Safety

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology

Department of Chemical Engineering
INDUSTRIAL
HAZARDS
Submitted By:
SANTOS, Amabelle C.
YEPES, Anna Lyn G.
BS ChE III
Submitted To:
Engr. Clydelle Rondaris
Instructor
Industrial Hazards Page 1

Objectives:
 To identify the different industrial hazards
 To present safety precautions
What is an Industrial Hazard?

Industrial hazard may be defined as any condition produced by industries that
may cause injury or death to personnel or loss of product or property.
It is classified into six (6):
Safety Hazards Biological Hazards
Chemical Hazards Physical Hazards
Ergonomic Hazards Work Organization Hazards

Some Industrial Accidents in the Philippines

ALI MALL’S SEPTIC TANK DEATHS
- Happened in August 30, 2012.
- A plumber together with his two sons and a
coworker – all employees of RCBC, – died
after they got trapped inside the septic tank
which they were trying to unclog.
- The QC gov’t cleared the establishment from
charges as the said building complied with
the regulations.
PILILLIA TRAGEDY
- Happened in February 03, 2013.
- Five casualties and 12 other injuries were
recorded after a part of metal scaffolding in
SPC Malaya Power plant collapsed.
- There were no signs of sabotage in the
incident so no charges were done to the
contractor.
STA. ANA OIL SPILL

- Happened in June 2013.

- About 1,000 liters of oil spilled to Pasig
River.
- Spill is due to laborers error. The laborer stated
that he accidentally opened the tank valve in jest.
VALENZUELA FACTORY FIRE INCIDENT

- Happened in May 13, 2015.
- One of the worst fire cases in Philippine
history.
- 72 recorded casualties.
- Fire started over unsafe welding work that
sparked fire and reacted with chemicals.
Safety Hazard
These are the most common and will be present in most workplaces at one
time or another. They include unsafe conditions that can cause injury, illness
and death.
Safety Hazards include
 Trips, Slips and Falls
 Electrical Hazards
 Confined Spaces
 Falling Objects Hazard
 Machinery-Related Hazard
Trips, Slips and Falls

 Second leading cause of accidents and injuries in workplaces
 Causes 15% of all accidental deaths, and are second only to motor
vehicles as a cause of fatality [ CITATION OSH1 \l 1033 ]
 According to the National Safety Council in 2013, trips, slips and falls
accounted to a total of $13.29Billion cost. [ CITATION Jui17 \l 1033 ]
 According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, falls accounted for 5% of the
job-related fatalities for women compared to 11% for men.[ CITATION
NFS16 \l 1033 ]


Slips, trips and fall injuries make up almost 20
percent of all job related injuries
 65% of fall-related injuries occur as a result of falls from same-level
walking surfaces
Source: https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=NEWS_RELEASES&p_id=29418
To prevent employees from being injured from falls, employers must:

 Guard every floor hole into which a worker can accidentally walk (using a
railing and toe-board or a floorhole cover).
 Provide a guard rail and toe-board around every elevated open sided
platform, floor or runway.
 Regardless of height, if a worker can fall into or onto dangerous

machines or equipment (such as a vat of acid or a conveyor belt)
employers must provide guardrails and toe-boards to prevent workers
from falling and getting injured.

 Other means of fall protection that may be required on

certain jobs include safety harness and line, safety
nets, stair railings and hand rails.
OSHA requires employers to:

 Provide working conditions that are free of known dangers.
 Keep floors in work areas in a clean and, so far as possible, a dry

condition.
 Select and provide required personal protective equipment at no cost to

workers.
 Train workers about job hazards in a language that they can understand.
Categories of Fall Protection
According to OSHA, there are four functional categories for fall protection
products.
 Fall Arrest System
A fall arrest system is required if

any risk exists that a worker may
fall from an elevated position, as a
general rule, the fall arrest system
should be used anytime a working
height of six feet or more is
reached. Working height is the
distance from the
walking/working surface to a
grade or lower level. A fall arrest system will only come into service
should a fall occur. A full-body harness with a shock-absorbing
lanyard or a retractable lifeline is the only product recommended. A
full-body harness distributes the forces throughout the body, and the
shock-absorbing lanyard decreases the total fall arresting forces.
 Fall Restraint

