Assessment and Analysis of Harmonics For Multiple RESwith Grid Connected Three Phase Inverter

IPASJ International Journal of Electrical Engineering (IIJEE)
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Volume 6, Issue 5, May 2018 ISSN 2321-600X
Assessment and Analysis of Harmonics for Multiple

RESwith Grid Connected Three Phase Inverter
Vilas S. Buagde1,Pradeep K. Katti2
1
Research Scholar, Department of Electrical Engineering,
Dr. BabasahebAmbedkar Technological University, Lonere, Maharashtra, India
2
Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering,
Dr. BabasahebAmbedkar Technological University, Lonere, Maharashtra, India
ABSTRACT
Powerelectronic interfacing based devices for conversion of DC to AC for grid integration of multiple renewable energy sources
(RES) causes voltage/current harmonic distortions on the power grid. This paper presents simulation for harmonic current
proﬁles for three phase inverters of these interfacing for individual source. In this context, we present harmonic mitigation for
multiple RES while grid integration. The system is proposed for 10 KW capacities for loads with switching of shunt connected
capacitor by programming in the DSP. The signals for switching the capacitor are performed through digital signal processing
(DSP) by sending voltage and current status through hall-effect sensors. The harmonics are mitigated for total harmonics
distortion (THD) level and reported in results of testing.
Keywords - Solar PV, Wind Energy, Total Harmonic Distortion(THD), DSP, IGBT, Hall-Effect Sensors
INTRODUCTION
Power quality describes importance of the issues found in any Electrical system. The different layers of power quality
are depended on the perspective of the end user. But it is often observed that there is deviation in sinusoidal voltage and
current waveforms. This distortion is nothing but the harmonics. Harmonics is the reason to the concern at different
stages in Electrical Power Systems. Harmonic distortion affects different electric machines, telecommunication system.
Non linear loads keep on adding to harmonics. The most widely used non linear loads are power convertors, speed
control of motors, transportation systems and domestic appliances. After certain level, reactive impedance of the system
form tank circuit with inductive reactance of the system at resonant frequency which gives rise to the large currents.
A sinusoidal component of periodic waveform that has a frequency equal to an integer multiple of the fundamental
frequency of the system is known as harmonic component. The harmonics are dependent on various factors like power
converters, variable frequency drives, power supplies, UPS, inverters, welding appliances, furnaces, and lighting
systems.[1 - 4] Harmonics can have very adverse effects on any Electrical system. As only phase wires are protected by
circuit breakers, the neutral current can cause overhearing and fire hazards. Harmonics can also result into poor power
factor conditions. It can lead to monthly penalty fee to the major users like factories, manufacturing plants. Resonance
conditions causes over current which can destroy capacitors and fuses. [6 - 7]
Renewable energy sources reduce the emission of harmful gases and depletion of fossil fuels. The high penetration of
renewable energy sources in the power sector is considered as a promising generation source to reduce the gap between
generation and demand of Electricity in current scenario.Distributed generation (DG) introduces the harmonics
andpower losses in the utility and customer side.[8] Communication network also faces issue of electromagnetic
interference. Electric vehicles and photovoltaic systems connect to the grid through the charger so which makes them
as nonlinear system. The grid experiences current and harmonic distortions.[9-10]
The computation of the harmonic groups and subgroups in accordance to the IEC 61000-4-7 [2] increases the
measurement accuracy but also complicates its implementation on a low-cost microcontroller or DSP.[3] Besides, the
extent of spectral leakage depends on the non-stationarity of the signal and hence, fixing the width of harmonic / inter
harmonic groups and subgroups may not guarantee accurate assessment of non-stationary signals.Total harmonic
distortion (THD) is one of the measures to find the distortion in the harmonics.[11] It is defined as the root mean
square (RMS) of the harmonics expressed as a percentage of the fundamental component. The harmonics profile varies
Volume 6, Issue 5, May 2018 Page 1

across the manufacturers. Maximum allowed current total harmonic distortion (THDi) for power electronics devices
would be 17.3%. AS per IEEE standard, THDilimit is expected to be below 15% upto 11th harmonics. For the longer
life of transformer, THDi should be less than 25-30%. On the voltage side, voltage total harmonic distortion (THDv)
defines limit of 3% for individual voltage distortion and 5% for voltage levels less than 69 kV. [12-13]
Harmonic profile of photovoltaic system (renewable energy source) depends on design of inverter and solar isolation.
The THDi during sunrise and sunset can be upto 50% when the third harmonic current shows peak value. THDi can
vary between 17.65-50%. THDvis not dependent on solar isolation and it is below 2%. THD changes throughout a day
and it depends on penetration of distributed generators available. [15 - 16] This paper deals with assessment of daily
THD profiles on a specially designed 10 KW grid tied device which follows optimal power flow, its control and
monitoring of distributed generators from the smart grid point of view.[5] IGBT based inverters are used for conversion
of DC to AC. On a medium voltage distribution grid considering three different penetration levels of RES systems.[17]
Section II presents the harmonic power flow model necessary to evaluate the THDs. Section III discusses block diagram
of the proposed system along with component description. Section IV, and VI contains calculations drawn from
simulation results, testing of hardware and conclusion.
MODELLING OF THE SYSTEM

