Artificial Intelligence Notes:

Definitions
Artificial Intelligence:
• AI is very broadly concerned with getting computers to do tasks that would normally require
human intelligence. To what extent can we create computers that are able to reason?
o Narrow AI vs. General AI:
§ Narrow AI: Specific applications areas such as playing strategic games,
language translation, slef-driving vehicles, and image recognition.
• Remarkable progress has been made on Narrow AI.
§ General AI: refers to possible future AI system that exhibits intelligent
behaviour at least as advanced as a person across the full range of cognitive
tasks.
• Current consensus is that General AI will not be achieved for decades.

Machine Learning is a sub-field of artificial intelligence concerned with getting computers the
to learn without being explicitly programmed to do so:
• Here, Machine Learning algorithms use computational methods to “learn” information
without relying on a predetermined equation as its model:
o Enabling computers to identify patterns in large data-sets, build models that seek to
explain aspects of the world off of that data, and then make predictions or decisions
based off of these models without explicit pre-programmed rules.
• Supervised Machine Learning: takes known set of input data and known output data to train a
model to generate reasonable predictions.
o (uses classification and regression techniques to identify patterns and develop
predictive models. )
§ v. generally Classification techniques are used to explain discrete responses
(i.e. whether an email is spam or not spam)
§ Whereas regression techniques are used to predict continuous responses.
• Unsupervised Learning: in which ML is used to find hidden patterns in data by drawing
inferences from datasets consisting of only input data.
o This is done primarily through the use clustering as a learning technique. (exploratory
data analysis to find hidden patterns or groups in data.)

Modern machine learning is a statistical process that starts with a body of data and tries to derive
a rule or procedure that explains the data or can predict future data.
o To use machine learning, a practitioner starts with a data set.
o The practitioner then chooses the parameters of a model (a mathematical structure
that characterizes a range of possible decision-making rules with adjustable
parameters).
o The practitioner then defines an objective function used to evaluate the
desirability of the outcome that results from a choice of parameters.
• Notion of Training is the process of adjusting the parameters of a model to maximize the
objective function.
Deep Learning:
• The big breakthrough is in deep-learning – a class of machine-learning algorithms.
o
• Uses structures inspired by human brain, combining a set of input values with output values
which are passed onto other neurons downstream (Neural Network)
• In image recognition, for example, a first layer of units might combine raw data of images to
recognize simple patterns; second layer might combine results of first layer to recognize
patterns of patterns; third layer might combine results of second layer etc. etc.
Neural Net: Computing systems inspired by the biological neural networks that constitute
animal brains.
• Artificial Neural Networks are biologically inspired simulations performed on the
computer to perform certain specific tasks like clustering, classification, pattern
recognition etc.
• Neural Networks acquire knowledge through learning.
• Can be used for:
• Classification:
o Neural networks can be trained to classify given patterns or data sets into
predefined classes.
• Prediction:
o Can be trained to produce outputs that are expected from given inputs.
• Clustering:
o Neural networks can be used to identify a special feature of the data and classify
them into different categories.

Autonomy
• Refers to the ability of a system to operate and adapt to changing circumstances with reduced
or without human control.
o Autonomous car could drive itself to its destination.

Automation:
• A machine does work that might previously have been done by a person.
o Could be either physical or mental work being replaced by artificial intelligence.

Human-Machine Teaming:
• In some cases, a machine will complement human work.
o Human-machine teaming can be more effective than either one alone, using the
strengths of one to compensate for the weaknesses of the other.
o Ex. Radiology: When Combined, human and computer had lowest error rate in
diagnosing cells.