A fall restraint system prevents the

worker from accessing the potential
hazard unlike the fall arrest which helps when
there is already a hazard.
A fall restraint system is recommended when
guardrails or personal lift devices cannot be
used. When properly used, a fall restraint
system prevents the worker from falling off an
edge. Lanyards must be of fixed length to
prevent the worker from reaching an area
where they could fall.
 Positioning
A positioning device system is a “body belt or

body harness rigged to allow an employee to be
supported on an elevated vertical surface, such
as a wall. This system holds the worker in place
while keeping his/her hands free to work.
Whenever the worker leans back, the system is
activated. However, the personal positioning
system is not specifically designed for fall arrest
purposes.
 Suspension
This equipment lowers and supports the

worker while allowing a hands-free work
environment, and is widely used in window
washing and painting industries. This
suspension system components are not
designed to arrest a free fall, a backup fall
arrest system should be used in conjunction with the suspension
system.
 Retrieval
Preplanning for retrieval in the event of a fall should be taken into

consideration when developing a proactive fall management program.

Electrical Hazards
An electrical hazard is a dangerous condition
where a worker can or does make electrical
contact with energized equipment or a
conductor. From that contact, the person may
sustain an injury from shock, and there is a
potential for the worker to receive an arc flash
(electrical explosion) burn, thermal burn or
blast injury.
 According to the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC),
approximately 40,000 residential fires per year are caused by electrical
accidents.
Checklist for Basic Electrical Safety

 Inspect Cords and Plugs
- Check extension cords and plugs daily. Do not use,
and discard if worn or damaged. Have any extension
cord that feels more than comfortably warm checked by
an electrician.

 Eliminate Octopus Connections

- Do not plug several items into one outlet.
- Pull the plug, not the cord.
- Do not disconnect power supply by pulling or jerking the cord from the
outlet. Pulling the cord causes wear and may cause a shock.
 Never Break OFF the Third Prong on a Plug

- Replace broken 3-prong plugs and make sure the
third prong is properly grounded.
 Never Use Extension Cords as Permanent

Wiring
- Use extension cords only to temporarily supply
power to an area that does not have a power outlet.
- Keep extension cords away from heat, water and
oil. They can damage the insulation and cause a
shock.
- Do not allow vehicles to pass over unprotected
extension cords. Extension cords should be put in
protective wireway, conduit, and pipe or protected by
placing planks alongside them.
Confined Spaces
 A Confined Space is an enclosed or partially enclosed space that is

not primarily designed or intended for human occupancy.

 It has a restricted entrance or exit by way of

location, size or means
 It can represent a risk for the health and safety of anyone who enters,
due its design, construction, location or atmosphere, the materials or
substances in it, work activities being carried out in it, and the
mechanical, process and safety hazards present.
It can be below or above ground. Confined spaces can be found in almost any
workplace
 According to data collected by the U.S. Department of Labor (USDOL),

Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries
(CFOI) program, fatal injuries in confined spaces fluctuated from a low of
81 in 1998 to a high of 100 in 2000 during the five-year period,
averaging 92 fatalities per year. [ CITATION Con16 \l 1033 ]
 There were 431 confined space incidents with 530 fatalities in the US
due to oxygen deficient and/or toxic atmospheres from 1992-2005
[ CITATION OSH17 \l 1033 ]
TYPICAL CONFINED SPACES

Some confined spaces are fairly easy to identify. The most common are
enclosures with limited openings:
1. Storage Tanks
2. Silos (used for storing grains)
3. Pipeline
4. Enclosed Drains
5. Sewers
Others may be less obvious, but can be equally dangerous, for example:
1. Open-topped Chambers
2. Pits
3. Combustion Chambers in Furnaces etc.
4. Manhole
5. Unventilated or Poorly Ventilated Rooms

It is not possible to provide a comprehensive list of

confined spaces. Some places may become confined spaces
when work is carried out, or during their construction, fabrication or
subsequent modification.
HAZARDS IN CONFINED SPACES
All hazards found in a regular workspace can also be found in a confined

space. However, they can be even more hazardous in a confined space than in
a regular worksite.
Hazards in confined spaces can include:
 Oxygen Deficiency
o Oxygen can be lacking a confined space for the following
reasons:
1. Displacement of air by another gas.
2. Various biological processes or chemical reactions (such
as rotting of organic matter, rusting of metals, burning,
etc)
3. Absorption of air onto steel surfaces, especially where
these are damp
 Oxygen Enrichment
An excess of oxygen, in the presence of
combustible materials, results in an
increased risk of fire and explosion. Some
materials, which do not burn in air, may burn
vigorously or even spontaneously in an
enriched oxygen atmosphere.
1. Oxygen level above 21%.
2. Causes flammable and combustible
materials to burn violently when
ignited.
3. Never use pure oxygen to ventilate.

