Aquaculture: global status and trends

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2935128/

 Journal List
 Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
 v.365(1554); 2010 Sep 27
 PMC2935128

ABSTRACT
Aquaculture contributed 43 per cent of aquatic animal food for human consumption in 2007 (e.g.
fish, crustaceans and molluscs, but excluding mammals, reptiles and aquatic plants) and is
expected to grow further to meet the future demand. It is very diverse and, contrary to many
perceptions, dominated by shellfish and herbivorous and omnivorous pond fish either entirely or
partly utilizing natural productivity. The rapid growth in the production of carnivorous species
such as salmon, shrimp and catfish has been driven by globalizing trade and favourable
economics of larger scale intensive farming. Most aquaculture systems rely on low/uncosted
environmental goods and services, so a critical issue for the future is whether these are brought
into company accounts and the consequent effects this would have on production economics.
Failing that, increased competition for natural resources will force governments to allocate
strategically or leave the market to determine their use depending on activities that can extract
the highest value. Further uncertainties include the impact of climate change, future fisheries
supplies (for competition and feed supply), practical limits in terms of scale and in the economics
of integration and the development and acceptability of new bio-engineering technologies.
In the medium term, increased output is likely to require expansion in new environments, further
intensification and efficiency gains for more sustainable and cost-effective production. The trend
towards enhanced intensive systems with key monocultures remains strong and, at least for the
foreseeable future, will be a significant contributor to future supplies. Dependence on external
feeds (including fish), water and energy are key issues. Some new species will enter production
and policies that support the reduction of resource footprints and improve integration could lead
to new developments as well as reversing decline in some more traditional systems.
fish meal
Feeds for herbivorous and omnivorous species (carps and tilapias) often contain fish meal and
sometimes fish oil, although this is not essential on purely nutritional grounds.
One further potential source of feed protein and oil is krill
Disease
Disease has proved a major constraint to efficient production in some intensive aquaculture systems.

THE 4 BIGGEST TRENDS COMING TO AQUACULTURE IN 2018 AND

BEYOND
https://www.bentoli.com/aquaculture-2018-trends/
Some of the biggest changes expected to take effect in 2018 include:
 1. Less antibiotics
2. Continued industry growth
3. A focus on sustainability
4. The evolution of aquaculture systems and equipment
1. Less Antibiotics
antimicrobials, which resulted in the widespread proliferation of antimicrobial
resistance (AMR). the discussion of antibiotic use will take center stage in
2018. Many organizations are already calling for restrictions on the use of
antibiotics and—in some cases—proposals have been presented to
completely halt the use of antibiotics.
the discussion of antibiotic use will take center stage in 2018. Many
organizations are already calling for restrictions on the use of antibiotics and—in
some cases—proposals have been presented to completely halt the use of
antibiotics.

2.Continued industry growth

3. A Focus on Sustainability
Environmental degradation

Influencing wild gene pools

3. Feed

Fishmeal is the main source of feed in many aquaculture operations.

Approximately one third of all globally captured fish are used to create fishmeal or
oil. This results in the overfishing of many native species, which tends to
suppress natural reproduction rates.
The Evolution of Aquaculture Systems and Equipment

Shrimp from the Sahara sounds crazy, but it may be the future of aquaculture
https://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/future-of-food-biofloc-shrimp-farming/

Farm shrimp are typically one of two different species: Penaeus vannamei (Pacific white shrimp)
and Penaeus monodon (giant tiger prawn). These two species are highly susceptible to disease,
and infections can often wipe out entire harvests in one fell swoop. The only problem is that,
due to the overuse of these antibiotics, farms now face a growing threat from antibiotic-resistant
bacteria.
This revolution is taking hold in the United States, where several small-scale shrimp farms are
now using a sustainable, zero-waste method to produce healthy, eco-friendly shrimp for local
markets.
“Biofloc technology,” which allows nutrients to be recycled and reused in a closed-loop system.
In this system, shrimp are grown in climate-controlled indoor tanks that provide highly favorable
conditions for them. As the shrimp grow and produce waste, microorganisms are introduced to
detoxify the water and remove shrimp poop from the system. These microorganisms are then
kept in check by zooplankton, which consume these detoxifying bacteria. The zooplankton, in
turn, become food for the shrimp, allowing farmers to provide a portion of the shrimp’s nutritional
needs free of charge. These indoors farms also use their space efficiently. According
to Marvesta Shrimp Farms founder Scott Fritze, the company can produce shrimp in a 5-acre
facility that would occupy two to three hundred acres of an outdoor farm.

blob:https://www.digitaltrends.com/73d505d4-3fab-4fe2-8b72-72f773191ab8
(Video: KSU Aquaculture Research Center)

The Future of Seafood?

