Saint Louis University

School of Engineering and Architecture

Department of Architecture

AR 517 B
HOUSING AND HUMAN SETTLEMENT

REFERECES
Early human migrations. (n.d.). Retrieved from Wkipedia:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_human_migrations#Europe

History of China. (n.d.). Retrieved from Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China

Kumar, V. V. (2018, Febuary 8). Importance of evolution of human settlements. Retrieved from Slide
Share: https://www.slideshare.net/VijeshKumarV1/importance-of-evolution-of-human-
settlements

quizlette842241. (n.d.). History of Planning Settlements in the Philippines. Retrieved from Quizlet:
https://quizlet.com/87230622/history-of-planning-settlements-in-the-philippines-flash-cards/

Settlement of the Americas. (2018, May 30 ). Retrieved from Wikipedia:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlement_of_the_Americas

Settlement Patterns. (n.d.). Retrieved from Countrystudies: http://countrystudies.us/united-

states/geography-7.htm

Tshitereke, C. (2008, October 10). The importance of adequte housing. Retrieved from Mail and
Guardian: https://mg.co.za/article/2008-10-10-the-importance-of-adequate-housing

AR. CHESTER ALLAN P. KIAT-ONG

INSTRUCTOR

AMISTAD, CHELSEA W.
BS- ARCHITECURE 5

DATE SUBITTED:
6 JUNE 2018
INTRODUCTION

IMPORTANCE OF HOUSING

Within the context of human security, there is a case to be made for the
centrality of housing because of the greatest resistance of its acceptance as a
contemporary threat—in both the security and development discourses.
A lack of adequate housing not only compromises development, but eventually also
constitutes a security threat from myriad social ills that arise from homelessness. In the
logic of this argument, homelessness or inadequate housing is therefore retrogressive
to the prospects for sustainable livelihoods.
A lack of access to adequate housing exposes one to the structural violence of
poverty, its severity and associated complexities of despair and deprivation—relative
or absolute—which constitute a significant threat to human security.

Without access to adequate shelter, the poor live in miserable conditions that
compromise their general health and make them more susceptible to diseases.
Conversely, the provision of adequate housing protects people from myriad
vulnerabilities. First, adequate housing protects people against floods and
associated stagnant water, in which breeds mosquitoes and other insects, the key
factors in spreading infectious diseases. Overall, good health is instrumental to human
security because it enables the full range of human functioning, which could
collectively be referred to as human capital.

Second, provision of adequate housing mitigates against fires in informal

settlements that claim lives in developing countries each year. This is partly because
shacks are often constructed of extremely flammable recycled materials. Further,
because of the unpredictable nature of arrangements in informal settlements,
dwellings may be torched deliberately if certain commissions are not paid to
powerful patrons within such settlements.

Third is a collective of factors associated with an extremely unsanitary

environment, which present sudden and hurtful disruptions in people’s patterns of
daily lives. The realities of living in informal settlements or slums mean ineligibility to
access basic public services such as sanitation and electricity. In addition, the reality
of life in informal settlements is accompanied by the psychological trauma arising
from a lack of perceived improvement of one’s situation—often leading to societal
breakdown.

A house satisfies the need for subsistence by offering shelter. In this regard, it is
considered to provide sufficient living area for household members if not more than
two people share the same room. It is central to household functionality and
productivity, social harmony and the development of a healthy and sustainable
economy. Studies have shown that a lack of adequate housing reduces productive
opportunities and increases physical and psychological well-being. Households are
the basic organizing units of socio-cultural institutions of civil society. It is through
households that individuals relate to society—and through which non-market and
market relations are articulated.
Households perform these essential functions by continuously solving the
problem of allocating the time of their individual members to different tasks, spheres
of life and domains of social practice. In this context, time is perceived as the basic
resource of households in relation to material and social production. There is a
marked difference in the relative efficiency of households in terms of productivity,
depending on whether they are in informal settlements or slums or in desirable
adequate housing.