4. Never store or place compressed tanks in a confined

space.
 Flammable Atmosphere
o Critical Factors:
1. Oxygen content in the air.
2. Presence of a flammable gas, or
vapor
3. Presence of dust (visibility of 5’
or less)
o Proper air/gas mixture can lead to
explosion
o Typical Ignition Sources:
1. Sparking or electric tool.
2. Welding / cutting operations.
3. Smoking
 Toxic Atmosphere
o Product stored in a confined space:
1. Gases released when cleaning.
2. Materials absorbed into walls of confined space.
3. Decomposition of materials in the confined space.
o Work performed in a confined space:
1. Welding, cutting, brazing, soldering.
2. Painting, scraping, sanding, degreasing.
3. Sealing, bonding, melting.
o Areas adjacent to a confined space.

o Naturally Occurring Toxic Atmosphere (Hydrogen

Sulfide)
1. Decomposition of materials. Human waste.
2. Rotten egg odor at low concentrations.
3. Possibly no warning at high concentrations.
o Toxic Atmosphere due to Chemical Reaction (Carbon
Monoxide)
1. Odorless, Colorless Gas.
2. Combustion By-Product.
3. Quickly collapse at high concentrations.
 Temperature Extremes
o Extremely hot or cold temperatures.
o Steam cleaning of confined spaces.
o Humidity factors.
o Extremely cold liquids.
o Work processes inside the confined space
can increase temperature extremes.
o Personal protective equipment are
required.
 Engulfment Hazard
o Engulfment:
1. Being buried by free
flowing loose granular
materials such as
sawdust.
2. Being drowned in
liquids
o Crusting and bridging
below a worker.
o Flooding of confined space.
o Water or sewage flow.

 Other Hazards
o Noise
1. Amplified due to acoustics within the space.
2. Damaged hearing, affect communication.
o Slick / Wet Surfaces
1. Slips and falls.
2. Increased chance of electric shock.
o Falling Objects
1. Topside openings expose workers inside confined space to
falling objects.
SAFE SYSTEMS OF WORK

If you cannot avoid entering a confined space, make sure you have a safe
system for working inside the space. The following process must be critically
observed without skipping any of the steps indicated.
 ISOLATION
o Close the Valves
1. Locking and tagging out shutoff valves.
2. Blanking sewer and water flow.
o Empty the Space
1. Depressurize, vent and drain
2. Disconnecting mechanical drives and shafts.
o Lockout/ Tag-out Equipment
1. Electrical Sources
2. Rotating/ Reciprocating Parts
3. Hazardous Materials
o Clean residue from the space.
 VENTILATION
o Use Mechanical Ventilation
1. Fans
2. Air Horns
o Ventilate at the rate of at least 4 volumes per hour
1. Larger spaces require more ventilation.
o Make sure air supply is not contaminated

1. Ventilation air supply must be from fresh air

uncontaminated with flammables, toxins, etc.
 CONDUCT A TAILBOARD BRIEFING
o Entire Crew must Attend
1. Attendants, Entrants, Entry Supervisor.
o Review Hazards of Entry and Work
o Review Personal Protective Equipment
o Review Procedure for Contacting Rescue
o Complete the Entry Permit
 COMPLETE PERMIT
o Permit must be correctly and completely filled out prior to
entry.
o Permit must be activated by Entry. Supervisor’s signature to
be valid
o No entry is allowed without a valid permit.
o Permits are valid for up to 12 hours.
o When work is completed, permit and tailboard form should
be returned to safety.
o Cancelled permits must be kept on file for at least one year.
 TEST THE ATMOSPHERE
o Check for Oxygen Content
1. At least 19.5% and less than 23.5%
o Check for Combustibles
1. Less than 10% of the Permissible Exposure Limit
o Check for Toxic Gases
1. Most commonly Carbon Monoxide must be less than
35ppm
2. Or any other Hazardous Materials
 ENTER THE SPACE
o An attendant shall be posted near the entrance for the
duration of the work. He / She shall be in constant
communication with the entrants.
o All entrants shall sign the sign in log when entering the
space and sign out when exiting.
o The attendant shall maintain the permit and sign in log for
the duration of the work.
Falling-Objects Hazard

