπ°Á‰¥â ·≈â«·µà§«“¡
À¡“¬¢Õߪ√–‚¬§
If the dog has seen a stranger, it will give bites.
·∫∫∑’Ë 3 D
If + Present + , + Imperative
180 ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAM
GRAMMM AR
(§«“¡®√‘ߧ◊Õ©—π‰¡à‡¢â“‡√’¬π°àÕπ∑’Ë®– Õ∫ ©—π®÷ß Õ∫
‰¡àºà“π)
If I had drunk, I would have a headache.
∂â“©—π¥◊Ë¡‡À≈â“ ©—π°Á®–ª«¥À—«
(§«“¡®√‘ߧ◊Õ ©—π‰¡à‰¥â¥◊Ë¡‡À≈â“ ©—π®÷߉¡àª«¥À—«)
3. ‡ß◊ÕË π‰¢∑’ÕË “®‡ªìπ®√‘ßÀ√◊ÕÕ“®‰¡à‡ªìπ®√‘ß°Á‰¥â
(Possible Conditions)
‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢∑’ËÕ“®‡ªìπ®√‘ßÀ√◊ÕÕ“®‰¡à‡ªìπ®√‘ß°Á‰¥â
À¡“¬∂÷ß ∂â“¡’‡Àµÿ°“√≥åÀπ÷Ë߇°‘¥¢÷Èπ º≈¢Õ߇Àµÿ°“√≥åπ—Èπ
Õ“®®–‡°‘¥¢÷ÈπÀ√◊ÕÕ“®®–‰¡à‡°‘¥°Á‰¥â
√Ÿª°√‘¬“∑’Ë„™â„π‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢π’È·∫àßÕÕ°‡ªìπ 2 °√≥’
§◊Õ
°√≥’∑’Ë 1 D
If + Present + ª√–‚¬§ will + °√‘¬“™àÕß∑’Ë 1
„™â‡¡◊ËÕºŸâ查·πà„®«à“ ‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢À√◊Õ‡Àµÿ°“√≥åπ—Èπ®–
‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ®√‘ß ·≈–º≈∑’˵“¡¡“°Á‡ªìπ®√‘ߥ⫬
If Lita work hard, she will a lot of money.
(∂â“≈‘µâ“∑”ß“πÀπ—° À≈àÕπ®–¡’‡ß‘π¡“°)
182 ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAM
GRAMMM AR
°√≥’∑’Ë 2 D
If + Past + ª√–‚¬§ would + °√‘¬“™àÕß∑’Ë 1
„™â‡¡◊ËÕºŸâ查‰¡à·πà„® ·µà‡æ◊ËÕµâÕß°“√∑’Ë®–查ÕÕ°‰ª
If Peter left early, he would catch the train.
(∂⓪Õ√åÕÕ°·µà‡™â“ ‡¢“°Á®–∑—π√∂‰ø)
4. ‡ß◊ÕË π‰¢∑’‡Ë ªìπ‰ª‰¡à‰¥â (Impossible Condition)
‡ß◊ÕË π‰¢∑’‡Ë ªìπ‰ª‰¡à‰¥â À¡“¬∂÷ß ‡ß◊ÕË π‰¢∑’‰Ë ¡àÕ“®
‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‰¥â∑—Èß„πªí®®ÿ∫—π·≈–Õ𓧵
√Ÿª·∫∫ D
If + Past Simple, + Future in the Past
= If + Subject + Verb 2, + Subject + would + verb 1
If I were a bird, I would fly around the world.
(∂â“©—π‡ªìππ°©—π®–∫‘π„Àâ√Õ∫‚≈°)
If I were Miss Universe, I would be very happy.
(∂â“©—π‡ªìππ“ßß“¡®—°√«“≈ ©—π®–¡’§«“¡ ÿ¢¡“°)
‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡ F verb to be ∑’Ëπ”¡“„™â°—∫‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢∑’Ë
‡ªìπ‰ª‰¡à‰¥âπ’È πâÕß Ê ®–µâÕß„™â were Õ¬à“߇¥’¬« ‰¡à«à“
ª√–∏“π®–‡ªìπ∫ÿ√ÿ…∑’ˇ∑à“‰À√àÀ√◊Õ √√æπ“¡Õ–‰√°Áµ“¡
If Sentence and Subjunctive 183
§”∑’Ë„™â·∑π If
ª√–‚¬§‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢ πÕ°®“°§”«à“ çIfé ·≈⫬—ß¡’§”
Õ◊ËππÕ°®“° çIfé §◊Õ
Even if = ·¡â«à“
Even if Sunee work hard, she wouldnût serious
about it.