The provision and access to adequate housing is a catalyst for development

and remains one of the primary requirements towards sustainable livelihoods.
Adequate shelter forms the foundation of basic needs in addition to food, health,
education and paid work—the primary concerns of the security of an average
person in the developing world. Thus, the existence of slums should be seen as a
manifestation of hardships and limitations to livelihoods when a house is not a home.
(Tshitereke, 2008)

HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (USA)
Paleolithic hunter-gatherers first entered North America from the North
Asian Mammoth steppe via the Beringia land bridge which had formed between
northeastern Siberia and
western Alaska due to the lowering of sea
level during the Last Glacial Maximum.
These populations expanded south of
the Laurentide Ice Sheet and rapidly
throughout both North and South America,
by 14,000 years ago. The earliest populations
in the Americas before roughly 10,000 years
ago, are known as Paleo-Indians.
The peopling of the Americas was a long-
standing open question, and while
advances

in archaeology, Pleistocene geology, physical anthropology, and DNA

analysis since the 2000s have shed progressively more light on the subject, significant
questions remain unresolved. While there is general agreement that the Americas
were first settled from Asia, the pattern of migration, its timing, and the place(s) of
origin in Asia of the peoples who migrated to the Americas remain
unclear.[1] Specifically, "Clovis first" refers to the hypothesis that the Clovis
culture represents the earliest human presence in the Americas, beginning about
13,000 years ago; evidence of pre-Clovis cultures has accumulated during the 2000s
to 2010s, pushing back the date of the first peopling of the Americas to about 13,200-
15,500 years ago. (Settlement of the Americas, 2018)

Although it is impossible to state precisely how many people entered what is

now the United States from Europe and, to a lesser extent, from Africa, a reasonable
estimate would place the figure at close to 60 million. Most early immigrants came
from northwestern Europe. At the time of the first national census of the United States
in 1790, more than two-thirds of the white population was of British origin, with
Germans and Dutch next in importance.
 Emigration to North America slowed between 1760 and 1815. This was a time
of intermittent warfare in Europe and North America, as well as on the Atlantic
Ocean. Between about 1815
and the start of World War I in
1914, immigration tended to
increase with each passing
decade. For the first half of
the 1815-1913 period, most
migrants continued to come
from northwestern Europe.
They were followed in
subsequent decades by
streams of people from
southern and eastern Europe.
By 1913, well over four-fifths of
all immigrants were from
these areas of Europe,
especially Italy, Austria-
Hungary, and Russia.

The reasons for this shift

are based on the impact of
the Industrial Revolution.
Beginning in the British Isles
and the Low Countries in the
18th century, it spread
southeastward during the
following 150 years or so. With
industrialization came a rapid
rise in population as mortality
declined. The economy shifted to manufacturing, urbanization increased, and there
was a proportional decline in the agricultural population. The growth in the demand
for urban labor did not match the increase in the potential labor force, and thus there
were many willing emigrants.

It has been suggested repeatedly that migrants to the United States chose
areas that were environmentally similar to their European homes. The substantial
Scandinavian settlement in Minnesota and the Dakotas is indicated as a case in
point. There may be some small truth in this, but it was more important that those
states represented the principal settlement frontier at the time of major Scandinavian
immigration. For the most part, the mosaic of ethnic patterns in America is the result
of a movement toward opportunity--opportunity first found most often on the
agricultural settlement frontier and then in the cities.
 The major exception to the immigrant settlement pattern was black settlement
in the American South. Forced to move as slave labor for the region's plantations, this
was a small part of the large movement of Africans to the Caribbean Basin, the
northeast coast of South
America, and the American
Southeast. Next to the
European exodus, this was
probably the second largest
long-distance movement in
human history. Perhaps 20
million left Africa. It is
believed that fewer than
500,000 blacks came into the
United States. Most probably
arrived from the Caribbean
rather than coming directly
from Africa. The 1790 census
indicated that 20 percent of
the American population
was of African origin. There was little African immigration after that date, and the
percentage of the population that was black declined.

The United States passed its first major legislation to restrict immigration in the
1920s. This limitation, coupled with the Great Depression of the 1930s and World War
II in the 1940s, cut immigration to a fraction of its annual high in 1913. Since 1945, the
number of arrivals has increased somewhat. Far more liberal immigration laws were
passed in the 1960s. In the late 1980s, Mexico, the Philippines, and the West Indies
provided the greatest number of migrants to the United States. Today, the United
States typically receives roughly 700,000 legal immigrants annually. About 275,000
illegal aliens also enter the country each year.

