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RESULTS: The median refractive astigmatic magnitude was 0.84 diopter (D). The mean
difference vector lengths were 0.61 D, 0.58 D, 0.49 D, and 0.45 D for Pentacam anterior,
Cassini anterior, Pentacam total, and Cassini total corneal astigmatism, respectively. The
mean difference vector length decreased by 0.12 and 0.13 D for Pentacam and Cassini,
respectively, if the total instead of anterior corneal astigmatism was measured. These
decreases were statistically significant (P<.001).
CONCLUSIONS: With Pentacam as well as with Cassini, the accuracy of total corneal
astigmatism measurements was higher than that of anterior corneal astigmatism
measurements. Measuring total instead of anterior corneal astigmatism may therefore
decrease the residual
METHODS
For each measurement on each device, the subjects were asked to fixate on the
fixation target of the instrument and blink before the measurement. We used the
internal quality check of each device to decide whether or not the measurement was
acceptable. For the Pentacam, measurements were accepted if the quality check
indicated that the measurement was ‘‘OK.’’ For the Cassini, measurements were
accepted if at least 6 of the 7 infrared reflections were captured, as indicated by the
posterior surface quality indicator. If not acceptable, the measurement was repeated
until it was acceptable or until no acceptable measurements could be obtained after
several repeated attempts.
RESULTS
MEAN PATIENT AGE WAS 69.4 6 8.4 YEARS (RANGE 45.9–90.0). Forty-one
patients (45%) were men, and 50 eyes (55%) were right eyes. The mean preoperative
axial length was 23.92 6 1.39 mm (range, 20.89–27.63), and the mean preoperative
corneal power was 43.6461.48 D (range, 40.30– 47.44). Measurements of acceptable
quality could be obtained for the Pentacam and Cassini in 78 (86%) and 60 eyes (66%),
respectively. An overview of the astigmatism magnitudes as measured with the
different devices is given in Table 1.
The difference vector lengths for the various techniques are shown in Table 2.
Shorter difference vectors indicate that the measurements are closer to the refractive
astigmatism and therefore more accurate. It should be noted that when only the
anterior corneal surface is taken into account, the mean difference vector length is
approximately 0.6 D for both devices. Also, for Pentacam and
Cassini, the mean difference vector length becomes shorter when both corneal
surfaces are taken into account. Figure 1 shows for each technique the percentage of
patients within a certain accuracy. Higher proportions of eyes fall within limits of 0.25,
0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 D when both corneal surfaces are measured. Table 3 shows the
difference in astigmatic magnitude and axis with the refractive astigmatism for the
various techniques. The magnitude difference decreases up to 0.11 D and the axis
difference decreases up to 6.4 degrees when both corneal surfaces are taken into
account instead of only the anterior surface. Figure 2 shows for all individual cases the
change in difference vector length that occurred when total instead of anterior corneal
astigmatism was measured. For the cases in the bottom half of Figure 2, the difference
vectors became shorter and thus the accuracy became higher. For Pentacam, the
difference vector became shorter in 73% of cases. The mean change
of 0.1260.28Dwas statistically significantly different from
zero (1-sample t test, P < .001). For Cassini, the difference vector became shorter in
82% of cases. The mean change of 0.1360.18 D was
statistically significantly different from zero (1-sample t test, P < .001).
DISCUSSION
THE MAIN OUTCOME VARIABLE IN THIS STUDY WAS THE accuracy of corneal
astigmatism measurements, expressed as the vectorial difference between the corneal
measurements and the refractive astigmatism. With mean values of 0.61 and 0.58 D for
the Pentacam and Cassini, respectively, the accuracy for measurements of the anterior
corneal surface of these devices was similar (independent samples t test, P ¼ .59).
When measurements of the total instead of only anterior corneal astigmatism were
performed, an average increase in accuracy (decrease in vectorial difference) of 0.12 D
for the Pentacam and 0.13 D for the Cassini was observed. This increase was statistically
significant for both devices. Moreover, as shown in Figure 1, there was an
approximately 100% increase (from 10% to 20%) in the number of eyes with difference
vector lengths below 0.25 D, and an approximately 50% increase (from 40% to 60%) in
those with difference vector lengths below 0.5 D. As shown in Table 3, for both devices,
part of the accuracy increase is attributable to a more accurate assessment of astigmatic
magnitude, while part is attributable to a better measurement of the astigmatic axis.
