GRAPHOLOGY

PRESENTED BY

BUTHAINAH HAMDY
Contents

• History of Writing

• introduction

• Personality analysis through handwriting

• Graphology and forensic

• Graphology for Farsi Handwriting

History of Writing
• It has taken thousands of years for writing to achieve its actual
form.
• The digits and time has been expressed with nodes on ropes in
ancient human societies
• In further periods, humans have started to paint various information
on the materials such as skin, tree, bone, cave walls, and stones
then the pictography has been born .
While the people seeing a picture of “foot” have thought only a
“foot”, then it has become the symbol of the act of walking in time.
• the phonographic writing, which is the further form of
pictographic writing, has been born .
• the acraphony (writing with letters) has emerged in time.
• Language has been divided into letters rather than syllables, and a
letter expressing a voice has been discovers .
Contents

• History of Writing

• introduction

• Personality analysis through handwriting

• Graphology and forensic

• Graphology for Farsi Handwriting

Abstract
• Graphology is a word originated from Greek language, and it means
the science of writing science. It consists of combination of 2 Greek
words Graphein (writing) and Logos (science).

• Handwriting Analysis or Graphology is a scientific method of

identifying, evaluating and understanding personality .

• Handwriting reveals the true personality including emotional outlay,

fears, honesty, defenses and many others.

• Your handwriting develops right from childhood, When you write,

your pen is under the control of the muscles of your fingers, hands
and arm, All these body parts are under the control of your mind.
Cont.
• A real world dataset of handwritten text samples will be maintained
and based on few features like Margins, Baseline, Size, Zones, the
shape of the page margins, line spacing, line skew, word slant, corner
sharpness, size of letters, text density, writing speed and regularity of
writing .
• The handwriting is a complicated motor skill based on neurology
and physiology .
• The periods such as growing, adolescence, and adulthood reflect on
writing styles .
Contents

• History of Writing

• Abstract

• Personality analysis through handwriting

• Graphology and forensic

• Graphology for Farsi Handwriting

Personality analysis through handwriting

• Graphology’s applications
• Employment profiling.
• Business compatibility.
• Psychological analysis.
• marital compatibility.
• Medical diagnosis.
• Jury screening.
• Grapho-therapy.
• Forensic document examination.
Cont.
• Summary of Surveys and projects in handwriting analysis.
• Biometrics:
Verification of identities, authentication of financial transactions
based on signature verification, monitoring of health.
• Forensic Studies:
Police investigations, by security agencies and detectives by lawyers
in court as evidence material.
• Graphology:
Reading one’s psychology from the person’s handwriting.
• Palaeography:
Dating localization and writing or Tradition Identification and the
inference of socio cultural aspects based on the analysis of
handwriting.
Two famous personality theories

• a personality type based on Myer Briggs dichotomies OR Myers-

Briggs Type Indicator(MBTI),
a temperament based on Kersey’s temperament sorter.
Cont.
Cont.
• Algorithm
• The analysis system follows the following steps
• Step 1: Scan the samples.
• Step 2: Threshold the samples.
• Step 3: Binarize the image.
• Step 4: Apply the thinning algorithm [16]
• Step 5: Perform Segmentation.
• Step 6: Extract the features.
• Step 7: Analyse.
• Step 8: Map with Briggs dichotomies.
• Step 9: Display the results.
Cont.
• The features extracted in this work are margins, size, slant,
degree of connection between the letters, spacing between
lines and ratio of the three zones in handwriting namely the
upper, middle and lower zone.

• Margins and Baselines

calculated using the following equation
θ= tan-1(l / d)
L=length of the written content
d=distance of the first black pixel of first line from 0 to θ, and distance of
the first black pixel of the last line from
0 for θ1.

>The same for baseline α, α1

 Cont.
baseline

margines
Cont.
• Size
• The size of the letters is calculated by taking the average sizes
of the middle zone threshold letters.
• Normal handwriting has a benchmark of 3mm and full height of
9mm.
• Other than this , writing is classified as small or large writing.
Cont.
• Slants and Zones
Cont.
• Spacing
spacing in between the lines.
• Degree of Connection
The degree of connection in between the letters is calculated
by counting the white pixels in between a word and dividing it
by the number of pixels in that word.
• Final Mapping
These features are then mapped to the dichotomies
Cont.
• the mapping of features to the two famous personality theories,
Briggs and Keirsey’s to give a detailed report without the manual
flaws that could occur in the multiple choice based personality
analysis systems.

• In multiple choice questions, the user might not be able to decide

which is the exact trait-resembling option, which in turn might
cause incorrect analysis.
Contents

• History of Writing

• Abstract

• Personality analysis through handwriting

• Graphology and forensic

• Graphology for Farsi Handwriting

Graphology and Forensic Graphology
• Physiology accords with psychology, and the anatomy accords with
physiology .
• the change of any element within this harmony naturally affects
other elements, and consequently the writing.
• For this reason, in periods such as adolescence or elderliness when
the changes within human body gain speed, the obvious changes
are observed in writings.
• During the act of writing, there are many external factors affecting
the writing. One of them is the psychological mood of the individual
and leads to changes such as regular writing, irregular writing, bad
writing .
• Another of the factors affecting the writing is the physical
conditions. For example, the same person may not write similarly
when it is too hot and too cold weathers.
Cont.