(·¡â«à“ ÿπ’∑”ß“πÀπ—° ‡¢“°Á®–‰¡à‡§√’¬¥°—∫¡—π)
Unless = ∂â“....‰¡à
Unless you work, you will have no money.
(∂ⓧÿ≥‰¡à∑”ß“π, §ÿ≥®–‰¡à¡’‡ß‘π)
πÕ°®“°π—πÈ ¬—ß¡’§”Õ◊πË Ê ∑’¡Ë §’ «“¡À¡“¬‡À¡◊Õπ°—∫
if §◊Õ
so long as = µ√“∫‡∑à“∑’Ë , À“°·¡â«à“
suppose (that)
supposing (that) } = ∂â“ ¡¡µ‘«à“
provided (that)
}
on condition (that) = „π°√≥’∑’Ë
in case
If Sentence and Subjunctive 185
1. Present Subjunctive
Present Subjunctive §◊Õ°“√„™â°√‘¬“™àÕß∑’Ë 1
∑’ˉ¡à¡’ to ·≈–‰¡à¡’°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßµ“¡ Tense „¥ Ê ∑—Èß ‘Èπ
À√◊Õ·¡â·µà Verb to be °Á¬—ߧ߄Àâ„™â çbeé ‡À¡◊Õπ‡¥‘¡ ‡™àπ
The Prime Minister suggested the everybody
reads the book everyday.
𓬰√—∞¡πµ√’·π–π”«à“∑ÿ° Ê §π §«√Õà“π
Àπ—ß ◊Õ∑ÿ° Ê «—π everybody ‡ªìπª√–∏“π‡Õ°æ®πå ·µàπÕâ ß Ê
°Á‰¡àµÕâ ߇µ‘¡ çsé ∑’Ë read ‡æ√“–‡√“„™â„π√Ÿª¢Õß Present Sub-
junctive.
„π à«π¢Õߪ√–‚¬§ªØ‘‡ ∏ πâÕß Ê “¡“√∂‡µ‘¡
not Àπâ“ verb ™àÕß 1 ‰¥â‡≈¬
My mother suggested that we should not
go out at night.
(§ÿ≥·¡à¢Õß©—π·π–π”«à“æ«°‡√“‰¡à§«√ÕÕ°‰ª
¢â“ßπÕ°µÕπ°≈“ߧ◊π)
If Sentence and Subjunctive 187
„π à«π¢Õß¿“…“查·≈–¿“…“∑’‰Ë ¡à‡ªìπ∑“ß°“√πâÕß Ê
“¡“√∂„™â should + °√‘¬“™àÕß∑’Ë 1 ·∑π Present Subjunc-
tive 䴉
The doctor advised that you should take a
rest after Operation about two months
§ÿ≥À¡Õ·π–π”«à“§ÿ≥§«√æ—°ºàÕπÀ≈—ß®“°ºà“µ—¥
ª√–¡“≥ 2 ‡¥◊Õπ
πâÕß Ê ∑√“∫°—πÀ√◊Õ‰¡à«à“ Present Subjunctive
®–„™âµÕπ‰Àπ ·µà∂â“πâÕß Ê ‰¡à∑√“∫æ’Ë Ê ®–¢ÕÕ∏‘∫“¬¥—ßπ’È
(Present Subjunctive §◊Õ °√‘¬“™àÕß∑’Ë 1 ‰¡à‡µ‘¡ s)
1. Õ¬ŸàÀ≈——ߧ”°√‘¬“ + that ´÷Ë߉¥â·°à§”«à“
ask that ¢Õ√âÕß«à“
advise that ·π–π”«à“
demand that µâÕß°“√«à“
insist that ¬◊π¬—π«à“
order that —ßË «à“
prefer that ‡ÀÁπ™Õ∫«à“
188 ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAM
GRAMMM AR
2. Past Subjunctive
Past Subjunctive §◊Õ°“√„™â°√‘¬“™àÕß∑’Ë 2 ∑’Ë
µ“¡À≈—ß°≈ÿࡧ”µàÕ‰ªπ’È
ª√–∏“π + would rather + ª√–∏“π + °√‘¬“™àÕß 2 ...Õ¬“°
®–„À⇪ìπ«à“...