Biofloc operations still aren’t immune to infection. One disease outbreak can wipe out an entire
harvest, putting the company’s financial stability at risk.
Maryland-based Marvesta. illness outbreak in 2013 nearly shut down operations permanently.
Another startup, Sky8 shrimp farm in Massachusets, is leveraging its proximity to the ocean by
using filtered seawater from the Gulf of Maine to give the shrimp a distinctive flavor and
texture that can’t be matched by frozen shrimp.
There are dozens of smaller operations out there, including ECO Shrimp Garden in New York
and Sherlock Shrimpin Iowa, who are finding niches for shrimp in their local communities.

Chapter 18

Development Trends and Future Prospects of Shrimp Culture in China

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9780470277867.ch18

Weimin Miao
Yongming Yuan
Book Editor(s):
PingSun Leung
Cheng‐Sheng Lee
Patricia J. O'Bryen
First published: 10 December 2007
https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470277867.ch18
Cited by:1
JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY Vol. 48, No. 2 April, 2017 doi: 10.1111/jwas.12394
Resource Use Assessment of Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei and Penaeus monodon, Production in
Thailand and Vietnam
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jwas.12394
Abstract Resource use was investigated at 34 Litopenaeus vannamei and five Penaeus monodon farms
in Thailand and 30 L. vannamei and 24 P. monodon farms in Vietnam. Farms varied in water surface
areas for production, reservoirs, canals, and settling basins; in pond size and depth; and in water
management, stocking density, feeding rate, amendment input, aeration rate, crop duration, and crops
per year. Production of L. vannamei averaged 17.3 and 10.9 m.t./ha/yr, and feed conversion ratio
averaged 1.49 and 1.33 in Thailand and Vietnam, respectively. On average, production of 1 m.t. of L.
vannamei required 0.58 ha land, 5,400 m3 water, 60 GJ energy, and 1218 kg wildfish in Thailand and
1.76 ha land, 15,100 m3 water, 33.7 GJ energy, and 1264 kg wildfish in Vietnam. Resource use per
metric ton of shrimp declined with greater production intensity. In Thailand, P. monodon was produced
at 0.2–0.4 m.t./ha/yr, with no inputs but water and postlarvae. In Vietnam, P. monodon production
averaged 3.60 m.t./ha/yr. Production of 1 m.t. of P. monodon required 0.80 ha land, 36,000 m3 water,
 47.8 GJ energy, and 1180 kg wildfish, and resource use per ton production declined with increasing
production intensity.

GLOBAL SHRIMP FARMING SITUATION

http://fenacam.com.br/pdf/fenacam2014/carcinicultura/2-panorama-global-da-carcinicultura-_-
george-chamberlain.pdf

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Datasheet Litopenaeus vannamei (whiteleg shrimp)

Studies on present problems and prospects of shrimp farming in west Godavari district of Andhra

Pradesh, India D. Srinivas and Ch. Venkatrayalu Department of Marine Biology, Vikrama Simhapuri

University, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India

http://www.imedpub.com/articles/studies-on-present-problems-and-prospects-of-shrimp-farming-in-

west-godavari-district-of-andhra-pradesh-india.pdf

ABSTRACT The commercial shrimp culture was introduced in late 1990s and reaching a peak in 1994 and
thereafter it was suddenly declined in the Andhra Pradesh. The series of white spot disease outbreaks,
lack of quality seed and feed, problems in quality brood stock, increased cost of production on account
of feed, labour and the mandatory certificates requirements are suggested to be some of the important
factors leading to the production decline. While majority of the output comes from Andhra Pradesh,
particularly the East Godavari West Godavari, Krishna and Nellore districts. The present work was
carried out on data collected from 228 shrimp farms along with farmers in different mandals of West
Godavari district. The present trends indicate that the sector is set to revival, but the future prospectus
of shrimp farming will also depend on the sustenance of white leg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei
that was introduced recently in India. Although it provided a hope and opportunity for sustainable
shrimp farming, some diseases are already reported. The main problems and constraints expressed by
the farmers are discussed according to the severity in the farming practices in shrimp culture.
Availability of healthy and disease free seed is a major problem for them . The possible
suggestions are identified by the shrimp farmers are also discussed.