 Characterized by an being
struck-by an object from a height
of fall
 The most common injuries workers suffer
from falling objects are bruises, fractures,
strains, and sprains. The objects that
commonly fall range from large items such
as roof trusses and steel beams to small
items such as fasteners and small hand tools.
 Falling or flying objects on a worksite can expose workers to relatively
minor injuries, such as cuts and abrasions, as well as more serious
injuries, such as concussions or blindness. Working beneath scaffolds or
other areas where overhead work is being performed puts workers at risk
from falling objects. Flying objects become a concern when workers are
using power tools or performing tasks that involve pushing, pulling or
prying
 According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, in 2011 there were 219
fatalities from being struck by a falling object or equipment in the United
States, which accounted for approximately five percent of all workplace
fatalities. [ CITATION Nat13 \l 1033 ]
 In 2015, OSHA recorded 50,000 struck-by incidents in the US only.
[ CITATION Max16 \l 1033 ]
Objects-at-heights safety involves the following key risks:

1) Untethered, unorganized objects at an aerial jobsite.
2) Improper transport of objects to and from an aerial jobsite.
When tools and gear are kept in unorganized, uncovered, un-closeable

containers, or conversely, not kept in containers at all, there is a much higher
likelihood of these objects falling while at height. Pulling a wrench from the
bottom of a pile, a jolt of a scissor lift that projects a bag of bolts, or an
accidental kick of a loose tool off the ledge are examples of everyday actions
that can add to unpredictability of this situation. Additionally, cords, ropes and
hoses that may line and/or cross walkways create heightened risk of worker
trips and falls caused by loose items and movement from scurrying around to
locate them.
Another serious concern is the hoisting of equipment to and from the elevated
jobsite. When climbing, a worker must maintain three points of contact to the
ladder or structure. Carrying a bag of tools in one hand makes it difficult for a
worker to abide by this important safety precaution; not to mention having to
awkwardly carry equipment up to a location or overloading equipment onto a
belt or harness. Buckets are a common solution. However, without a top, one
gust of wind can turn that bucket on its head — literally.
Identify controls
There are two types of controls you can use to prevent falling objects from
hurting workers:
1) Physical controls - physically stop the object from falling (or from falling
very far).
2) Procedural controls - refer to changing the way you work so that objects
can’t fall.
Physical Controls
 Controls Guardrails
Toeboards must be installed on all guardrails. They stop objects from

falling down to the level below. Toeboards must be a minimum of 3.5"
high and installed flush with the surface. If you pile material higher than
3.5" high, put plywood panels or screening on the guardrails. This will
prevent materials from falling down to the level below and stop small
objects from falling through the openings between rails.

 Open grating covers
If you are performing work on open grating, place non-slip plywood or a

similar product on top of the grating to prevent small objects from
falling through it.
Barricades and overhead protective structures Use barricades to block

off exclusion zones— areas where workers are not allowed—below the
work area. Combine barricades with signs that indicate it is an
exclusion zone and entry is prohibited. This includes hoisting areas.
When barricades are not practical, use overhead protective structures.
For minimum design requirements, refer to section 64 (3) in the
construction regulations.
 Tool lanyards and tethers