As evident from Figure 2, there was some variation in the amount with which the
Pentacam got closer to or further away from the refractive astigmatism when
measuring total instead of only anterior corneal astigmatism, with some cases even
showing a decrease in accuracy. After carefully studying the actual measurements in
these cases we could not find a technical reason for this. We therefore believe that most
of this decrease in accuracy is attributable to measurement variation. Interestingly,
when comparing the two parts of Figure 2, it is evident that the Pentacam shows higher
positive as well as deeper negative peaks than the Cassini, meaning that when
measuring total instead of only anterior corneal astigmatism, the increase or decrease
in accuracy with the Pentacam occasionally was more pronounced compared to the
measurements of the Cassini. With the latter device, the increase or decrease in
accuracy was relatively subtle in nearly all cases. We do not have a sound explanation
for this observation.
A shortcoming of the Cassini was the limited number of scans that were of
acceptable quality. Thirty-one scans (34%) did not pass the minimum quality
requirements of the device. Insufficient coverage of the cornea for assessing anterior
keratometry was the cause in 4 cases, which was usually attributable to the inability of
the patient to keep the eye wide open because of the high light intensity of the colored
LEDs. Failure of the posterior keratometry, owing to the fact that fewer than 6
reflections of the infrared LEDs could be captured, was the cause in the other 27 cases.
In 11 of these cases this was owing to blockage of the reflections by the upper eye lid. In
16 cases the fourth Purkinje image (ie, the reflection on the posterior surface of the IOL)
interfered with the second Purkinje image (ie, the reflection on the posterior surface of
the cornea). In our own experience in phakic patients, the fourth Purkinje image is less
bright or even absent in phakic eyes. This results in a higher number of scans that can
be obtained successfully in phakic patients than in pseudophakic patients. Thus, we
believe that the impact of interfering Purkinje images is limited in clinical practice.
Thirteen Pentacam images (14%) were of inappropriate quality (ie, not labeled
as ‘‘OK’’ by the quality check of the device). The device mentioned ‘‘data gaps’’ as the
most frequent cause, while the second most frequent cause was blockage by the eyelid.
However, inspection of the Scheimpflug images revealed that the central 3 mm of the
cornea was appropriately imaged and edgedetected in all except 2 cases. We therefore
believe that many of the Pentacam images that did not receive the quality score ‘‘OK’’
nonetheless actually could have been used for measuring total corneal astigmatism.
This is in contrast to the Cassini, in which the cases that did not pass the quality check
were truly owing to a failure of assessing keratometry of the central 3 mm of the
posterior corneal surface.
A possible limitation of this study might be that it relies on the assumption that
refractive astigmatism equals the total corneal astigmatism in eyes with non-toric IOLs.
This assumption only holds if several conditions are met, namely that the IOL
shows no tilt or decentration and there are no manufacturing errors. If these conditions
are not met, some astigmatism may arise from the IOL, causing the refractive
astigmatism not to match with total corneal astigmatism. De Castro and associates19
investigated tilt and decentration of IOLs in vivo with a Purkinje and Scheimpflug
imager. They found mean absolute tilting of the IOL around the x-axis of approximately
1.5 degrees, and around the y-axis of approximately 2 degrees. Decentration was found
to be approximately 0.3 mm horizontally and 0.2 mm vertically. For a 20 D IOL with a
tilt of 2 degrees the induced astigmatism, however, is estimated to be only
approximately 0.02 D.20 Thus, although of possible influence, we feel that the bias
introduced by any IOL tilt in this study will be limited.
In conclusion, for both the Pentacam and the Cassini, the accuracy of total
corneal astigmatism measurements was higher than that of measurements of only the
anterior corneal surface. The accuracy increased (difference vector length decreased)
by 0.12 D for the Pentacam and 0.13 D for the Cassini, which was statistically significant
for both devices. There was an approximately 100% increase in the number of eyes
with difference vector lengths below 0.25 D, and an approximately 50% increase in
those with difference vector lengths below 0.5 D. It thus appears to be advantageous to
measure total instead of only anterior corneal astigmatism in toric IOL implantation.