The model of grid connector deals with the concept of optimal power flow analysis for different distributed
generation sources. The main objective is to supply undisturbed three phase supply to the load. The considered
distributed generators are battery, solar photovoltaic system, wind energy, three phase existing grid, three phase diesel
generator with the capacities mentioned in Table I.
Figure 1: Basic concept of grid connector
Table I: Capacities of Multiple RES and grid
At harmonic frequencies, frequency dependent parameters A, B, C, D matrices are derived from line parameters are
used to relate sending and receiving end voltage and currents. The subscriptions V, I, n, b, p, s, r, h represents three
phase voltage, three phase current, node, branch, phase, sending end, receiving end, harmonic frequency.
Vn, p ,h   Ab, p ,h Bb, p, h  Vn 1, p, h 

    (1)
 I s ,b , p , h  Cb , p, h Db, p , h   I r ,b, p ,h 
It is considered as A, B, C, D parameter matrices of conductors, transformers, cables are not time varying except for
transformer load tap changers. A, B, C, D matrices for the load tap changer is as follows,

 B j , p ,h   C j , p , h   0 (3)

1
 D j , p ,h    Aj , p ,h  (4)
∆tapj represents per unit voltage change due to one tap position. In equation (2), the tap is assumed equal for all
phases. Harmonic loads are considered as constant current withdrawals and harmonic sources are constant current
sources. At every node, phase and for each harmonic frequency, current balance equation is as per following,
I s ,b , p , h  I r ,b , p ,h  I Load ( n , p ,h )  I source ( n , p ,h ) (5)

Voltage and current THDs can be computed using harmonic power flow model.
1/ 2
2
  
  V n , p ,h 
 h2 
T H D volta ge ( n , p )   (6)
V n , p , h 1
2 1/ 2
 
 I n , p , h 
 h 2 
THDcurrent ( n , p )  (7)
I n , p ,h 1
ANALYSIS OF HARMONICS IN MULTIPLE RES

Following is the detailed block diagram of grid connector which is used in this paper.
Figure 2: Block diagram of grid connector
The functional block consists different blocks based on power flow strategies. The digital signal processing (DSP)
performs functions of synchronizing Voltage, frequency and waveform at point of common coupling (PCC)for all
output Power for load SL, grid power as SG and battery power as SI for three phase source is the part and parcel of DSP
(Model No. TMS320F28335PGFA, TEXAS Make) [3]. Hall sensors(HAS600-S) give the real time feedback to the

processor for action and reaction for monitoring and control of power flow, in view of phase sequence and phasor
displacement. The supportive role to the DSP is by attenuator devicewhich generators PWM as per requirement for
synchronizing the parameters at PCC. CANBUS is the parallel port which receive signal from DSP board for display
and mimic unit for safety, alert alarms. User interface communication PCB through ETHERNET having potential free
contact to give various inputs like emergency power OFF, Solar irradiation, Wind velocity, Battery temperature and
D.C. earth fault etc.
For grid-connected PV systems, the efficiency over the entire load range is very important. In fact, the efficiency at
smaller loads is weighted more than the efficiency at full load so unless the switch voltage ratings need to be higher,
IGBTs are probably the better choice for a grid-connected PV system. Generally for high voltage and high switching
frequency IGBT is preferred. The operation of grid connector can be explained in two ways,
A) RES-Battery-Grid
In this sequence of operation, the system will centralize the requirement of load. Once the load and RES is similarin
magnitude then fulfillment of load will take place through RES solitary.If the demand side requirement is greaterthan
the RES generated capacity, then the battery will be facilitated in the route for fulfillment of demand side loads. DSP
will check the status of batterylike fully charged or not.Another concept used that if battery is not fullycharged then
operation of circuit checks the status of grid,through synchronizing the parameter through attenuator circuit and
DSPwill monitor as well as control the parameter,then switching signal will be passed to the relay of MCCB on Grid
side.Then the load power requirement fulfillment as RES-battery-grid.
B) RES-Grid-Battery
Also proposed system has feasibility to perform the system operation as multiple RES, then grid and if required the
battery can fulfil the requirement of demand side load.
SIMULATION RESULTS
Fig.3, Fig. 4 and Fig.5 shows the variation in the THD ( %) of RES i.e. Solar PV, Wind Energy and combined
generation through day. The harmonics are calculated with and without grid connector for different three phase loads.
Figure3: Solar PV THD with IGBT as Power Electronics Device

Figure 4 : Wind Energy THD with IGBT as Power Electronics Device
Figure 5: Generation for Harmonics in Base load, Sola PV and wind Energy