These attach tools directly to the worker’s harness or tool belt. If used
properly, they will prevent tools from dropping to a lower level.
 Carts with sides
When moving equipment, tools, or material, always use a cart that is
an appropriate size for what you are moving and make sure the cart
has sides. If you need to extend something over the sides of the cart,
you must secure the item and the cart must be stable.
Procedural Controls
 Securing loads
When lifting, make sure the load is balanced and secured. Check for
small or loose pieces before you lift. Otherwise, a shift in the load or the
wind could cause objects to fall. Before placing a load on a scaffold or a
platform, make sure the work area has properly built guardrails.
 Good hoisting practices
Never lift, lower, or swing a load over someone’s head. Use barricades to
block off areas where loads are being lifted or lowered. If the operator’s
view is impeded in any way, use a signaller to assist the operator.
Always use proper rigging procedures and ensure the rigging equipment
is in good condition. Good housekeeping Keep tools and other materials
away from edges, railings, and other elevated surfaces. Always stack
materials on flat surfaces and secure them, if necessary, to avoid
movement. When working, be aware of your surroundings and watch

that you don’t inadvertently knock or hit something

off the level you are work on down to the level below.
 Proper material stacking
To prevent tipping, store materials and equipment at least six feet away
from an edge. If you are working near openings, arrange materials so
that they can’t roll or slide in the direction of the opening and use
opening covers. Always secure material to prevent movement from the
wind. When you remove something from a secured pile, don’t forget to
resecure the material. [ CITATION IHS15 \l 1033 ]
OSHA recommends the following precautions to mitigate hazards from falling

or flying objects.
General
 Always wear hard hats when work is being performed overhead or when
other work conditions call for it.
 Stack materials securely to prevent them from sliding, falling or

collapsing.
Overhead work
 Secure all tools and materials to prevent them from falling on people
below.
 Use toe boards or guardrails on scaffolds to prevent objects from falling.

Alternately, use debris nets or catch platforms to grab falling objects.
Machine use
 When working with machines or power tools that can produce flying
particles, wear safety glasses, goggles or face shields.
 Inspect tools prior to use, and be sure all guards are in place and in good
working condition.
 Allow only properly trained workers to use power-actuated tools.
Cranes/hoists
 Whenever possible, avoid working under moving loads.

 Erect barricades and post warning signs at hazardous

work zones.
 Inspect cranes and hoists prior to use to ensure all components are in
good working order, including wire rope, lifting hooks and chains.
 Never exceed the lifting capacity of cranes and hoists.
Compressed air
 Reduce compressed air for cleaning to 30 psi, and always use proper
personal protective equipment and guarding.
 Never clean clothing with compressed air.
[ CITATION Avo09 \l 1033 ]
Machinery-Related Hazards
This includes unguarded machinery and moving machinery parts; guards

removed or moving parts that a worker can accidentally touch, unable to use of
lockout/tagout system, hazardous energies from start-ups.
Safety Precaution
 NEVER TRY TO START EQUIPMENT THAT IS LOCKED OUT OR
TAGGED OUT.
Six step procedure for hazardous energy control:

1. Preparation for shutdown
2. Equipment shutdown
3. Machine or equipment isolation
4. Application of lockout/tagout device
5. Release stored energy
6. Verification of isolation

Biological
Hazards
Biological hazards, also known
as biohazards, refer
to biological substances that pose a threat
to the health of living organisms,
primarily that of humans. This can
include medical waste or samples of
a microorganism, virus or toxin (from a
biological source) that can affect
human health. It can also include
substances harmful to other animals.
Biological hazards refer to organisms or

organic matters produced by these
organisms that are harmful to human health. These include parasites, viruses,
bacteria, fungi and protein. In general, there are three major of routes of entry
for these micro-organisms into our body, i.e. through the respiratory system,
transmission through contact with body fluids of the infected or contact with
contaminated objects. The harmful effects posed to human health by these
biological hazards are mainly of three types - infections, allergy and poisoning.
Classification
Bio hazardous agents are classified for transportation by UN Number.
 Category A, UN 2814 – Infectious substance, affecting humans: An

infectious substance in a form capable of causing permanent disability or
life-threatening or fatal disease in otherwise healthy humans or animals
when exposure to it occurs.
 Category A, UN 2900 – Infectious substance, affecting animals (only): An

infectious substance that is not in a form generally capable of causing
permanent disability of life-threatening or fatal disease in otherwise healthy
humans and animals when exposure to themselves occurs.
 Category B, UN 3373 – Biological substance transported for diagnostic or

investigative purposes.