The first immigrant settlements were small, clinging to the ocean and looking
more toward Europe than toward the land that crowded in about them. When
settlement pushed tentatively away from the oceans, it still followed the waterways,
for they offered trade pathways to the coast and an important link to Europe. Thus,
the British settled the indented coastline of the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries,
and they spread a thin band of settlement along the rugged coastline of New
England. The Dutch moved up the Hudson River from New Amsterdam (New York),
and the French gradually settled the banks of the upper St. Lawrence River.

During the first 150 years after the beginnings of permanent European
settlement--until about 1765--Europeans moved westward only as far as the eastern
flanks of the Appalachian Mountains. Within a century after that, the frontier reached
the Pacific Ocean, and by 1890, the U.S. Bureau of the Census was able to announce
that the American settlement frontier was gone entirely.

This increasingly rapid settlement expansion resulted from a reorientation in

attitude away from Europe. By the early 19th century, an increasing number of
Americans viewed the occupation of the continent as their manifest destiny. The
land laws of the country became increasingly pro-expansionist. Also, as the
population grew, there were more people who hoped to improve their lot by moving
westward.

In the eastern half of the

United States, about as far west as
Kansas and Nebraska, settlement
expanded westward in a generally
orderly fashion. To be sure,
advances were more rapid along
certain transportation routes, such
as the Ohio River, and slower in other
places. Settlement moved rapidly
westward onto the interior
grasslands. The Mississippi River and
its many tributaries offered easy
routes to the interior, and settlers
found an expanse of excellent
agricultural land with a generally
good climate for crop production
that stretched from the western
margins of the Appalachians well
into the Great Plains.

From the Rocky Mountains westward and in Alaska, however, an even pattern
of settlement expansion did not occur. Much of this broad area was either too dry,
too hot, or too cold for farming. Rugged topography hampered transportation and
further limited agricultural development. Settlement congregated in areas that
offered an identifiable economic potential. The result was a pattern of point
settlement scattered across an otherwise nearly unpopulated landscape.

In 1990, the United States had a population approaching 250 million, with a density
of roughly 235 people per square kilometer. Three principal zones of population can
be identified. First, a primary zone fills a quadrant defined approximately by the cities
of Boston (Massachusetts), Chicago (Illinois), St. Louis (Missouri), and Washington,
D.C.: 7 of the 12 most populous U.S. states are here. It is the area of earliest growth
and long the country's most advanced section economically. Fine natural routes and
many excellent harbors along the Atlantic shore have been augmented by a dense
transportation net. Some of the country's best agricultural lands plus rich mineral
resources are either within the region or nearby.

Wrapping around the southern and western margins of the primary zone and
extending westward to the eastern sections of the Great Plains, there is a secondary
zone of population. Much of America's best agricultural land is in this zone, and the
greatest part of its potential agricultural lands are farmed. Most of the area is
populated, although densities are generally much lower than those found in the
core. Cities are spaced more widely and more evenly in this zone than in the core,
and they are primarily service and manufacturing centers for the region.

Finally, a peripheral population zone fills the land from the central Great Plains
westward. A pattern of population and economic growth at locations of special
potential in an otherwise limited region continues to dominate. Although some areas
are now densely populated--notably California's San Francisco Bay area and Los
Angeles Basin, as well as the Puget Sound Lowland in Washington State--most of the
land remains sparsely populated.

The mobility history of the United States can be divided into three periods. First
came the period of east to west movement, then one from rural to urban areas, and,
finally, the present period, when most long-distance movement is between
metropolitan areas. If the country's population has moved westward with every
decade, it has urbanized in an equally unvarying fashion. Whereas less than 10
percent of the population could even loosely be defined as urban in 1790, over
three-quarters was urbanized by 1990.

These statistics reflect not only a relative decline in rural population, but also
an absolute decline in farm population. Between 1960 and 1987, for example, the
farm population fell from more than 15 million to under 6 million. The movements from
east to west and from rural to urban America were both clearly in response to the
perception of economic opportunity. First, more and more farmlands became
available as the settlement frontier pushed westward. Then there was a tremendous
surge in urban employment generated by the Industrial Revolution. Once Americans
were predominantly urbanites and economic opportunities were also urban based,
variations in these opportunities ensured that most subsequent population migration
would occur between metropolitan areas.