The performance of the Pentacam and Cassini in measuring total corneal astigmatism
was similar. However, the number of scans that could be obtained successfully was
higher for the Pentacam.
AKURASI TOTAL PENGUKURAN KORNEA PADA ASTIGMAT DENGAN Gambaran
Scheimpflug DAN MENYINARKAN CAHAYA WARNA DIODA Topografi KORNEA
Baru-baru ini, perangkat lain yang mampu mengukur jumlah Silindris kornea
telah dirilis. Cassini (i-Optik, The Hague, Belanda) menggunakan refleksi specular dari
679 warna dioda pemancar cahaya (LED) untuk membangun peta topografi dari
permukaan kornea anterior, dan refleksi specular dari 7 LED inframerah tambahan
untuk mengukur kurvatura dari posterior permukaan kornea. Menggunakan sinar
tracing/ pantulan, maka dapat menghitung jumlah astigmatisme kornea. Meskipun
keratometry anterior dengan Cassini telah dijelaskan dalam literatur, 10-13 kita tidak
mengetahui adanya laporan evaluasi fungsi total Silindris kornea nya.
BERARTI AGE PASIEN WAS 69,4 6 8,4 TAHUN (RANGE 45,9-90,0). Empat puluh
satu pasien (45%) adalah laki-laki, dan 50 mata (55%) adalah mata kanan. Mean pra
operasi panjang aksial adalah 23,92 6 1,39 mm (kisaran, 20,89-27,63), dan rata-rata
kekuatan kornea pra operasi adalah 43.6461.48 D (range, 40.30- 47.44). Pengukuran
kualitas yang dapat diterima dapat diperoleh untuk Pentacam dan Cassini di 78 (86%)
dan 60 mata (66%), masing-masing. Gambaran dari besaran Silindris yang diukur
dengan perangkat yang berbeda diberikan dalam Tabel 1.
PEMBAHASAN
Beberapa penelitian serupa telah dilakukan oleh Hoffmann dan rekan. 15 Mereka
mengukur pasien pseudofakia dengan IOLs nontoric dan dibandingkan astigmatisme
refraktif (diukur dengan manifest bukan refraksi obyektif) astigmatisme kornea yang
diukur dengan 5 teknik yang berbeda (koherensi optik tomographer, autokeratometer,
Placido topographer, Scheimpflug tomographer, dan dikombinasikan Placido-
Scheimpflug perangkat), 3 dari yang termasuk posterior astigmatisme kornea
(koherensi optik tomographer, Scheimpflug tomographer, dan dikombinasikan
perangkat Placido- Scheimpflug). Mereka menemukan rata-rata perbedaan panjang
vektor terpendek di koherensi tomographer optik (0.43 ± 0.25 D) dan gabungan
perangkat Placido-Scheimpflug (0.44 ± 0,25 D), yang mereka dikaitkan dengan data
posterior kelengkungan. Berbeda dengan penelitian kami, namun, perangkat
Scheimpflug memiliki terpanjang rata panjang vektor perbedaan (0.70 ± 0.41 D), dan itu
adalah hipotesis bahwa ini karena pengukuran suara yang tinggi.
Seperti terlihat dari Gambar 2, ada beberapa variasi dalam jumlah dengan yang
Pentacam dapat lebih dekat atau lebih jauh dari Silindris refractive ketika mengukur
jumlah bukan hanya Silindris kornea anterior, dengan beberapa kasus bahkan
menunjukkan penurunan akurasi. Setelah mempelajari pengukuran aktual dalam kasus
ini kita tidak bisa menemukan alasan teknis untuk ini. Oleh karena itu kami percaya
bahwa sebagian besar penurunan ini dalam akurasi disebabkan variasi pengukuran.
