Laboratory of Mechanics of Solids I

Static Equilibrium
23/05/2018 – I term 2018 – 2019

Idrovo Alexandra K.
Dávila Roberto F.
Larrea Karla M.
Miranda Víctor R.
Department of Mechanical Engineer and Production Sciences
ESPOL Polytechnic University
Guayaquil – Ecuador
Kaidrovo@espol.edu.ec

Abstract
In this experiment of static equilibrium, we were able to demonstrate the hypothesis that, in a
body in static equilibrium, the summation of its forces and moments equals zero, besides this sum
of moment and forces are distributed according to how they are ordered The parts of a system, as
was done in the laboratory when assembling a test bench to check the study in class; It was taken
force markings (tension) by means of dynamometers, it was established relations of tension and
applied load (weights) according to the different weights that one applied in one arm of the
system, in total were 4 weights that when going increasing the same, they were Proportional its
relations with the increase of the efforts in the pieces of the assembled structure.
As the system of forces presented is conservative, it is appreciated that, in each test carried out by
means of the weights, they are continuously balanced varying the measurements of the tensions
in the dynamometers.
This already described test is a type of test to measure the forces that equip the variations of
weights and provide stable static equilibrium to the system.
On the other hand, the process of measuring stress and compression effort was also studied
through the use of a load cell with its respective signal amplifier for the signal perception
equipment (millivolts).

Key Words: Equilibrium, Forces, Weights, Balanced.

Introduction In order to be able to establish the

Assuming that the sum of all forces and equilibrium conditions, we must identify all
torques is zero, the system will be brought the forces that act on this body and their
into equilibrium, which can also be reactions, to do this we can graph these
expressed by equations. forces using a free body diagram.

∑𝐹 = 0 ∑ 𝑀0 = ∑(𝑟 × 𝐹) = 0 (1) The type of braces used in practice were used

These equations help us in finding unknown
forces or reactions applied on the rigid body,
and also tell us that the rigid body of analysis
cannot be in translation or rotation due to the
forces acting on it.
in such a way that it was impossible for it to
move due to the effect of the given loads, this
condition tells us that the body is completely
restricted.
These types of supports allow us to use the
equilibrium equations and have their
solution, as they have the same number of

pg. 1
unknowns as the equations the system will ᶲ
be statically determined. SIN 0,595
To know the internal forces that act in the COS 0,804
Table 2.-Trigonometric relationships
structure being analyzed there are several
methods both graphical and analytical, the Theoretical
section method is a direct method to find W T2 T1
these internal momentum forces. 0,390 0,677 0,438
0,780 1,353 0,876
Materials and Method 1,192 2,068 1,339
1,241 2,153 1,394
The materials used in the experiment were Table 3.-Calculation of theoretical stresses
beams of iron, dynamometers, point masses,
ropes and cell load, sensor, amplifier and a EXPERIMENTAL
computer with daqview program. Adding mass Removing mass
T1 T2 T1 T2
For the first part of the experiment was built
0,710 0,355 0,740 0,785
a structure formed by two beams, two ropes
1,410 0,930 1,480 1,220
connected to the dynamometer, and a porta
2,135 1,540 2,135 1,530
weights where were placed the point masses.
The procedure for the realization of the 2,290 1,650
Table 4.-Adding and Removing mass
experiment was the following: first is
because stress strings spaced either then we Error Percent %
will wax dynamometers. After completing T2 T1
the two previous starts to place, point 47,532 62,046
masses, one by one, in order to measure the 31,275 60,905
tension caused by placing the masses. Once 25,531 59,429
placed all the masses, I begin to remove one 23,362 64,251
at a time, with the objective of verifying the Table 5.-Percentage error
voltage values.
Discussion
The second part uses a beam (resembling it
a shaft of a vessel), the same as this on a The force of tension On T2Theoretical
sensor and everything connected to a load Maxim What It gives with all the four added
cell and a computer with daqview program. weights resulting 2.15 kg, With the same
The procedure was as follows: each place weight the result Experimental results 1.54,
weights on the beam, as close to the sensor this variation in the Theoretical arrests
so that the program can detect them, and compared to experimental They have great
make a relationship of voltage and force
difference what can be realized in the error
through a graph displayed on the computer.
for each holding having a mistake between
Results 23 to 64 percent we Indicates that there
were errors in the data taking or there was
Wright(kg) a failure in the measuring instruments. The
1 0,39
highest error percentages are seen for the
2 0,39
T1 arrests where they see sixty percent
3 0,412
error in their four measurements.
4 0,049
Table 1.-Weights used

