Heat Gains

MENG443

ASSOC.PROF.DR.HASAN HACIŞEVKİ
 Cooling Load
Components
roof

lights partition
people wall
infiltration
glass solar
equipment
glass
conduction

exterior
wall
floor
Sensible and Latent Gains
cooling load components sensible latent
load load
conduction through roof, walls, windows,
and skylights
solar radiation through windows, skylights
conduction through ceiling, interior
partition walls, and floor
people
lights
equipment/appliances
infiltration
ventilation
system heat gains
Heat Gain due to
Ventilation

4
Heat Gain due to
Infiltration

5
6
 Time of Peak Cooling
Load

east-facing
window roof
heat gain

12 6 12 6 12
mid a.m. noon p.m. mid
 Sunlit Surfaces
sun solar angle changes throughout the day
rays
 Time Lag
time lag

B
solar effect

12 6 12 6 12
mid a.m. noon p.m. mid
Storage Effect (thermal
lag)
 Conduction – Sunlit
Surfaces
• A factor called the cooling load
temperature difference (CLTD) is used to
account for the added heat transfer due to
the sun shining on exterior walls, roofs, and
windows, and the capacity of the wall and
roof to store heat. The CLTD is substituted for
T in the equation to estimate heat transfer
by conduction.

BH = U  A  T
CLTD
 Roofs
 Based on:
• Solar
radiation at
40o lat on
July 21
• Dark
surface
• OA 95oF
• Outdoor
mean of
85oF
• Daily
Range of
21oF
• No
Ventilation
 CLTD Correction - Roof
CLTDcorr = [(CLTD + LM)k + (78 – tR) + (tO – 85)]f

to = OA – (DR/2)
Latitude Month

Adjustment
 Roof Types
• Select closest construction
• Weight
• Construction
• Compare U values
o Additional insulation
• Use a CLTD whose roof weight and heat capacity are
approximately the same
• Find peak gain during the day
• For each R-7 above selected roof type
o Move value 2 hours later
o 29oF is the lowest adjustment value you can use
 Sunlit
Walls
• Based on:
• Solar
radiation at
40o lat on
July 21
• Dark
surface
• OA 95oF
• Outdoor
mean of
85oF
• Daily
Range of
21oF
 Wall
Groups
•Select closest
wall group
•Compare U-
values
•Move up one
wall group for
each R-7
GFEDCBA
Each R-7
 Correcting CLTD – Walls
( IMPERIAL UNITS)
CLTDcorr = (CLTD + LM)k + (78 – tR) + (tO – 85)

to = OA – (DR/2)
Correcting CLTD – Walls
( METRIC UNITS)
Roof Calculation Example
Given:
•New Orleans, LA
•OA DB=93oF WB=77oF
•IA 77oF 40% RH
•30o N. Latitude – June 22
•Daily Range of 16oF
•5000 SF light colored
steel sheet roof w/ drop
ceiling – rural area
•No attic ventilation
•Rtotal = 21
Find peak cooling
load:
Closest roof type: 1
Peak: 1500 hrs
CLTDuncorr: 78oF
Correct for insulation:
R=7.5 vs 21 (+4 hrs)
CLTDuncorr: 42oF
Correct CLTD:
next slide
 CLTD Correction - Roof
CLTDcorr = [(CLTD + LM)k + (78 – tR) + (tO – 85)]f
42oF 2oF 0.5 77oF 85oF 1.0
CLTDcorr = 23oF

Average outside temperature tO = (OA – (DR/2)

93oF 16oF
tO = 85oF
Heat gain through roof:
BH = U  A  CLTD

(1/21)(5000)(23oF) = 5476 BH
 Wall Calculation
Determine
Given: Wall Group:
•New Orleans, LA Type G Metal Curtain Wall
•OA DB=93oF WB=77oF
•IA 77oF 40% RH
Correct for
•30o N. Latitude – June 22 insulation:
•Daily Range of 16oF R values 5.6 - 12.3 vs 19
(up 1 wall group)
•12x100’ light colored Use Type F Wall Group
metal curtain wall – rural
area – West facing
Correct CLTD:
•Rtotal = 19
next slide
 CLTD Correction - Walls
CLTDcorr = (CLTD + LM)k + (78 – tR) + (tO – 85)
28oF 0oF 0.65 77oF 85oF
CLTDcorr = 19.2oF

Heat gain through wall:

BH = U  A  CLTD
(1/19)(12’ x 100’)(19.2oF) =
1213 BTUH
 Sunlit Glass
sun rays

solar gain
(radiation)

transmitted
energy
reflected conduction
energy
glass
window

BH = solar gain + conduction

 Glass - Conduction
BHconduction = U  A  CLTD

Based on:
•IA = 78oF
•OA = 95oF
•Daily Avg – 85oF
•DR = 20oF

CLTDcorr = CLTD + (78 – tR) + (tO – 85)