Menariknya, ketika membandingkan dua bagian dari Gambar 2, jelas bahwa Pentacam
menunjukkan positif yang lebih tinggi serta lebih negatif puncak dari Cassini, yang
berarti bahwa ketika mengukur jumlah bukan hanya anterior Silindris kornea, kenaikan
atau penurunan akurasi dengan Pentacam kadang-kadang lebih jelas dibandingkan
dengan pengukuran Cassini. Dengan perangkat yang terakhir, kenaikan atau penurunan
akurasi relatif halus dalam hampir semua kasus. Kami tidak memiliki penjelasan suara
untuk pengamatan ini.
Sebuah kelemahan dari Cassini adalah terbatasnya jumlah scan yang dari
kualitas yang dapat diterima. Tiga puluh satu scan (34%) tidak lulus persyaratan
kualitas minimum perangkat. Cakupan cukup kornea untuk menilai keratometry
anterior adalah penyebabnya di 4 kasus, yang biasanya disebabkan oleh
ketidakmampuan pasien untuk menjaga mata terbuka lebar karena intensitas cahaya
tinggi LED berwarna. Kegagalan keratometry posterior, karena fakta bahwa kurang dari
6 refleksi dari LED inframerah bisa ditangkap, adalah penyebab yang lain 27 kasus.
Dalam 11 kasus ini karena penyumbatan refleksi oleh kelopak mata bagian atas. Dalam
16 kasus gambar Purkinje keempat (yaitu, refleksi pada permukaan posterior dari IOL)
mengganggu citra Purkinje kedua (yaitu, refleksi pada permukaan posterior kornea).
Dalam pengalaman kita sendiri pada pasien phakic, gambar Purkinje keempat adalah
kurang terang atau bahkan tidak ada dalam mata phakic. Hal ini menyebabkan jumlah
yang lebih tinggi dari scan yang dapat diperoleh dengan sukses pada pasien phakic
dibandingkan pada pasien pseudofakia. Dengan demikian, kami percaya bahwa dampak
dari campur gambar Purkinje terbatas dalam praktek klinis.
Gambar Tiga belas Pentacam (14%) yang berkualitas yang tidak pantas (yaitu,
tidak dicap sebagai '' OK '' dengan cek kualitas perangkat). Perangkat disebutkan '' Data
kesenjangan '' sebagai penyebab paling sering, sedangkan penyebab paling sering kedua
adalah penyumbatan oleh kelopak mata. Namun, pemeriksaan gambar Scheimpflug
mengungkapkan bahwa pusat 3 mm kornea itu tepat dicitrakan dan edge detected
dalam semua kecuali 2 kasus. Oleh karena itu kami percaya bahwa banyak dari gambar
Pentacam yang tidak menerima skor kualitas '' OK '' tetap benar-benar bisa digunakan
untuk mengukur jumlah astigmatisme kornea. Hal ini berbeda dengan Cassini, di mana
kasus-kasus yang tidak lulus pemeriksaan kualitas yang benar-benar karena kegagalan
menilai keratometry dari 3 mm sentral dari permukaan kornea posterior.
Keterbatasan mungkin penelitian ini mungkin bahwa hal itu bergantung pada
asumsi bahwa bias Silindris sama total Silindris kornea mata dengan IOLs non-toric .
asumsi ini hanya berlaku jika beberapa kondisi terpenuhi, yaitu bahwa IOL tidak
menunjukkan tilt atau decentration dan tidak ada kesalahan manufaktur. Jika kondisi
ini tidak terpenuhi, beberapa Silindris mungkin timbul dari IOL, menyebabkan
astigmatisme bias tidak sesuai dengan jumlah astigmatisme kornea. De Castro dan
associates19 diselidiki tilt dan decentration dari IOLs in vivo dengan Purkinje dan
Scheimpflug imager. Mereka menemukan rata miring mutlak dari IOL sekitar sumbu x
sekitar 1,5 derajat, dan sekitar y-axis sekitar 2 derajat. Decentration ditemukan menjadi
sekitar 0,3 mm horizontal dan 0,2 mm secara vertikal. Untuk 20 D IOL dengan
kemiringan 2 derajat astigmatisme disebabkan Namun, diperkirakan hanya sekitar 0,02
D.20 Jadi, meskipun pengaruh mungkin, kita merasa bahwa bias yang diperkenalkan
oleh tilt IOL dalam penelitian ini akan dibatasi .