ө Conclusions and Recommendations

SIN 0,415 It is concluded that stresses value varies with
COS 0,373 respect to the location of the ropes holding
the system and weight that will increase you

pg. 2
system. Giving a greater voltage when the
ropes are more remote from the center of the
structure and when there is a greater weight.
With regard to the first part of the
experiment is recommended that it is wax
dynamometers before increasing the weights
and that you observe constantly the stable
structure whenever they increase the
weights.
In the second part of the experiment, one can
conclude that each break is equivalent to a
loss of power and the longer is the shaft there
will be further loss of power. However, in a
boat sometimes is necessary for reasons of
stowage. To calculate the reaction in the rest
the following is recommended: correctly
locate breaks (distance and vertical
displacement). Simulate with a beam axis,
since this is can locate weights. The load cell
must be embedded at one end and finally
apply the load directly in this cell or as close
as possible to this to avoid long time.
References
Gree, J. M., & Goodno, B. J. (2013).
Mecanica de materiales (eighth
ed.). Mexico: Cengage Learning.
Popov, E. P. (2000). Mecanica de Solidos
(second ed.). Mexico: Pearson.
Singer, F. L., & Pytel, A. (2008). Resistencia
de materiales (quarter ed.). Mexico:
Alfaomega.

Appendix
Diagram of free bodies used to Determine the Teciones T2
Doing summation of forces in X, and y Sum of moments in R, are the following equations.

∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0

𝑅𝑥 − 𝑇2𝑥 = 0

∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0

−𝑇2𝑦 + 𝑅𝑌 − 𝑊 = 0

∑ 𝑀𝑅 = 0

𝑇2𝑋 (1.032) + 𝑊(0.668) = 0

We can clear:
𝑊(0.668)
𝑇2𝑋 =
1.032

pg. 3
And by trigonometric relationships we know that:

𝑇2𝑋 = 𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑠ө
𝑊(0.668)
𝑇2 =
1.032(𝑐𝑜𝑠ө)
To determine the T1partimosic restraint of our second free body diagram:

Doing summation of forces in X, and y Summation of moments in C, the following equations

result.

∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0

𝐶𝑥 − 𝑇1𝑥 = 0

∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0

𝑇1𝑦 + 𝐶𝑌 − 𝑊 = 0

∑ 𝑀𝐶 = 0

𝑇1𝑦 (0.625) − 𝑊(0.668) = 0

𝑊(0.668)
𝑇1𝑦 =
0.625
And by trigonometric relationships we know that:

𝑇1𝑦 = 𝑇𝑠𝑖𝑛ᶲ
𝑊(0.668)
𝑇1 =
0.625(𝑠𝑖𝑛ᶲ)
Having the data of weights and angles:

ө
W(Kg) Without 0,415
1 0,39 BODY 0,373
2 0,39 ᶲ
3 0,412 Without 0,595
4 0,049 BODY 0,804

pg. 4
Evaluating in with each weight:

Theoretical
T2Kg) T1Kg)
0,390 0,677 0,438
0,780 1,353 0,876
1,192 2,068 1,339
1,241 2,153 1,394

In order to evaluate the experimental results regarding the theorists, we do:

Percent Error
𝑇𝑡𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑜 − 𝑇𝑝𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑜
%𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜 = | | × 100
𝑇𝑡𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑜
With each restraint:
Percent ERROR%
T2 T1
47,532 62,046
31,275 60,905
25,531 59,429
23,362 64,251

pg. 5
Annexed

Figure 1._ Structure Figure 2.- tilt calculation equipment Figure 3.- Dynamometer

Figure 4.- Software Figure 5.-shaft

Figure 6.-Diagram

pg. 6