Regulated Medical Waste, UN 3291 – Waste or reusable
material derived from medical treatment of an animal or
human, or from biomedical research, which includes the production and
testing.
Preventive Measures
Elimination of the source of contamination is fundamental to the prevention
and control of biological hazards. Engineering controls such as improvement of
ventilation, partial isolation of the contamination source, installation of
negative pressure and separate ventilation and airconditioning system (e.g. in
medical wards for infectious diseases) and the use of ultraviolet lamps can help
contain the spread of contaminants. If the contact with biological hazards
cannot be prevented, the employees must use personal protective equipment
and adhere strictly to the practice of personal hygiene. The personal protective
equipment includes masks, gloves, protective clothing, eye shields, face shields
and shoe covers.
 Respiratory protection
Using the appropriate respiratory protective equipment is important for
the securing an adequate protection from biological
hazards. Common protective equipment includes:
• Surgical masks – Surgical mask generally consists of
three layers of non-woven fabrics. It provides a barrier
protection against large respiratory droplets;
• N95 or higher level respirators – This type of

respirator filters out particulates and liquid droplets in
small particle size, therefore providing protection from
inhaling aerosols and microorganisms that are
airborne.
• Powered Air Purifying Respirator, PAPR. This type of
respirator uses an electric blower to bring the air
through the filter to the user, making it more
comfortable to wear
• Air-supplying respirators. Clean air is supplied by air compressor or

high-pressure cylinder through a hose

 Protective Clothing
• Protective clothing includes protective coverall (with attached hood),
gown, apron, head and shoe covers;
• Protective clothing should be waterproof or
impervious to liquids to protect the body from
contamination by blood, droplets or other body fluids
and prevent these contaminants from getting into the
body through open wounds or contaminating the
worker's own clothing, thus reducing the chance of
spreading of pathogen and cross-infection;
• Protective clothing is disposable in most cases
though some can be reused after sterilization;
• Standard protective clothing should be chosen (for
example, EU EN 340);
• Protective clothing should fit the wearer and should
not hamper movement;
• Protective clothing should be checked before use
and replaced if damaged;
• Biologically contaminated protective clothing should
be disposed of in specially designed rubbish bag
marked with "biological hazard" warning and label. Seal the bag and
place it in designated location for special disposal;
 Goggles/Face Shields
Safety goggles/glasses and face shields can protect the eyes from
contacting pathogen-carrying blood, droplets or other body fluids which
may then enter the body through the mucosa;

• Standard goggles should be chosen (for

example, EU EN 166; U.S. ANSI Z87.1-1989);
• Glasses without side shields can only protect the
front from liquid splash ;
• Goggles fit the face snugly and therefore are better

than glasses in eye protection;
• If necessary, face shield should be used to protect

the whole face;
• Both face shields and goggles/glasses should be

cleaned with liquid soap regularly. If contaminated by
blood, they should be soaked in 1:49 diluted liquid
bleach and then rinsed with clean water. Place them
in plastic bags after wiping dry and store them in a
cabinet;
• Check them regularly. Replace them if out of shape, cracked, scratched

or fogged;
 Gloves
Gloves protect the hands from contacting

blood, droplets, body fluids and other body
tissue of the infected, or pathogen-
contaminated objects and can avoid infection
when touching the eyes, mouth or nose
afterwards. Gloves can also protect open
wounds from contamination by pathogen;
• Most gloves are disposable after use;
• Standard gloves should be chosen (for examples, EU EN 374; U.S.

ASTM F1670, ASTM F1671); • Check whether the material used for the
gloves is resistant to chemicals. Ask for details from the gloves suppliers;
• Gloves should fit the hands snugly but they should not hamper
movement or affect sensibility; • Keep the nails short to avoid piercing
the gloves;

• Two pairs of gloves might be worn in handling highly

hazardous substances;
• Wash hands thoroughly before and after use;
• Check if there is any puncture before use. To do so, roll up the open
end of the glove to see if it can trap air inside (see diagrams below). A
punctured glove should be replaced immediately. (N.B: Do not blow the
glove directly to avoid direct contact of the mouth and nose with the
glove.);
• Contaminated gloves should be disposed of in special rubbish bag

marked with "Biological hazard" warning and label. Fasten the bag and
place it in a designated location for special disposal;
 Shoe Covers
• Shoe covers prevent pathogens from being

carried outside the workplace;
• Shoe covers are usually disposable after use;
• Boot covers offer further protection. Cover the

boots with the trousers of protective clothing to
prevent contaminants from getting into the boots;
• Shoe covers should be water resistant and skid proof;
• The size should fit so as not to hamper movement
 Sterilization