Graphology

Forensic Graphology Psychological Graphology

is able to determine the

investigates the
characteristics, and
originality of a text and
mental and physical
to whom a text or
status of the individual
signature belongs
through his/her writing.
Forensic graphology
• The forensic graphology tries to determine if a text or signature is
original or to whom a copy or a text or a signature in a document
belongs.
• While writing a text or putting a signature, individuals act in the way
different from others do with the effects of many factors such as
hand and arm anatomy, activity of the hand, character structure,
and the frequency of writing or signing .
investigation
• comparison signatures obtained by using stereo microscope, optical
magnifier .
As a result of comparison of the signatures with each other and by
grouping, similarities have been recognized from the aspects of the
signatures .
• General angles
• starting and developmental and ending points
• movement styles
• number of zigzags
• coursing and speed qualifications
• the points of connection of characters to each other
• punctuation marks
• hand-raising and re-starting points
• the surface areas of slopes
• used characteristic letters and movements
• drawing styles.
Comparison of handwritings of suspected university student and
his friend

In comparison from the performed

graphometric works seen in Figure , the same
coefficient can be observed in various
writings of the word “William”, but that
coefficient doesn’t exist in word “Waite” in
other letter.
Advantages of forensic graphology
• the identification of the writer of the document gains importance in
incidents submitted to legal authorities and law enforcement
forces.
• Such as , suicide letters, threat letter or testament.
• In cases such as abduction or leaving ransom note,
Cont.
• In identification of the owner of a written document in forensic
graphology.
• 1- the information of whether the author is female or male is seem
to be important in criminal investigations.
• 2- Similarly, the performance of high-precision researches on the
determination of the age of text would be very important
• 3-The determination of the gender is approached discreetly in
graphology investigations .
But the determination of the age is found to be more difficult than
the determination of gender.
Contents

• History of Writing

• Abstract

• Personality analysis through handwriting

• Graphology and forensic

• Graphology for Farsi Handwriting

Graphology for Farsi Handwriting
• Although human intervention in handwriting analysis has been
effective.
• developing a tool for prediction the personality traits automatically
with the aid of a computer without the human intervention.
• most of the works dealt with the graphology of Latin scripts.
• However progress in Farsi (or Arabic) script graphology has been
slow mainly due to the special characteristics of Farsi scripts.
• Farsi text is inherently cursive both in handwritten and printed
forms and is written horizontally from right to left.
• Farsi writing is very similar to Arabic in terms of strokes and
structure.
• The only difference is that Farsi has four more characters than
Arabic in its character set.
Related work

• Writer individuality rests on the hypothesis that each individual has

consistent handwriting, which is distinct from the handwriting of
another individual.
• However, this hypothesis has not been subjected to rigorous
scrutiny with the accompanying experimentation, testing, and
peer review.
Block diagram
•Data Acquisition
1

•Image Pre Processing

2

•Feature extraction
3

•Calssification using SVM

4
Data Acquisition and Image Pre Processing
• The input database includes 120 handwriting samples from 120
different writers.
• The text is a simple paragraph that includes all possible characters
of the Farsi alphabet.
• the samples were written on A4 size paper without any lines.
• The handwriting samples were scanned with the scanner whose
resolution is 300dpi.
• In order to speed up the process, only the upper one-third of the
page is used.
• The preprocessing steps include: pen width extraction, noise and
scratch removal.
Features and personality

• Left and right page margins:

large and equal margins on both sides of a page show a law-abiding
personality and good management characteristics.

• Word expansion:
a text with expanded words represents an honest and trustworthy
personality.

• Letter size:
A text with large letters indicates an extrovert personality while a
text with small letters represents an introvert personality.
Cont.
• Line and word spacing:
small line spacing belongs to a more narrow-minded individual or a
“collector”.
Large line spacing represents a person who can make open-minded and
situation-specific decisions.
• Line skew:
The lines with an upward orientation indicate an optimistic character.
On the other hand, downward orientation belongs to pessimistic
characters.
• The ratio of vertical to horizontal elongation of words:
A text with a high vertical elongation in comparison to horizontal one
represents an individual with high ideals.
The opposite represents a self-satisfied personality.
• Slant:
The slant to the left represents a warm and friendly disposition, whereas
the slant to the right represents a pessimistic and shy disposition.
Feature extraction and analysis
• Right and Left Page Margins
1-resolution reduced by 40dpi
2-detect end row points
3-dilated these points to 10 pixels upward and 10 pixels downward.
4-side pixels of dilated image extracted that known as page margin.
5-right and left margins are smoothed using window size 3,10.
6-for analyzing , the first and second derivatives are used.
7-if first derivative for right margin + , - or 0 then curve is ascending ,
descending and straight.
The right margin can be progressive, regressive, aligned and
convexity from second derivatives.
8-if first derivative for left margin 0 or !0 then
The left margin can be aligned or irregular.
Cont.

• Letter Size
1-The size of letters in handwriting is large, small, or normal.
2-The image is divided into 14 equal horizontal bands
3-in each band; the minimum distance between each center and other
centers is calculated.
4- The median of the minimum instances in all bands is used as an
index for letter size .
 Classification of SVM
1-After features extraction to predict human personality ,the
classifier SVM (support vector machine) used.

2-compare to neural network SVM is more accurate and time efficient

3-prediction of personality required train a classifier for each feature.

4- A special property of SVM is, SVM simultaneously minimize the

empirical classification error and maximize the geometric margin.
Sample analysis

• First, the input features are formulated as input vectors in some feature space.
• 2. Map these feature vectors to the higher dimension feature space using RBF
kernel function.
• 3. Then a division global hyper plane is computed to separate the feature space
optimally to the classes of the training vector samples.
References

• http://kisa.ca/personality/
• Personality Analysis Through Handwriting.pdf 2012 GSTF Journal on
Computing.
• Graphology and Forensic Graphology.pdf 2014.
• Graphology f or Farsi Handwriting Using Image Processing
Techniques.pdf 2015.