The harmonics has been calculated using Power Analyzer (Model No. Fluke 42 B ) at battery, grid and ouput
terminals. Due to inverter the harmonics profile is less at battery terminals. Harmonic currents upto 20th order are
considered for calculation of THD. THD at Solar PV and Wind Energy system is calculated as5% and 4 - 10% using
Eq. No. (6)(7)at maximum load. Fig.6 shows the harmonic profile of different generation systems without connecting
grid connector in the network.
Figure 6: Harmonic profile of the system without grid connector

TESTING AND RESULTS
It is entitled for every upcoming technology to validate the simulation results with the hardware setup. The
power flow analysis based on sources of energy as shown in fig.7 andspecified in Table 1.The DSP
programming is interfaced with three phase inverter for three phase dynamics loading. The proposed design is
for the fulfillment of 10 KW loads. In fig.7 shows front panel of three phase inverter for integrating multiple
RES with grid as per requirement of load and surplus power generated by RES supplies to the grid for a
capacity of 10 KW. This setup is designed for carrying out testing and same is fabricated for validation of
results. The input power supplied to the designated terminal is as per specification given in Table I. There was
also provision for connection of diesel generator set, that during our testing not taken in to consideration.
Figure 7: Grid integrating for multiple RES

The shunt filter capacitor is included into the grid connector system to reduce harmonics. Capacitor attains harmonic
mitigation short circuiting harmonic currents. It keeps harmonic current out of the system. Capacitor filtering is
economic from cost point of view. It also corrects load power factor and removes higher order harmonic currents. Fig. 5

shows the system with capacitor of ‘C’(10000uF / 250VDC,10uF/1000VDC)added for mitigation of harmonics
generated by IGBT(SKM195GB066D - 200A/600V). The capacitor is for filtering D.C. from the power electronics
devices. It is made up small-sized aluminium electrolytic capacitors and designed for highly reliable management of
high-frequency, high-ripple current with low leakage. The magnitude for the capacitor is calculated with µF / KW
ratings to ensure the proper harmonics elimination during the operation of system for multiple RES with grid. In turn,
black-colour DC bus capacitors with 1,000 µF / 1 KW ratings are used for filtering output from the multiple RES. The
installed capacitor value in our design is 10,000 µF / 10 KW. The action of capacitor is controlled through DSP, while
for switching of capacitor hall- effect sensors plays vital role.
Figure 8: Grid connector system with Capacitor
The harmonic profile of the generation system with grid connector is shown in Fig.9. It is clearly seen from the
system that harmonics are reduced by 14.33 % when grid connector along with a capacitor is included in the system.
Figure 9: Harmonic profile of the system with grid connector with Shunt Capacitor
CONCLUSION
This paper presented the harmonic assessment tounderstand the entire influence of power electronics devices for
integrating multiple RES with grid for three phase distribution load systems. Simulations were carried out for low,
medium, and high penetration levels, and results were presented for each RES involvement. It was observed that
theharmonicvoltagesarebecominghigheronintegrating RES with grid. The impact on voltage and current harmonics
increases as the level of penetration increases. When RES are injecting power, both voltage and current harmonics
increase. From the results, the harmonics mitigation is possible for future electricity distribution systems with multiple
RES by using proposed systemhowever;the voltage harmonicsmay not be much of a concern. Current harmonic issues
could possibly be mitigated by coordinating RES and grid by using optimization approaches inasystem.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
For this research we received research funding from SavitribaiPhule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India, under
proposal no. 15ENG002505 for the years 2016–2018. Also thanks to Mrs.Hemalata Joshi, Department of Electrical
Engineering of Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Technology, Pimpri, Pune, India for hercontribution while performing
testing of said analysis.
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IPASJ International Journal of Electrical Engineering (IIJEE)

Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJEE/IIJEE.htm

Assessment and Analysis of Harmonics for Multiple

Volume 6, Issue 5, May 2018 Page 1

MODELLING OF THE SYSTEM

Figure 1: Basic concept of grid connector

Table I: Capacities of Multiple RES and grid

Vn, p ,h   Ab, p ,h Bb, p, h  Vn 1, p, h 

Volume 6, Issue 5, May 2018 Page 2

 B j , p ,h   C j , p , h   0 (3)

I s ,b , p , h  I r ,b , p ,h  I Load ( n , p ,h )  I source ( n , p ,h ) (5)

ANALYSIS OF HARMONICS IN MULTIPLE RES

Figure 2: Block diagram of grid connector

Volume 6, Issue 5, May 2018 Page 3

Figure3: Solar PV THD with IGBT as Power Electronics Device

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Figure 4 : Wind Energy THD with IGBT as Power Electronics Device

Volume 6, Issue 5, May 2018 Page 5

Figure 6: Harmonic profile of the system without grid connector

Figure 7: Grid integrating for multiple RES

Volume 6, Issue 5, May 2018 Page 6

Figure 8: Grid connector system with Capacitor

Volume 6, Issue 5, May 2018 Page 7

Volume 6, Issue 5, May 2018 Page 8

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