U.S. population statistics for the 1970s and 1980s suggest that a fourth major
mobility period is at hand. Areas that had long experienced no change or even
declining population size are growing. Much of the South is a prime example. Many
observers have suggested that the United States has become a post-industrial
country. That is, the major growth areas are in occupations that provide services and
that manipulate and create information. The number of Americans employed in
manufacturing has increased only slightly during the past two decades, whereas
tertiary and quaternary employment has boomed. Much of what increase there has
been in manufacturing employment has been in the production of high-value,
lightweight products, such as electronic components, which can presumably be
located almost anywhere. Thus, more and more people can live where they want.
(Settlement Patterns, n.d.)

EUROPE
The recent expansion of anatomically modern humans reached Europe
around 40,000 years ago, from Central Asia and the Middle East, as a result of cultural
adaption to big game hunting of sub-glacial steppe fauna. Neanderthals were
present both in the Middle East and in Europe, and the arriving populations of
anatomically modern humans (also known as "Cro-Magnon" or European early
modern humans) have interbred with Neanderthal populations to a limited degree.
Populations of modern humans and Neanderthal overlapped in various regions such
as in Iberian Peninsula and in the Middle East. Interbreeding may have contributed
Neanderthal genes to Paleolithic and ultimately modern Eurasians and Oceanians.
 An important difference between Europe and other parts of the inhabited
world was the northern latitude. Archaeological evidence suggests humans, whether
Neanderthal or Cro-Magnon, reached sites in Arctic Russia by 40,000 years ago.[63]
Cro-Magnon are considered the first anatomically modern humans in Europe.
They entered Eurasia by the Zagros Mountains (near present-day Iran and
eastern Turkey) around 50,000 years ago, with one group rapidly settling coastal
areas around the Indian Ocean and one group migrating north to steppes of Central
Asia.[64] Modern human remains dating to 43-45,000 years ago have been
discovered in Italy[65] and Britain,[66] with the remains found of those that reached the
European Russian Arctic 40,000 years ago.
Humans colonized the environment west of the Urals, hunting reindeer
especially, but were faced with adaptive challenges; winter temperatures averaged
from −20 to −30 °C (−4 to −22 °F) while fuel and shelter were scarce. They travelled
on foot and relied on hunting highly mobile herds for food. These challenges were
overcome through technological innovations: production of tailored clothing from
the pelts of fur-bearing animals; construction of shelters with hearths using bones as
fuel; and digging of “ice cellars” into the permafrost for storing meat and bones.[69][70]
A mitochondrial DNA sequence of two Cro-Magnons from the Paglicci Cave in Italy,
dated to 23,000 and 24,000 years old (Paglicci 52 and 12), identified
the mtDNA as Haplogroup N, typical of the latter group.

Migration of modern humans into Europe, based on simulation by Currat & Excoffier
(2004)
(YBP=Years before present)

Up to 37,500 YBP Up to 32,500 YBP

Up to 35,000 YBP Up to 30,000 YBP

The expansion of modern human population is thought to have begun 45,000

years ago and may have taken 15,000-20,000 years for Europe to be colonized.
During this time the Neanderthals were slowly being displaced. Because it took so
long for Europe to be occupied, it appears that humans and Neanderthals may have
been constantly competing for territory. The Neanderthals had larger brains, and
were larger overall, with a more robust or heavily built frame, which suggests that
they were physically stronger than modern Homo sapiens. Having lived in Europe for
200,000 years, they would have been better adapted to the cold weather. The
anatomically modern humans known as the Cro-Magnons, with widespread trade
networks, superior technology and bodies likely better suited to running, would
eventually completely displace the Neanderthals, whose last refuge was in
the Iberian peninsula. After about 25,000 years ago the fossil record of the
Neanderthals ends, indicating that they had become extinct. The last known
population lived around a cave system on the remote south-facing coast
of Gibraltar from 30,000 to 24,000 years ago.
From the extent of linkage disequilibrium, it was estimated that the last
Neanderthal gene flow into early ancestors of Europeans occurred 47,000–65,000
years BP. In conjunction with archaeological and fossil evidence, the gene flow is
thought likely to have occurred somewhere in Western Eurasia, possibly the Middle
East. Studies show a higher Neanderthal admixture in East Asians than in
Europeans. North African groups share a similar excess of derived alleles with
Neanderthals as do non-African populations, whereas Sub-Saharan African groups
are the only modern human populations that generally did not experience
Neanderthal admixture. The Neanderthal-linked haplotype B006 of the dystrophin
gene has also been found among nomad pastoralist groups in the Sahel and Horn
of Africa, who are associated with northern populations. Consequently, the presence
of this B006 haplotype on the northern and northeastern perimeter of Sub-Saharan
Africa is attributed to gene flow from a non-African point of origin.[78] (Early human
migrations, n.d.)

