Worksheet #8

Invertebrates
Chapter 22 Audesirk

This is a very long worksheet! Once completed, this worksheet is worth 20

points, rather than the usual 10. It is set up to be filled in as you read
through the chapter, so you won’t have to spend time flipping back and forth
through the book. Also, the quiz will be worth 20 points.

1. List the 6 characteristics of animals. Try to use less than 10 words on each of
these:

2. What is a tissue? List two examples of tissues.

3. Tissues and body symmetry evolved at the same time. Describe two types of
symmetry.

4. Why does a radially symmetrical body plan work well for sessile or drifting
organisms?

You are not responsible for the names of the germ layers.

5. Germ layers are found in developing embryos and give rise to different kinds
of tissue as the embryo develops. Radially symmetrical animals have
_________ germ layers, and bilaterally symmetrical animals have _________
germ layers.

6. What is cephalization? Why did it evolve as a result of bilateral symmetry?

7. What is the difference between a pseudocoelom and a coelom?

8. Another developmental branch during the evolution of animals takes place as

a result of differences in the way that the coelom is formed.
______________________development is thought to have evolved first and
gave rise to certain phyla such as __________________,
________________________, and ________________________.
___________________________ development is the more advanced
evolutionary form, and is seen in the embryos of phyla such as
____________________ and ________________.
(see figure 22-3)

You do not need to understand the particulars about the differences in these two
forms of development, just that they exist and are important to the evolutionary
tree.
 9. There are two major categories of animal phyla. The invertebrates and the
vertebrates.
a. What feature do vertebrates have that distinguishes them from the
invertebrates?

b. Which group contains the vast majority of animal species?

Phylum Porifera = Sponges

1. Do these animals have symmetry?_______________

2. What experiment suggested that porifera evolved from colonies of protists?

3. How does water get into a sponge?

4. Where does it exit?

Phylum Cnidaria = Hydra, anemones, jellyfish, coral

1. What sort of symmetry do these animals have?____________________

2. What are the two basic body plans seen in the organisms of this phylum?

Error in the text: Two germ layers are endoderm and ectoderm (not mesoderm)…but you
don't need to know this!

3. How do cnidarians capture prey? Use the words tentacle and cnidocytes in
your answer.

Phylum Platyhelminthes = Flatworms

1. What sort of symmetry do these animals have?________________________

2. Where are the sense organs located? Why is this a good idea?

3. Give two examples of parasitic flatworms.

Phylum Nematoda = Round worms

1. Describe the ecological role of nematoda.

2. These animals are the first type to evolve a body cavity. What type of body
cavity is it?

3. Why do these organisms not require circulatory and respiratory systems?

Phylum Annelida = Segmented worms

1. What is the most prominent feature of this group?_____________________

2. What advantage does this provide?

3. What type of body cavity do these animals have?

4. Describe the structure of a closed circulatory system.

5. List 3 familiar forms of annelida.

Phylum Arthropoda = Insects, Arachnids (spiders), crustaceans

1. List the adaptations of arthropoda that have allowed them to become the
dominant animals on earth.

2. What is an exoskeleton, and what is it made of?

3. Why is the exoskeleton so useful?

4. What drawbacks does it have?

5. What is a hemocoel? Is this an open or closed form of circulation?

Class Insecta

a. How may species of insecta have been described?______________

b. How many legs do insecta have?________________
 c. Why is flight such a useful adaptation?

d. What are the 3 stages of metamorphosis?

Class Arachnida

a. What common animals are a part of this group?

Class Crustacea

a. What common animals are a part of this group?

b. How many legs do crustacea have?________________

c. What habitat do they live in?

Phylum Mollusca = Snails, clams, squids

1. What common animals are a part of this group?

2. Describe features common to all Mollusca.

3. The three classes of Mollusca listed in the book are ________________,

________________, and _____________________.

Class Gastropoda

a. List two common gastropoda.

b. What is a radula?

Class Bivalvia

a. List 4 common bivalvia.

 Class Cephalopoda

a. List 4 common cephalopoda.

b. Where are they found and how do they eat?

c. What has the foot evolved into in this class?________________________

d. What has the radula evolved into?____________________

Phylum Echinodermata = Starfish, sea urchins

1. List 4 common echinodermata.

2. What kinds of symmetry do they have through their life cycle?

3. What is the water vascular system? You are not responsible for all the parts,
but understand that this feature is unique to echinodermata, and understand
how it works.

4. Describe how they capture prey and eat. What do they eat?

Phylum Chordata = Invertebrate chordates, Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds,

mammals

1. What 5 features are common to all chordata?

Invertebrate chordates
1. What are the two groups of invertebrate chordates?
Vertebrate chordates
1. What is the vertebral column made of?

2. How is it useful?

3. What were the first paired appendages?

4. What two forms did these evolve into?

Class Myxini

a. What is the common name of these organisms?

b. Why are these organisms not considered to be vertebrates by some

scientists?

Class Petromyzontiformes

a. What is the common name of these organisms?

Class Chondrichthyes

a. List 3 common chondrichthyes.

b. What is their skeleton made of?

c. How many chambers does the heart have?

Class Osteichthyes

a. What is the common name for this class?

b. What is their skeleton made of ?

Class Amphibia

a. List two common amphibia.

b. As with plants, animals faced similar challenges while adapting to life on

land. List 4 challenges that faced amphibia as they evolved.

c. How many chambers does the amphibian heart have?___________

Class Reptilia

a. List 5 common forms of reptilia.

b. List the 3 major adaptations of reptiles that allow them a life out of water.

Aves

a. What is the common name for this class? _____________________

b. Aves are considered a subset of Reptilia, with specialized scales known as
____________________.
c. Describe the skeletal adaptations of Aves.
 d. What is meant by warm-blooded?

e. How many chambers does the heart have? _____________

Class Mammalia

a. What is the common name for this class? _______________________

b. Warm or cold-blooded? _____________
c. What adaptation protects and insulates mammalia? ______________
d. How many chambers in the heart? ___________
e. List the 4 types of glands unique to mammalia.

f. What are monotremes?

g. What organ do Mammalian embryos develop in?

h. Most mammalia retain their young inside the uterus until they are well-
developed. While inside the mother, the young are nourished through a
structure known as the ________________________.