Sterilization is the
process using ultra heat
or high pressure to eliminate
bacteria, or using biocide to
eliminate microorganisms, including
spores in bacteria. A complete
sterilization process should include
disinfecting the contaminated
premises and thorough cleaning of
any residual toxic substances, to
ensure that employees would not be
harmed through exposure in the risk area. Effective sterilization depends
on the strain and amount of microorganisms, the level of organic
material present, the properties of the organisms to be eliminated, and
the duration, temperature and concentration of the sterilizing agent.
Sterilization must be carried out by following strictly safety guidelines
and taking personal protection to safeguard the health and safety of
employees. There are many kinds of sterilizing and antiseptic agents, the
most common ones being liquid bleach and rubbing alcohol. Hands must
be washed thoroughly after taking off any personal protective equipment
 Personal Hygiene
Washing hands with liquid soap is the simplest and most basic method
to avoid infection. However, it is often neglected. Wash hands before and
after work. Also wash hands immediately before and after wearing
protective clothing, uniforms or gloves to reduce the possibility of
infection.

[ CITATION Occ03 \l 1033 ]
Work Organition Hazard

Hazards or stressors that cause stress (short-term effects) and strain (long-
term effects). These are the hazards associated with workplace issues such as
workload, lack of control and/or respect, etc.
Work-related stress is the response people may have when presented with work
demands and pressures that are not matched to their knowledge and abilities
and which challenge their ability to cope.
Stress results from a mismatch between the demands and pressures on the
person, on the one hand, and their knowledge and abilities, on the other. It
challenges their ability to cope with work. This includes not only situations
where the pressures of work exceed the worker’s ability to cope but also where
the worker’s knowledge and abilities are not sufficiently utilised and that is a
problem for them.
Research findings show that the most stressful type of work is that which
values excessive demands and pressures that are not matched to workers’
knowledge and abilities, where there is little opportunity to exercise any choice
or control, and where there is little support from others. The more the demands
and pressures of work are matched to the knowledge and abilities of workers,
the less likely they are to experience work stress.
Work Content:
Job Content
• Monotonous, under-stimulating, meaningless tasks
• Lack of variety
• Unpleasant tasks
• Aversive tasks
Workload and Work pace

• Having too much or too little to do
• Working under time pressures

Working Hours
• Strict and inflexible working schedules
• Long and unsocial hours
• Unpredictable working hours
• Badly designed shift systems
Participation and Control

• Lack of participation in decision making
• Lack of control (for example, over work methods,
work pace, working hours and the work
environment)
Work Context:
Career Development, Status and Pay

• Job insecurity
• Lack of promotion prospects
• Under-promotion or over-promotion
• Work of ‘low social value’
• Piece rate payments schemes
• Unclear or unfair performance evaluation
systems
• Being over-skilled or under-skilled for the job
Role in the Organization

• Unclear role
• Conflicting roles within the same job
• Responsibility for people
• Continuously dealing with other people and
their problems
Interpersonal Relationships

• Inadequate, inconsiderate or
unsupportive supervision
• Poor relationships with co-workers
• Bullying, harassment and violence
• Isolated or solitary work
• No agreed procedures for dealing with
problems or complaints
Organizational Culture
• Poor communication
• Poor leadership
• Lack of clarity about organizational objectives
and structure
Home-Work Interface
• Conflicting demands of work and home
• Lack of support for domestic problems at work
• Lack of support for work problems at home
When affected by work stress people may:

• become increasingly distressed and irritable
• become unable to relax or concentrate
• have difficulty thinking logically and making decisions
• enjoy their work less and feel less committed to it
• feel tired, depressed, anxious
• have difficulty sleeping
• experience serious physical problems, such as:
- heart disease,
- disorders of the digestive system,
- increases in blood pressure, headaches,
- musculo-skeletal disorders (such as low back pain and upper limb
disorders)
Work stress is thought to affect organizations by:
• increasing absenteeism

• decreasing commitment to work

• increasing staff turn-over
• impairing performance and productivity
• increasing unsafe working practices and accident rates
• increasing complaints from clients and customers
• adversely affecting staff recruitment
• increasing liability to legal claims and actions by stressed workers
• damaging the organization’s image both among its workers and externally
Assessing risks at work