CHINA

The earliest known written records of

the history of China date from as early as
1250 BC, from the Shang dynasty (c. 1600–
1046 BC). Ancient historical texts such as
the Records of the Grand Historian (c. 100
BC) and the Bamboo Annals(296 BC)
describe a Xia dynasty (c. 2070–1600 BC)
before the Shang, but no writing is known
from the period, and Shang writings do not
indicate the existence of the Xia.[3][4] The
Shang ruled in the Yellow River valley,
which is commonly held to be the cradle of
Chinese civilization. However, Neolithic civilizations originated at various cultural
centers along both the Yellow River and Yangtze River. These Yellow
River and Yangtze civilizations arose millennia before the Shang. With thousands of
years of continuous history, China is one of the world's oldest civilizations,[5] and is
regarded as one of the cradles of civilization. (History of China, n.d.)
 About 5,000 years after the settlement of the Indus River Valley, China’s first
civilization emerged in the fertile plains along the Huang He (Yellow River). Agriculture
as in the Nile and
Indus River
Valleys, the
fertility of the soil
along the Huang
He was increased
by periodic
floods. Around
4,500 B.C., people
along the Huang
He began
growing millet
(type of grain).
Later they
learned to farm
soybeans and
raise chickens,
dogs and pigs.

Government Around 1,700 B.C.

A ruling family, or dynasty, known as the Shang, took power. They built the first
Chinese cities and established their capital at Anyang near the Huang He. The Shang
ruled with the help of powerful nobles. Shang kings were military leaders, they were
also high priests that offered sacrifices to their royal ancestors.

Cultural Contributions
The people living along the Huang He were very skilled at many crafts. They
created superior weapons and ceremonial vessels with their bronze work. They were
the first to make silk textiles from silkworm cocoons. They developed a system of
writing with pictographs, known as characters. Each character represented one
word. (Kumar, 2018)

PHILIPPINES

PRE-COLONIAL
Like other cities in the world, the earliest
Filipino communities developed out of the
need for their inhabitants to band
together they formed security, or to be
close to critical resources like food and
water. Most of the earliest towns were by
the coast for the fisherfolk or were where
there was abundant agricultural land for
the farmers. The community unit was the barangay, consisting 30 to 100 families

SPANISH COLONIAL
 A. LAWS OF INDIES
1573, King Philip II proclaimed the Laws of Indies that established uniform standards
and planning procedures for colonial settlements. These laws provided guidelines for
site selection, layout and dimensioning of streets
and squares, the location of civic and religious
buildings, open spaces, cultivation and pasturing
lands, and even the main procedural phases
of planning and construction. The Plaza Complex
was the result of several ordinances of the Laws of
Indies.

The plaza was surrounded by important buildings

such
as:
1. Catholic church
2. Municipal or town hall
3. Marketplace and merchant's store
4. Elementary school
5. The homes of "principalia"
6. Other government buildings

B. INTRAMUROS
Known as the "walled city of Manila",
Intramuros was the home of the Spanish
(except for the Friars and the high
ranking officials. The city was 1.2 sq. km.
in area, containing the large
churches, plazas, offices and residential
buildings, housing 700 residents
surrounded by high walls. Because of
the physical limitations in growth,
decentralization occurred and
settlements were built in Malate, San
Miguel and Paco, among other areas

THE AMERICAN PERIOD

A. THE AMERICAN AGENDA

The Americans gave greater emphasis on other social values like sanitation,
housing, and other aesthetic improvements.
B. DANIEL BURNHAM
Americans is typified by the Daniel H. Burnham's plan of Manila. In December 1904,
Burnham was commissioned to prepare the physical development plan for the
cities of Manila and Baguio. Trained as an architect and guided by the principles of
the City Beautiful Movement, draw plans for cities like Chicago, Washington, and
San Francisco. He proposed that the Bay areas would be extended through
reclamation and a new port would be constructed.
 C. BURNHAM'S DESIGN FOR MANILA
He envisioned the city manifesting aesthetic elements such as wide boulevards,
public edifices and landscaped parks. In Burnham's plan, there were sites allotted
for national and municipal buildings near Intramuros, hospitals, and colleges.