Itûs time + ª√–∏“π + °√‘¬“™àÕß 2 ∂÷߇«≈“·≈â«∑’.Ë ...
It hight noon + ª√–∏“π + °√‘¬“™àÕß 2 ∂÷ ß °”À𥇵Á ¡ ∑’Ë
·≈â«∑’Ë....
It hight time + ª√–∏“π + °√‘¬“™àÕß 2 ∂÷߇«≈“æÕ¥’·≈â«
∑’.Ë ...
‡™àπ It hight time we finished to play.
(∂÷߇«≈“∑’Ëæ«°‡√“®–À¬ÿ¥‡≈àπ‰¥â·≈â«)
°√‘¬“∑’˵“¡À≈—ß°≈ÿࡧ”∑—Èß 4 π’È πâÕßÊ ®–µâÕß„™â
Past Subjunctive §◊Õ „™â°√‘¬“™àÕß 2 ‡ ¡Õ ·µà§«“¡À¡“¬
®–‡ªìπªí®®ÿ∫π—
‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡ F ∂â“πâÕß Ê ‰¡àµÕâ ß°“√„™â Past Sub-
junctive πâÕß Ê “¡“√∂„™âÕ’°‚§√ß √â“ß §◊Õ
It is time + for someone + Infinitive with to
‡™àπ It is time for we to finished to play.
190 ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAM
GRAMMM AR
3. ª√“√∂π“Õ¬“°„À⇪ìπ„πÕ𓧵
À¡“¬§«“¡«à“ ‡Àµÿ°“√≥åÀπ÷Ëß°”≈—ß®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ
·µàºŸâ查ª√“√∂π“∑’Ë®–„À⇰‘¥¢÷ÈπÕ’°Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷Ëß
°√‘¬“∑’ËπâÕß Ê ®–„™â §◊Õ wish + ª√–∏“π +
would + °√‘¬“™àÕß∑’Ë 1
I wish I would have a dinner at a luxurious
restaurant.
©—πª√“√∂π“®–„Àâ©—π‰¥â‰ª√—∫ª√–∑“πÕ“À“√
§Ë”∑’Ë√â“πÕ“À“√À√Ÿ Ê
√ÿª°“√„™â√Ÿªª√–‚¬§ wish form D
ª√“√∂π“Õ¬“°®–„À⇪ìπ„πÕ¥’µ wish + Past Perfect
ª√“√∂π“Õ¬“°®–„À⇪ìπ„πªí®®ÿ∫—π wish + Past Simple
ª√“√∂π“Õ¬“°®–„À⇪ìπ„πÕ𓧵 wish + Future in the
Past
Unit 15 ∆
Finite and Non-Finite Verbs 193
make ∑”„Àâ
notice ѧࡵ
observe ѧࡵ
perceive √—∫√Ÿâ
sense Éى ֡
smell ‰¥â°≈‘Ëπ
I help him clean the car.
(©—π™à«¬‡¢“∑”§«“¡ –Õ“¥√∂)
I let John use my car.
(©—πÕπÿ≠“µ„Àâ®ÕÀåπ„™â√∂¢Õß©—π)
I listen to my friend sing a song in my
car.
(©—πøí߇æ◊ÕË π¢Õß©—π√âÕ߇æ≈ß„π√∂¢Õß©—π)
3. πâÕß Ê “¡“√∂„™â infinitive without to
‡¡◊ËÕ«“ßÕ¬ŸàÀ≈—ߧ”°√‘¬“«≈’µàÕ‰ªπ’È
cannot but
need hardly
would rather
would sooner
Finite and Non-Finite Verbs 199
had better
had rather
had sooner
My mother would rather take a rest
after worked.
(§ÿ≥·¡à¢Õß©—π§«√®–æ—°ºàÕπÀ≈—ß®“°‡≈‘°
∑”ß“π)
He had better go to the party with girl-
friend.