The experience of work stress is a challenge to the health and safety of workers
and to the healthiness of their organizations. Employers should have a policy
for the management of worker health that makes reference to work stress. They
should enable that policy to be implemented by putting the appropriate
arrangements in place. Such arrangements should address the issues of risk
assessment, timely reaction and rehabilitation. Organizational level strategies
for managing existing work stress focus on combating the risks at source.
Assessing the risks of work-related stress involves answering the following basic
questions:
• Is there a problem? Could work stress be affecting your workers’ health?
• How can the stress problem be solved?
• Is the whole system being monitored?
Approaches to exploring existing risks:
• You should ask employees directly about their work problems and whether or
not they feel their health may be adversely affected by their work • You could
ask employees to describe the three ‘best’ and the three ‘worst’ aspects of their

job, and to say whether they thought any of those aspects of

work place them under too much pressure
• Employees could be asked a set of more detailed questions, based on the list
given in the section on causes of stress, asking them whether any of those
possible problems apply to their own jobs
• Questions that are tailor-made to specific working contexts are likely to be

more useful in designing further actions than any ‘off-the-shelf’ package
• Sickness absence, staff turnover, performance levels, accidents and mistakes

should be regularly monitored and checked for excesses, changes and patterns
Risks Management
Risk management proceeds through a cycle of five actions:
[1] an analysis of the situation and an assessment of risk,
[2] the design of an action plan to reduce the risk of work stress
[3] the implementation of that action plan and
[4] its evaluation, and
[5] learning and further action based on the results of that evaluation

Prevention of Work Stress

[ CITATION Sta04 \l 1033 ]

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Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila

College of Engineering and Technology

Industrial Hazards Page 1

What is an Industrial Hazard?

Chemical Hazards Physical Hazards

Ergonomic Hazards Work Organization Hazards

Industrial Hazards Page 2

Some Industrial Accidents in the Philippines

STA. ANA OIL SPILL

Industrial Hazards Page 3

- Happened in June 2013.

VALENZUELA FACTORY FIRE INCIDENT

Trips, Slips and Falls

Industrial Hazards Page 4

To prevent employees from being injured from falls, employers must:

 Regardless of height, if a worker can fall into or onto dangerous

Industrial Hazards Page 5

 Other means of fall protection that may be required on

OSHA requires employers to:

 Keep floors in work areas in a clean and, so far as possible, a dry

 Select and provide required personal protective equipment at no cost to

Categories of Fall Protection

 Fall Arrest System

A fall arrest system is required if

Industrial Hazards Page 6

A fall restraint system prevents the

A positioning device system is a “body belt or

This equipment lowers and supports the

Preplanning for retrieval in the event of a fall should be taken into

Industrial Hazards Page 7

Checklist for Basic Electrical Safety

Industrial Hazards Page 8

 Eliminate Octopus Connections

 Never Break OFF the Third Prong on a Plug

 Never Use Extension Cords as Permanent

 A Confined Space is an enclosed or partially enclosed space that is

Industrial Hazards Page 9

 It has a restricted entrance or exit by way of

 According to data collected by the U.S. Department of Labor (USDOL),

TYPICAL CONFINED SPACES

Industrial Hazards Page 10

It is not possible to provide a comprehensive list of

HAZARDS IN CONFINED SPACES

All hazards found in a regular workspace can also be found in a confined

Industrial Hazards Page 11

4. Never store or place compressed tanks in a confined

Industrial Hazards Page 12

o Naturally Occurring Toxic Atmosphere (Hydrogen

Industrial Hazards Page 13

SAFE SYSTEMS OF WORK

Industrial Hazards Page 14

1. Ventilation air supply must be from fresh air

Industrial Hazards Page 15

Objects-at-heights safety involves the following key risks:

Industrial Hazards Page 16

1) Untethered, unorganized objects at an aerial jobsite.

2) Improper transport of objects to and from an aerial jobsite.

When tools and gear are kept in unorganized, uncovered, un-closeable

Toeboards must be installed on all guardrails. They stop objects from

Industrial Hazards Page 17

 Open grating covers

If you are performing work on open grating, place non-slip plywood or a

Barricades and overhead protective structures Use barricades to block

 Tool lanyards and tethers