‘New’ disease has Indian shrimp farmers mulling return to black tiger
By Neil Ramsden Jan. 29, 2015 08:03 BST
https://www.undercurrentnews.com/2015/01/29/new-disease-has-indian-shrimp-farmers-mulling-return-to-
black-tiger/

'Running mortality syndrome', or RMS

http://edepot.wur.nl/404387
In 2015, a super-intensive shrimp farm operated by Viet Uc company with aeration and stocking
densities ranging between 400 and 900 post-larvae per m2 has successfully produced 60 to 80 MT of
shrimp (P. vannamei) per hectare per crop in plastic-lined ponds in 3.5 to 4.0 months (Hoang, 2015).

Diseases White spot viral diseases and Vibrio parahaemolyticus bacterial diseases (initially called EMS:
Early Mortality Syndrome) have erupted in shrimp farms in the past and still constitute a risk. Diseases
were caused by drastic changes in the culture environment by disinfecting the ponds by liming. This
practice killed all the microbes including the good microbes. Opportunistic pathogens (e.g. Vibrio’s) are
the first to colonize and dominate disinfected ponds. In Vietnam, the practice to fight this disease has
been rather the massive use of antibiotics.
 There is an opportunity in pond system redesigning and roofing for new farms to produce shrimp the
whole year around also during the rainy season. Some shrimp farms in Bac Lieu and Quang Ninh
provinces have already adopted roofed systems.

New technologies such as biofloc recirculation systems or optimized aeration have shown to increase
productivity enormously. However, investment and the cost of energy for aeration prohibit small scale
farmers to take up the technology.

The biofloc reactor system is interesting in hatchery phases and might not be appropriate in grow-out
phases because the management is not easy at large scale. Currently biofloc production is manageable
at small scale but upscaling can lead to difficulties to have a stable reliable manageable system.
Nevertheless, the biofloc technology needs to be promoted on a large scale and further developed.
Some big companies are already seeking foreign expertise or doing research on this technology to solve
current constraints.

Bioflocs recycle part of wastes from (shrimp) aquaculture, contribute to the reduction of feed costs,
improve water quality, reduce water effluents and control pathogens. Research conducted at Ghent
University has shown that shrimp grown in biofloc systems with Bacillus sp. protect shrimp from viral
and bacterial infections. However, since nobody has full quality control of the system, the big risk with
bioflocs is the possibility to feed farmed organisms with pathogens in case the biofloc would be
contaminated by pathogenic bacteria. It is important to understand the microbial systems and to
characterize the features of bioflocs that have a positive effect on animal health and performances.
Research should collect sufficient data to have more predictable systems and integrate this knowledge
in designing new production systems.

Export

Indian production of vannamei shrimp is predicted to go over 5 lakh tonnes in the current fiscal. With the increase in
vannamei shrimp output in the past few years, seafood companies are scaling up their production facilities.

Read more at:

//economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/61638824.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_
campaign=cppst

[PDF]Marketing and Trade of Shrimp in India: A Supply Chain ... - CRIDA

www.crida.in/agrl_martng/ISAM/PDF%20FILES/T-I/Ganesh%20Kumar.pdf

1.
2.
competitors China, Thailand & Vietnam to switch over to P. Vannamei. This led to. • Crash
in exportprice of India's shrimp. • Opened up a new opportunity of exploring domestic market
especially among the growing middle-class and the consuming population of high value food
products. This paper studied the growth and ...
 India to outperform in shrimp exports in 2017: UN report | Business ...
www.business-standard.com/.../india-to-outperform-in-shrimp-exports-in-2017-un-re...

1.
Oct 4, 2017 - Amidst growing uncertainties in the seafood trade, exporters from India have now
a reason to cheer as the country is expected to be the standout performer in ... Significant
import growthis forecast for the South East Asian emerging markets in particular, while the
traditional "big three" comprising the UNited ...

Amid growing uncertainties in the seafood trade, exporters from India have now a reason to
cheer as the country is expected to be the standout performer in 2017 along with Chile.

Indian exports is set to surge by 41 per cent more due to bumper harvesting of
vannamei shrimp.