(‡¢“§«√®–‰ªß“π‡≈’Ȭ߰—∫‡æ◊ËÕπÀ≠‘ߢÕß
‡¢“)
Gerund D
πâÕß Ê √Ÿâ®—° Gerund °—π‰À¡§à–«à“ Gerund §◊Õ
Õ–‰√ ¡’Àπâ“∑’Ë∑”Õ–‰√∫â“ß ·≈–¡’Àπ⓵“‡ªìπÕ¬à“߉√ ∂Ⓣ¡à√Ÿâæ’Ë Ê
®–Õ∏‘∫“¬µàÕ‰ªπ’È
Gerund §◊Õ §”°√‘¬“™àÕß∑’Ë 1 ∑’ˇµ‘¡ ing ·≈â«∑”„Àâ
§«“¡À¡“¬¢Õߧ”π—Èπ‡ªìπ°÷Ëߧ”°√‘¬“À√◊Õ°÷Ëߧ”π“¡
Gerund ∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë¥—ßµàÕ‰ªπ’È
1. ∑”Àπâ“∑’ˇªìπª√–∏“π¢Õߪ√–‚¬§ ‡™àπ
200 ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAM
GRAMMM AR
escape À≈∫Àπ’
forgive ¬°‚∑…„Àâ
appreciate ™¡‡™¬
consider æ‘®“√≥“, §√ÿà𧑥
imagine §“¥°“√≥å
mind „ à„®, π„®
miss æ≈“¥
prevent ªÑÕß°—π
suggest ·π–π”
dislike ‰¡à™Õ∫
defer ¬◊¥‡«≈“
detest ‡°≈’¬¥
dread °≈—«¡“°
resent ·§âπ„®
practice Ωñ°À—¥
mention °≈à“«∂÷ß, Õâ“ß∂÷ß
understand ‡¢â“„®
quit À¬ÿ¥, ‡≈‘°
stop À¬ÿ¥
Finite and Non-Finite Verbs 203
keep on ∑”µàÕ‰ª
insist on ¬◊π°√“π
think of §‘¥∂÷ß
leave off À¬ÿ¥
put off ‡≈◊ËÕπ, º≈—¥
object to §—¥§â“π
succeed in ”‡√Á®„π
present in ¢—¥¢«“ß®“°
look forward to µ—ßÈ µ“§Õ¬
9. §”‡À≈à“π’ȵ“¡¥â«¬ Gerund À√◊Õ Infinitive ∑’Ë¡’
§«“¡À¡“¬‡À¡◊Õπ°—π
begin ‡√‘Ë¡µâπ
continue ∑”µàÕ‰ª
dislike ‰¡à™Õ∫
dread °≈—«
hate ‡°≈’¬¥
intend µ—Èß„®
love √—°
like ™Õ∫
Finite and Non-Finite Verbs 205
Participle D
¥—ß∑’æË ’Ë Ê ‰¥â°≈à“«¡“¢â“ßµâπ·≈â««à“ Non-Finite Verb
¡’¥â«¬°—π 3 ™π‘¥§◊Õ Infinitive, Gerund ·≈– Participle
·≈–∑’Ëæ’ËÕ∏‘∫“¬¡“·≈⫧◊Õ Infinitive ·≈– Gerund µàÕ‰ªπ’Èæ’Ë
®–¢ÕÕ∏‘∫“¬°“√„™â Participle
206 ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAM
GRAMMM AR
Unit 16 ∆
Word Building 211
Word Building D
Word Building §◊Õ°“√ √â“ߧ”¢÷Èπ¡“„À¡à®“°√“°
»—æ∑凥‘¡‚¥¬°“√‡µ‘¡æ¬“ߧå¢â“ßÀπâ“À√◊Õ¢â“ßÀ≈—ߧ”π—Èπ ´÷Ëß
·∫àßÕÕ°‡ªìπ 2 ™π‘¥ §◊Õ
1. °“√‡µ‘ ¡ æ¬“ß§å ¢â “ ßÀπâ “ §”π—È π ‡√“‡√’ ¬ °«à “
çPrefixé
2. °“√‡µ‘ ¡ æ¬“ß§å ¢â “ ßÀ≈— ß §”π—È π ‡√“‡√’ ¬ °«à “
çSuffixé
∑—Èß Prefix ·≈– Suffix ‡√“‡√’¬°√«¡°—π«à“ çAffixé
µàÕ‰ªπ’Èæ’Ë Ê ®–¢ÕÕ∏‘∫“¬°“√„™â Prefix ·≈– Suffix D
°“√„™â Prefix
Prefix ·ª≈«à“ Õÿª √√§ §◊Õ §”∑’ˇ√“„™â‡µ‘¡Àπⓧ”
Õ◊Ëπ ‡æ◊ËÕ„À⧫“¡À¡“¬¢Õߧ”π—Èπ‡ª≈’ˬπ‰ª
212 ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAM
GRAMMM AR
im F ·ª≈«à“ 牡àé
√“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ im- §”·ª≈
immature ¬—߉¡à ¡∫Ÿ√≥å
immethodical ‰¡à¡«’ ∏‘ ’
mortal µâÕßµ“¡ immortal ‰¡àµ“¬
proper ‡À¡“– ¡ improper ‰¡à‡À¡“– ¡
ir F ·ª≈«à“ 牡àé
√“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ ir- §”·ª≈
rational ¡’‡Àµÿº≈ irrational ‰¡à¡‡’ Àµÿº≈