Spaces were also set for a

world-class hotel, city
and country clubs, a casino, boat
clubs, public baths, and the new
residence for the Governor
General.
Resorts were also to be
developed near Manila but
the ultimate escape during the
summer season would be the city
of Baguio. However, another
architect was to implement
Burnham's plan, William E. Parsons as appointed Consulting Architect to the Insular
Government.

D. MANILA AS THE FIRST CHARTERED CITY

On July 31, 1903, by the virtue of Act No. 183, the city of Manila was
incorporated. Manila encompassed Intramuros, and the towns of Binondo, Tondo,
Sta. Cruz, Malate, Ermita, Paco, and Pandacan. The population then was 1901000
people.

GROWTH OF MANILA

A. THE ARRABALES
Quiapo - the illustrado territory; the enclave of the rich and powerful. Also, the
manifestation of folk religiosity
Tondo - coastal city adjacent to Manila
Binondo - the trading port developed by the Chinese and the Arabs
Sta. Cruz - the main commercial district with swirls of shops, movie houses,
restaurants, etc.
San Nicolas - also a commercial town built by the Spanish with streets of
"specialized" categories (i.e. ceramics, soap, etc,)
Sampaloc - centered on two churches (Our Lady of Loreto and St. Anthony of
Padua). Also known as the first "University Town"

B. LATER SUBURBS
San Miguel (Malacanang) were rest-houses were built for the Spanish government
Malate - the early "summer resort" of the wealthy Filipinos
Ermita - tourist belt (red-light district)
Paco - first town built around a train station
Pandacan - town built by the Americans for oil depots
 C. FURTHER SUBURBANIZATION
Quezon City - land of 15,000 has., was projected to be the capital of the Philippines
where the three main seats of the government would be housed. It was the
location of Constitution Hill, envisioned to be the National Government Center, but
the destruction of WW II interfered. It was revived as a capital in 1949 and remained
until 1975. Philippine Homesite and Housing Corporation - built homes for the masses
("the projects", i.e. 2, 4, 6, 7 and 8) with urban design principles adopted from the
"Neighborhood Unit" of Perry and Stein.
Philamlife Homes - the first of the Quezon City subdivisions along Highway 54 was
the icon of middle class suburbanization. Today QC is one of the few areas in MM
with an abundance of green and open space.

D. PRESENT DAY METRO MANILA

Metro Manila Cities and Municipalities Malabon
City of Manila Navotas
Kalookan City Pateros
Las Pinas City Taguig City
Makati City METRO MANILA CENTRAL BUSINESS
Mandaluyong City DISTRICT
Marikina City - Manila CBD
Muntinlupa City - Makati CBD
Paranaque City - Ortigas CBD
Pasay City - Cubao CBD
Pasig City - Fort Bonifacio Global City
Quezon City - Boulevard 2000
San Juan City - Filinvest Corporate City
Valenzuela City

PLANNING ORGANIZATION IN THE PHILIPPINES

Regional Planning
- NEDA (National Economic Development Authority)
- NLUC (National Land Use Committee)
- RDC (Regional Development Council)
- PDC (Provincial development Council)
- PLUC (Provincial Land Use Committee)
- Sanggunihan Panlalawigan
Urban Planning
- HUDCC (housing and Urban Development Coordinating
Council)
- HLURB (Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board)
- RLUC (Regional Land Use Committee)
- M/CDC (Municipal / City Development Council)
- BDC (Barangay Development Council)
HLURB
- the planning regulatory and quasi-judicial instrumentality of government for land
use development
PLANNING
- the key to orderly and rational land development in any local government unit
- example, a city or municipality (quizlette842241, n.d.)