"Of the world's major seafood exporters, India and Chile are expected to be the standout
performers in 2017. In India's case, bumper harvests of aquacultured vannamei shrimp is
the main factor behind expectations of a $2.3 billion increase in Indian seafood exports in
2017," said a report by Globefish, which is a unit within the Food and Agriculture
Organisation (FAO) of the United Nations.

The report on seafood demand analysed the market situation until June 2017.

The report will provide respite to Indian exporters at a time when the European Union (EU),
the third largest market, is contemplating a complete ban on Indian shrimp imports over
quality issues.

Indian Shrimp Industry - The Waterbase Limited

www.waterbaseindia.com/.../The%20Waterbase%20Limited%20Schedule%20of%20A...

Restarted exports of frozen shrimp - despatched 407 tonnes in FY17. • To shortly launch 1st
hatchery which will supply good quality seeds for shrimp farming ... New
Growth Areas. Current Size of Industry. 500. (No. of hatcheries in India). 135,000 Ha. Under
Farming. 500+ Processing Plants forshrimp. 4,34,484 MT1.

Moderate and positive production trends for farmed shrimp ...

www.fao.org/in-action/globefish/market-reports/resource-detail/en/c/1042377/

1.
Oct 9, 2017 - Supply. Current supplies of vannamei shrimp are dominated by India, where the
full-scale harvests started in June and consisted of large sizes (13/15 and 16/20). Moreover, the
official report confirmed that Indian vannamei production reached 406 000 tonnes in 2016, with
a total harvest of 500 000 tonnes

Shrimp in India: prospects for growth?

Laurence Williams

06 July 2017, at 8:48am

https://thefishsite.com/articles/market-trends-and-analysis-with-grojan-nikolik-
rabobank-1

Gorjan Nikolik, seafood industry analyst for Rabobank, kicks off a new series for The Fish
Site with a discussion on the latest trends in India's shrimp industry.

India’s cultured shrimp exports have been growing at ~30% per annum at times
since 2010, yet only 9% of suitable brackish water is being utilized. Are such
growth rates set to continue?

Recently the WWF called for the intensification of shrimp production, claiming it can
yield better environmental and economic results. Do you think this is the case in
India?
In India, I understand from conversions with local players that the relatively low
density is a tool to mitigate disease risk. But with more knowledge at farm level,
appropriate legislation and investment in technology, intensification can be
achieved without increasing disease risks or negative environmental impacts.

What are the main limits on the growth of the industry?

two main concerns

The first depends on how well the industry deals with disease issues

The second relates to whether the industry can deal with a potential downturn in
price. Inevitably, as with all agro-commodities, the shrimp sector will experience a
price decline at some point in the future. This could be due to a rising supply
somewhere else in the world – Our expectations are that the Indian shrimp industry
would remain competitive and profitable even in a downturn
What supporting sectors have the most to gain from the continued growth of India’s
shrimp industry?

To accommodate the growth of the shrimp industry, both in terms of developing

new regions and making existing production sites more intensive, support from the
entire aquaculture value chain is needed. We have heard that here were
bottlenecks with feed a few years ago, but currently this seems to be less of an
issue. We have also heard of issues surrounding a lack of quality juveniles.

Another recent development has been the industry’s decision to increasingly focus
on exporting more processed products, creating more value locally and increasing
its competitiveness. Lastly, what is needed – not just in India but across the entire
Asian shrimp industry – is a degree of consolidation to create larger, more
geographically diverse, shrimp producers.

Geographical diversification is difficult in shrimp due to the different business

models deployed in the key regions and the large cultural differences between
them. But it can help mitigate the volatility – not just in terms of diseases, which can
change a region’s competitiveness, but also in trade legislation, and other
unforeseen difficulties, such as the widespread practice of slavery in the Thai
fishmeal fleet.

Gorjan Nikolik Senior Industry Analyst, Food &

Agribusiness Research & Advisory, Rabobank International

Assessing International Success and National Competitive Environment of Shrimp

Industries of India and Thailand with Porter’s Diamond Model and Flexibility Theory
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF03396518
Abstract

National environment plays a significant role in ensuring “international

success” and “competitiveness” of an industry. Flexibility is a paradigm with a
dynamic interaction capacity and is relevant in competitiveness analysis studies.
This paper is an attempt to assess the shrimp industries of India and Thailand,
with the help of the two theories of flexibility and competitiveness. The results
provide evidence to the tenets of competitiveness held forth by Michael Porter -
the scale of success of each of the industries is dependent on its respective
national environments. A flexible national environment puts Thailand at an
advantageous position than India in the global shrimp export market. The study
also reveals an interesting trend through Compounded Annual Growth Rate
calculated for a period. In this count, India displays a competitive position as
compared to Thailand.