recoverable irrecoverable √—°…“‰¡à‰¥â
reducible irreducible ≈¥‰¡à‰¥â
il F·ª≈«à“ 牡àé
√“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ il- §”·ª≈
legal ∂Ÿ°°ÆÀ¡“¬ illegal º‘¥°ÆÀ¡“¬
illicit ‰¡à‰¥â√—∫Õπÿ≠“µ
literate Õà“πÕÕ°‡¢’¬π‰¥â illiterate Õà“π‰¡àÕÕ°‡¢’¬π
‰¡à‰¥â
in F ·ª≈«à“ 牡àé
√“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ in - §”·ª≈
appropriate ‡À¡“– ¡ inappropriate ‰¡à‡À¡“– ¡
Word Building 215
bi F ·ª≈«à“ ç Õßé
√“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ bi- §”·ª≈
angular ∑’Ë∑”¡ÿ¡ biangular ∑’Ë¡’ 2 ¡ÿ¡
annual √“¬ªï biannual ∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ 2 §√—Èß
µàÕªï
Word Building 217
°“√„™â Suffix
Suffix ·ª≈«à“ ªí®®—¬ §◊Õ §”∑’ËπâÕß Ê „™â‡µ‘¡À≈—ß
§”À≈—°·≈â«∑”„À⧫“¡À¡“¬¢Õߧ”π—Èπ‡ª≈’ˬπ‰ª
Word Building 221
ance, ence D
√“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ -ance, ence §”·ª≈
assist ™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ assistance °“√™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ
differ ·µ°µà“ß difference ·µ°µà“ß®“°
depend ¢÷πÈ Õ¬à°Ÿ ∫— dependence °“√¢÷πÈ Õ¬Ÿ°à ∫—
222 ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAM
GRAMMM AR
ant D
√“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ -ant §”·ª≈
account Õ∏‘∫“¬ accountant π—°∫—≠™’
√“°»—æ∑委·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ -dom §”·ª≈
assist ™à«¬ assistance ºŸ™â «à ¬
dom D
√“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ -dom §”·ª≈
free Õ‘ √– freedom ‡ √’¿“æ
king æ√–√“™“ kingdom √“™Õ“≥“®—°√
ent D
√“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ -ent §”·ª≈
study »÷°…“ student π—°»÷°…“
correspond ‚µâµÕ∫∑“ß correspondent ºŸâ ‚ µâ µ Õ ∫ ∑ “ ß
®¥À¡“¬ ®¥À¡“¬
er, or D
√“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ -er,-or §”·ª≈
read Õà“π reader ºŸÕâ “à π
write ‡¢’¬π writer π—°‡¢’¬π
Word Building 223
ese D
√“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ -ese §”·ª≈
China ª√–‡∑»®’π Chinese ™“«®’π
Japan ª√–‡∑»≠’˪ÿÉπ Japanese ™“«≠’˪ÿÉπ
ess D
√“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ -ess §”·ª≈
act · ¥ß actress ºŸâ· ¥ßÀ≠‘ß
tailor µ—¥‡ ◊ÕÈ tailoress ™à “ ßµ— ¥ ‡ ◊È Õ ∑’Ë ‡ ªì π
ºŸâÀ≠‘ß
hood D
√“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ -hood §”·ª≈
child ‡¥Á° childhood «—¬‡¥Á°
boy ‡¥Á°™“¬ boyhood §«“¡‡ªìπ‡¥Á°™“¬
girl ‡¥Á°À≠‘ß girlhood §«“¡‡ªìπ‡¥Á°À≠‘ß
