4/1/2018

Outline
• Solar cell research efficiencies
SOLAR CELL MANUFACTURING: • Dye-sensitized solar cell fabrication
THIN FILM SOLAR CELLS • Perovskite solar cell fabrication
• Organic solar cell fabrication
Dr. Brijesh Tripathi
Assistant Professor • Simulation of solar cells
Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University
Gandhinagar – 382007 • Questions and answers
brijesh.tripathi@sse.pdpu.ac.in
Mob: +91 9687923119

1 2

OUTCOMES OF INTERNATIONAL
SOLAR CELL AND GENERATIONS
RESEARCH
• First Generation
Single crystal silicon wafers (c-Si)
• Second Generation
Amorphous silicon (a-Si)
Polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si)
Cadmium telluride (CdTe)
Copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) alloy
• Third Generation
Polymer solar cell
Dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC)
• Fourth Generation
Pervoskite solar cell
Hybrid –inorganic crystal in polymer matrix
3 4

EFFICIENCY AND COST PROJECTIONS TiO2 NANOROD BASED DSSC

Source: http://www.pv.unsw.edu.au/ 5 6

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NANORODS: VARIATION IN
SYNTHESIS OF TIO2 NANORODS
TEMPERATURE
• TiO2 nanorods were grown on the FTO-coated glass substrate (7
Ω/square, Sigma-Aldrich) substrates.
• The hydrothermal synthesis was carried out in a stainless steel
autoclave with Teflon liner of 50 mL capacity.
• In a typical synthesis step, 15 mL of 37% hydrochloric acid was
added in the 15 mL of deionized water and sonicated for 5 min.
• Subsequently a small amount of titanium (IV) isopropoxide
(Ti(OCH(CH3)2)4, 97%, Sigma-Aldrich) (in mL) was added and further
sonicated for 5 min.
• Two pieces of FTO glass were used as substrates (1.5 cm × 1.5 cm)
placed inside the Teflon (melting point: 326.8 °C) liner with the
active layer facing the wall.
• The hydrothermal bath with the samples and prepared solution was
heated in temperature range of 200 -300 deg. Celsius for 2 hours.
SEM images with respect to variation in temperature. (A) 200
°C, (B) 230 °C, (C) 250 °C, (D) 280 °C.
7 8

NANORODS: VARIATION IN
Experimental development of DSSC
CONCENTRATION
• Device structure
FTO Coated Glass
N719 dye
Sensitized TiO2 Layer
Electrolyte Sealing (Surlyn)
Activated platinum

Solar simulator (class AAA, PEC Inc., USA)

DSSC having efficiency of 2.9% (jSC =

7.2 mA/cm2; VOC = 666 mV; PMAX = 2.9
mW; FF = 60.9%; RS = 13.3 Ω) under
AM1.5 spectrum is fabricated
Variation in concentration. (A) 0.4 ml, (B) 0.6 ml, (C) 0.8 ml, (D) 1.0 ml
9 10

ASSEMBLING NR PEROVSKITE SOLAR

Band-diagram of DSSC
CELL

11 12

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PEROVSKITE SOLAR CELL ADVANTAGES OF ORGANIC SOLAR

PHOTOCURRENT DENSITY VARIATION CELLS

Dhyey Raval, Brijesh Tripathi*, Abhijit Ray, J Porous Mater (2017) 24:217–231
13 14

ORGANIC SOLAR CELL OSC FABRICATION STEPS

ITO

Electrode substrate
MoO3 and Al
Thermally deposited in high vacuum
(~ 5 x 10-6 mbar)
PTB7:PC70BM
PFN : Spin-coated at 5000 rpm (60 spin-coated at 1500 rpm (40 sec)
sec), Annealed at 60°C for 10 Vacuum Dry (12 hr) Inverted structure
minutes
Devices with a conventional structure (Indium tin oxide (ITO)/PEDOT:PSS/active layer/Al) show a
15 lower performance. 16

WORKING OF ORGANIC SOLAR CELLS ELECTRICAL OUTPUT OF AN OSC

Photon Exciton Exciton
Absorption Generation Diffusion • The photovoltaic performance of the PTB7:PC71BM based
BHJ OSCs with different blend ratio were investigated on the
basis of inverted configuration: indium tin oxide
Charge Exciton (ITO)/PFN/PTB7:PC71BM/MoO3/Al.
Collection Dissociation 10 1:1 Blend 1:1 1:1.5 1:2
)

1:1.5
2

Ratio
Current Density (mA/cm

1:2
Donor JSC 14 14.6 12.9
Al
0 (mAcm-2)
Cathode
ITO Acceptor VOC (V) 0.742 0.75 0.738
Anode
-10
FF (%) 57 62.28 57.5

PCE (%) 5.8 6.81 5.34

-0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Voltage (V)
17 Work done in the collaboration with Dr. Suresh Chand group at CSIR-NPL, Delhi 18

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EFFECT OF INTENSITY VARIATION ON

CONVENTIONAL STRUCTURE OSC
OSC OUTPUT 8
2.33
30
(a) 1.57 (b)
Al 1.33
1

JSC(mAcm )
)

