A sketch of an open gas turbine system.

- A description of all the components and processes with T-s and p-v plots

Compressors pressurise, inputting work through a rotating or reciprocating mechanism. Pressure,

temperature, enthalpy and entropy of a fluid will increase over a compressor. Ideally, it’s an
isentropic process.

Heat exchanger increases the temperature of the fluid. This is an isobaric process.

Turbines extract mechanical work in a rotating or reciprocating mechanism. Pressure, temperature

and enthalpy of a fluid will drop over a turbine. Ideally this is an isentropic process.
- A description of thrust and how to calculate it.

First, air is pulled into the engine through an inlet and compressor. The compressor pushes the air
into a combustion chamber at a high pressure. This creates exhaust gas, which is at an extremely
high temperature and pressure. This high-pressure gas exits the engine through a turbine and
nozzle. It is this high-pressure gas leaving the engine at such a high speed that pushes the engine
forwards, hence thrust.

The thrust of a turbojet may be calculated by considering Newton’s second law of motion:

𝐹𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 = 𝑑𝑝/𝑑𝑡

Where p in this case refers to momentum. The rate of change of momentum is the mass flow rate
through the turbojet multiplied by the change in fluid velocity:

𝐹𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 = 𝑚̇ (𝑣𝑖𝑛 − 𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡)

- Explanation of static, dynamic and stagnation pressure and how to measure them

with pitot tubes.

Static pressure is the pressure exerted due to cumulative mass or volumetric restriction (what makes
your ears pop) whilst dynamic pressure is that exerted due to velocity (what fills a sail).

Stagnation pressure is the static pressure at a stagnation point in a fluid flow. At a stagnation point
the fluid velocity is zero and all kinetic energy has been converted into pressure energy
(isentropically).

Pilot Tubes - It is basically a fluid velocity measuring instrument that can also be used for flow
measurement of liquids and gases. It consists of two hollow tubes that sense pressure at different
places within the pipe. These hollow tubes can be mounted separately in a pipe or installing
together in one casing as a single device. One tube measures the stagnation or impact pressure and
another tube measure only static pressure usually at the wall of the pipe.

- A sample calculation determining Mach number and velocity from a static and

stagnation pressure in a compressible flow

The stagnation pressure to static pressure ratio is then:

𝑝𝑜/ 𝑝 = (1 +( 𝑘 – 1/ 2) 𝑀2)𝑘/ 𝑘−1  𝑀2 = (2/ k-1) * ( (po/ p)k-1/k – 1)

M=v/c