224 ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAM
GRAMMM AR
ition D
√“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ -ition §”·ª≈
compete ·¢àߢ—π competition °“√·¢àߢ—π
repeat ´È” repetition °“√°√–∑”´È”
part à«π partition °“√·∫àß·¬°
ification D
√“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ -ify §”·ª≈
classify ®”·π° classification °“√®”·π°
amplify ¢¬“¬ amplification °“√¢¬“¬
ism D
√“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ -ism §”·ª≈
ideal ∑’ˇªìπµ—«Õ¬à“ß idealism °“√¬÷¥¡—πË
buddha æ√–æÿ∑∏‡®â“ buddhism »“ π“æÿ∑∏
alcohol ÿ√“ alcoholism ‚√§æ‘… ÿ√“‡√◊ÈÕ√—ß
Commune µ”∫≈ Communism ≈—∑∏‘§Õ¡¡‘«π‘ µå
ist D
√“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ -ist §”·ª≈
solo ‡æ≈ß∑’∫Ë √√‡≈ß soloist ºŸâ∫√√‡≈߇¥’Ë’¬«
‡¥’ˬ«
Word Building 225
ment D
√“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ -ment §”·ª≈
abase ÕàÕππâÕ¡∂àÕ¡µπ abasement ° “ √ Õà Õ π πâ Õ ¡
∂àÕ¡µπ
debase ‡®◊Õªπ debasement °“√‡®◊Õªπ
traduce „ à√⓬ traducement °“√„ à√⓬ªÑ“¬ ’
ness D
√“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ -ness §”·ª≈
happy ∑’Ë¡’§«“¡ ÿ¢ happiness §«“¡ ÿ¢
sick ∑’˪ɫ¬ sickness °“√‡®Á∫ªÉ«¬
ill ªÉ«¬ illness ‚√§¿—¬‰¢â‡®Á∫
sion D
√“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ -sion §”·ª≈
televise àß¿“æ television ‚∑√∑—»πå
decide µ—¥ ‘π„® decision °“√µ—¥ ‘π„®
conclude √ÿª conclusion °“√ √ÿª
226 ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAM
GRAMMM AR
ship D
Common Noun Abstract Noun
friend ‡æ◊ÕË π friendship ¡‘µ√¿“æ
relation §«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å relationship §«“¡‡ªìπ‡§√◊Õ≠“µ
member ¡“™‘° membership °“√‡ªìπ ¡“™‘°
leader ºŸâπ” leadership §«“¡‡ªìπºŸâπ”
hard ≈”∫“° hardship §«“¡≈”∫“°
scholar ª√“™≠å scholarship «‘∂’∑“ß·Ààߪ√“™≠å
dictator ºŸ‡â º¥Á®°“√ dictatorship °“√ª°§√Õß·∫∫
‡º¥Á®°“√
horseman §π¢’Ë¡â“∑’Ë™”π“≠ horsemanship §«“¡™”π“≠„π°“√
¢’Ë¡â“
tion D
√“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ tion- §”·ª≈
vacate ∑”„Àâ«à“ß vacation ‡«≈“«à“ß
complete ∑”„Àâ ¡∫Ÿ√≥å completion °“√∑”„Àâ ¡∫Ÿ√≥å
educate —ßË ÕπÕ∫√¡ education °“√»÷°…“
ty, ity D
√“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ -ty,-ity §”·ª≈
deform ∑”„Àâæ‘°“√ deformity §«“¡æ‘°≈æ‘°“√
deprave ∑”„À⇠◊ËÕ¡∑√“¡ depravity §«“¡‡ ◊ÕË ¡∑√“¡
Word Building 227
ify D
√“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ -ify §”·ª≈
beauty §«“¡ß“¡ beautify ∑”„Àâ «¬ß“¡