-2
-2
ITO/PEDOT:PSS/PTB7:PC71BM/Al 0.71

J (mAcm
20 0.4 10

η(%)
Donor Acceptor 0.3 6
0.1
10 Dark
PEDOT:PSS -1
ITO 10
24 0
Dark JSC=14.6 mA cm-2
Light 1 4
VOC=0.72
JDark (Acm )
16 -3
10
1
10
2
-2

10 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 -2

)

FF= 52.5% Intensity(mWcm )

-2

V (V)
J (mAcm

8 12
PCE= 5.52% 0.75 64
(c) 40
0 -5
10 11 (d)

RSH x 10 (Ωcm )
RS = 10.4 Ω cm2

2
30

RS(Ωcm )
0.72 10

2
-8 56
RSH = 40 kΩ cm2

VOC(V)

FF(%)

3
9 20
-16
-7
10 m = 1.9 0.69
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 48 8
10
-0.4 0.0 0.4 0.8 V (V)
7
V (V) 0.66 0
40 6
Abhishek Sharma, Mihirsinh Chauhan, Vishal Bharti, Manoj Kumar, Suresh Chand, Brijesh 1
10
2
10 0 50 100 150 200 250
19 -2 20
Tripathi* and J. P. Tiwari* Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2017, 19, 26169-26178. Intensity (mWcm )
-2
Intensity(mWcm )

CHARGE CARRIER DYNAMICS AND RECOMBINATION IN VARIATION OF FF W.R.T. CHARGE RECOMBINATION TO

ORGANIC SOLAR CELL EXTRACTION RATIO IN AN OSC
65
60

55
FF

50
Abhishek Sharma, Mihirsinh
Chauhan, Vishal Bharti,
45 Manoj Kumar, Suresh Chand,
Brijesh Tripathi* and J. P.
Tiwari* Phys. Chem. Chem.
40 Phys., 2017,19, 26169-
26178
-3 -2 -1
10 10 10
θ
Comparatively higher FF can be maintained before the takeover of the
21 recombination mechanism from the trap-assisted to the bimolecular. 22

NEW MOLECULE AS AN ACCEPTOR COMPARISON OF HOMO–LUMO ENERGY LEVELS OF 1

Smallest fullerene fragment, Fluoranthene (1) as an

acceptor Small fragment of fullerene
identified as effective low
cost stable acceptor with
open air stability for organic
solar cell

Chandra Kanth P., Jessica Patel,

Mihirsinh Chauhan, Md. Aatif,
Abhishek Sharma, Maitrayee U.
Trivedi, Brijesh Tripathi, Jai
Prakash Tiwari, Govind Gupta,
This molecule stands besides Manoj Kumar and Manoj Kumar
PCBM, present commercially Pandey New J. Chem., 2017, 41,
available acceptor 5836--5845

23 24

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SOLVENTS STUDY: UV
OPTIMIZATION

• The shoulder peak at ~603 nm

can be attributed to the intrachain
ordering of π-π* stacking of

Morphology P3HT chains.
Improve • The pronounced peak using Xyl
Solvents study
Optical as processing solvent indicates
enhanced intrachain ordering of

Electrochemical P3HT with the improved π-π*
stacking.

Photovoltaic • The enhanced absorption
intensity for blend film in the
ODCB: Ortho dichlorobenzene P3HT region is attributed to
Xyl: Xylene
better crystallization of P3HT
25 26

PHOTOLUMINESCENCE STUDY CHARGE CARRIER GENERATION &

DISSOCIATION VIA ABSORPTION
• The electronic configuration of
Correlation of absorption coefficient with photon flux
P3HT is altered by Xyl, which is
responsible for the blue shift of
Estimation of generation rate of excitons
PL peak due to the change in Energy (eV)
Energy (eV)
P3HT conjugation length. 3.11 2.07 1.55 φ (photons s m )
-2 4.14 3.11 2.48 2.07 1.77
ODCB
• Due to increased electron transfer 9.0x10
4
28
1.2x10
Xyl
-1

4
α (cm )

rate, the energy of lowest exciton

-1

G (m s )
-3 -1

4
6.0x10
state rises leading to blue shift in 27
8.0x10

the luminescence spectra. 3.0x10

4
2
27
4.0x10
ODCB
• The pronounced shoulder peak at Xyl
φ x1021
627 nm observed for Xyl 0.0
400 600 800
0.0
300 400 500 600 700
Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm)
processed P3HT: 1 blend
EFFECT OF SOLVENT indicates an enhanced
aggregation. 27
EFFECT OF SOLVENT 28

ELECTRICAL PERFORMANCE
MORPHOLOGY

(a) (b)

RESULTS
OF ODCB
20 nm 20 nm

ODCB Xylene

Better interpenetrating network with uniformly

distributed domains has been observed for xylene as
processing solvent in the blend. EFFECT OF SOLVENT
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CURRENT STATUS OF PROGRESS IN ORGANIC SOLAR CHALLENGES IN THE FIELD OF OSC

CELL

Diffusion of oxygen and water into the device.

Degradation of interfaces.

Degradation of the active material, Interlayer

and electrode diffusion.

Electrode reaction with the organic materials.

Morphological changes.

Macroscopic changes -bubbles, and cracks.

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Courtesy: Frederick Krebs (Various research papers)

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