Calculate CLTDcorr like roof/walls
 Solar Heat Gain Factors
• Direction that the window faces
• Time of day
• Month
• Latitude
• Construction of interior partition walls
• Type of floor covering
• Existence of internal shading devices
 Types of Shading Devices

interior
blinds

exterior
fins
 Glass – Solar Gain
The equation used to predict the solar heat gain (radiation)
through glass is:

BHglass = SHGF x A x SC x CLF where,

 BH = heat gain by solar radiation through glass, Btu/hr

 SHGF = solar heat gain factor, Btu/hr•ft2

 A = total surface area of the glass, ft2

 SC = shading coefficient of the window, dimensionless

CLF = cooling load factor, dimensionless

 SHGF

Solar
energy
through
fenestration
for
Sunlit
Glass*

*use N(shade)
for non-sunlit
glass
 SC

82% Solar Reduction

Blinds or drapes absorb the solar energy

before it can strike the floor causing a
rapid response in the cooling load
 CLF

Without
interior
shading
When shading
is absent:
Energy is
absorbed by the
more massive
elements of the
space

Heavier
construction =
larger heat gain
delay
 CLF with interior shading

Reduction in
the amplitude
of the solar
heat gain due
to the
constructions
Window Calculation Example
GIVEN:
•New Orleans, LA
Conduction
•OA DB=93oF WB=77oF
BH = U  A  CLTD
•IA 77oF 40% RH CLTDcorr= 14oF+(78oF–77oFF) + (85oF–85oF)

•30o N. Latitude – June 22 (½)(3 x 4)(15oF)

= 90 BH
•Daily Range of 16oF Solar Gain
•Light venetian blinds BH = SHGF x A x SC x CLF
(214 BH)(12)(0.58)(.53)
•3 4 DH Clear Glass
0 0
= 790 BH
•R = 2
BHtotal = 880
•West facing at 1400 HRS
 Lighting
1 watt = 3.4 BTUH

BHlight = watts  3.41  ballast factor  CLF

BH = sensible heat gain from lighting, Btu/hr [W]

Watts = total energy input to lights, W
3.41 = conversion factor from W to Btu/hr
Ballast factor = 1.2 for fluorescent lights, 1.0 for
incandescent lighting
CLF = cooling load factor, dimensionless
Lighting Estimates
 Light CLF

Dependent
on:
1) Occupied
Hours
and
2)Design
Values
 Space versus Plenum
Loads
roof
exterior
wall
plenum return air

lights
ceiling

Heat absorbed by Return Air

CLF Design Values
(Coefficients)
 Lighting Calculation
GIVEN: BHlight = watts  3.41  ballast factor  CLF
(1Wx3200SF)(3.41BH/W)(1.2)(0.75)
•Church w/ 11:00 service
•Fluorescent lighting Watts per SF = 1w
•Lights on 0800 Ballast factor = 1.2
•Lights off at 1600 Design value of “a” = 0.68
•Medium Ventilation Rate Design value of “b” = B
•Supply/return through floor
CLF = 0.75
•Ceiling space not vented
•Ordinary furniture w/ no carpet = 9821 BH
•6” Concrete floor 40’x80’
People
Equipment - Office
Equipment
-Restaurant
 Heat Gain in Ductwork
•If insulated –
Add 1-3%
depending of the
extent of the duct
work
•Not insulated –
Add 10 – 15%
depending on
extent of duct work
or climate (best to
calculate gain by
Duct leakage – If outside of
conduction)
conditioned space add 5%
BH = U  A  T
 System Heat Gains
air handler

 Fan Motor
 Fan Blades
 Duct Friction

fan motor
fan motor heat gain = power input to motor  (1 – motor efficiency)
fan blade heat gain = power input to fan  (1 – fan efficiency)

duct friction heat gain = power input to fan  fan efficiency

 Sample Form
Heat Gain

o Space
• Wall,Roof
• Floor, Glass
• Ventilation
• Infiltration
o Internal
• Lights
• People
• Equipment
o Plenum
• Duct gain
• Duct leakage
o System
• Motor, Fan
 Heat Gain
Assignment
• Use Dinky Office Building
• Calculate total heat gain using your
building design
Turn in (in order):
• Assumption sheet
• Hand calculations of room 101
• Excel spreadsheet – Heat gain
• Floor plan w/ building orientation
• Corrected Wall Section
• Corrected Heat Loss calculations
• Window/Door data sheets
“Rules of
Thumb”
 Balancing the System
• 12,000 BTUH / Ton
• CFM =
RSH
1.08 x T
 REFERENCES
• 2009 ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (SI Edition)-
Inc. (2009)ASHRAE Standard 62-1999 - Ventilation for
Acceptable Indoor Air Quality 1999
• SMACNA HVAC Systems Duct Design 1990
QUESTIONS