class ™—πÈ classify ∑”„À⇪ìπ™—πÈ
pure §«“¡∫√‘ ∑ÿ ∏‘Ï purifly ∑”„Àâ –Õ“¥À¡¥®¥
just ¬ÿµ∏‘ √√¡ justify ∑”„Àâ¬ÿµ‘∏√√¡
ize D
√“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ non- §”·ª≈
real ®√‘ß realize ∑”„À⇪ìπ®√‘ß
emphasis °“√‡πâπ emphasize ∑”„Àâ ”§—≠
category À¡«¥À¡Ÿà categorize ∑”„À⇪ìπÀ¡«¥À¡Ÿà
able, ible D
√“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ -able,-ible §”·ª≈
sense µ√–Àπ—° sensible ∑’Ë¡’ µ‘
believe ‡™◊ËÕ believable πà“‡™◊ËÕ∂◊Õ
move ‡§≈◊ËÕπ¬â“¬ moveable ∑’ˇ§≈◊ÕË π‰À«‰¥â
al, ial D
√“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ -al,ial §”·ª≈
centre »Ÿπ¬å°≈“ß central à«π°≈“ß
norm ¡“µ√∞“π normal ª°µ‘, ∑—Ë«‰ª
president ª√–∏“π presidential ∑’ˇ°’ˬ«°—∫ª√–∏“π
ant, ent D
√“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ -ant,-ent §”·ª≈
attend ‡¢â“√à«¡ attendant ´÷Ë߇¢â“√à«¡
differ ·µ°µà“ß different µà“ß®“°
ignore ‡æ‘°‡©¬ ignorant ‚ßà‡¢≈“
ary, ory D
√“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ -ary,-ory §”·ª≈
prime ·√° primary ‡∫◊ÕÈ ßµâπ
advise ·π–π” advisory ‡ªì𧔵—°‡µ◊Õπ
230 ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAM
GRAMMM AR
ative D
√“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ -ative §”·ª≈
talk §ÿ¬ talkative §ÿ¬‡°àß
illustrate “∏‘µ illustrative ¡’¿“æª√–°Õ∫
en,n D
√“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ -ant,-ent §”·ª≈
wood ‰¡â wooden ∑”¥â«¬‰¡â
silk ‰À¡ silken ∑”¥â«¬‰À¡
gold ∑Õß golden ∑”¥â«¬∑Õß
ful D
√“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ -ful §”·ª≈
hand ¡◊Õ handful ‡µÁ¡¡◊Õ
care §«“¡√–¡—¥√–«—ß careful ‡µÁ¡‰ª¥â«¬§«“¡
√–¡—¥√–«—ß
beautiful §«“¡ «¬ beautiful ‡µÁ ¡ ‰ª¥â « ¬§«“¡
«¬
power Õ”π“® powerful ‡µÁ¡‰ª¥â«¬Õ”π“®
peace ß∫ peaceful ‡µÁ ¡ ‰ª¥â « ¬§«“¡
ß∫ ÿ¢
thought §‘¥ thoughtful ‡µÁ¡‰ª¥â«¬§«“¡§‘¥
hope §«“¡À«—ß hopeful ‡µÁ¡‰ª¥â«¬§«“¡À«—ß
Word Building 231
less D
√“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ -less §”·ª≈
life ™’«‘µ lifeless ∑’ˉ¡à¡’™’«‘µ
hope §«“¡À«—ß hopeless ‘πÈ À«—ß
care √Õ∫§Õ∫ careless ª√–¡“∑
sense µ‘ senseless ‘πÈ µ‘
home ∫â“π homeless ‰√â∑Õ’Ë ¬ŸÕà “»—¬
harm Õ—πµ√“¬ harmless ∑’‰Ë ¡à¡¿’ ¬—
ly D
√“°»—æ∑å §”·ª≈ ‡µ‘¡ ly- §”·ª≈
girl ‡¥Á°ºŸÀâ ≠‘ß girlly ‡À¡◊Õπ‡¥Á°ºŸâÀ≠‘ß
dog ÿπ¢— dog ‡À¡◊Õπ ÿπ¢—
police µ”√«® policely ‡À¡◊Õπµ”√«®
mother ·¡à mother ‡À¡◊Õπ·¡à
B⁄ ye...Bye
232 ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAM
GRAMMM AR