Aquaculture in India
https://www.rvo.nl/sites/default/files/2017/04/aquaculture-in-india-report-2017.pdf
Export A large export potential exists in this sector. A large export potential still exist, since the total
available area for fisheries remains largely unutilized.41 There are about 1032 export companies already
active in this sector.42 Specifically in Andhra Pradesh however, it has been noted that large areas of

abandoned shrimp ponds exist because of a lack of market access.43 This can be a serious challenge. .
Although farmers are not well organised in Andhra Pradesh either, processing plants generally maintain
good traceability. The sector is therefore less diffuse than in West-Bengal. For instance, individual
packages indicate the processing plant, producer and individual pond where the catch came from. In
Gujarat the organisation of farmers is taking place. Moreover, in Andhra Pradesh, the processors collect
samples from the farmers 24-48 prior to the harvest. These samples are tested for various parameters,
amongst others for the use of antibiotics. Following awareness creation and education, the percentage of
samples testing positive for the use of antibiotics reduced from 50% to 10%. Although a significant
reduction, this is still a large percentage taking into account the large size of the market.4 Since brackish
water aquaculture mainly encompassed the production of shrimps for EU and US markets, traceability of
the production chain is important. Currently more emphasis is being placed on this traceability and this
creates opportunities for experienced foreign companies. Solidaridad, using lessons learned from
Bangladesh, in cooperation with the shrimp production company IFB Agro (which provides inputs and
processes and exports the production), is involved in a project in West-Bengal that aims to bring farmers
(1 – 1.5 ha) up to EU standards for production. IFB Agro hopes to achieve more traceability and to obtain
the ASC certificate through this project. The farmers are organised in a collective and are linked through
the Solidaridad project to a larger market.45 Solidaridad provides on the ground technical expertise.
The Dutch companies Sustainable Aquaculture Solutions and Q-point have the necessary expertise in
disease prevention in shrimps and can be of assistance to semi-intensive farms. They have been active in
Asia before. Dutch expertise on water quality measurement, traceability, international standards and
health management of shrimp production can contribute to existing challenges in the Indian shrimp
sector.
For brackish water aquaculture, foremost shrimp production, more potential exist in the processing
chain.54 - 54 Interview Mr. Willem van der Pijl. Director Seafood Trade Intelligence Portal, 17 November
2016; Interview Mr. Anil Kumar, Deputy Director Aquaculture MPEDA, 8 November 2016.

The total export value of marine aquaculture products in 2015-2016 was over 4.7 billion euros.61 The
products exported are mainly shrimps and the export markets (2012-2013) are primarily in South-East
Asia (46.34%), followed by the European Union (17.76%) and the United States (11.27%).62 Vietnam is a
major importer of Indian aquaculture products, but re-exports these products again.63

Post-harvest infrastructure Another important bottleneck in the Indian aquaculture industry is the
production and processing chain. Processing has not kept up the increase in production.79

Additionally, in the shrimp production for export markets a technique called Individually Quick Frozen
Products has been introduced. A controlled cold chain usually only begins when the products have
reached the processing facility. Export is done by third party transportation enterprises. Refer trucks are
mainly used after processing, since the design of the crates used for transport from the farm to the
processing facility prevent the airflow and thus the cooling of the middle of the freight. This is less of an
issue after processing (and freezing) when the temperature only has to be maintained within a certain
range. A redesign of the crates (e.g. copying the design of flower crates) is a clear possibility for Dutch
companies.83 Again, the transport from the farms to the processing facilities takes place in a more
organized fashion in Andhra Pradesh then in West-Bengal.

Table 3: Processing and Storage Infrastructure in India. 84

For export markets, a clear traceability and certain sustainability standards are important. International
companies have to look for reliable local partners. The MPEDA could identify potential local business
partners.

Moreover, for the export of shrimps, in general opportunities for Dutch companies exist in improving
the processing chain and contributing to the supply of high-quality feed. Also the prevention of diseases
and the enabling the provision of high-quality seed and hatcheries are possible sectors of interest to
Dutch companies.

Indian Shrimp Market: Industry Trends, Share, Size, Growth,

Opportunity and Forecast 2018-2023
https://www.imarcgroup.com/indian-shrimp-market