1 | ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Gravimetric Method of Analysis – deals with the measurement of the
mass of a substance that is chemically related to the analyte.
Basic Steps on Precipitation Method
1. Sample is dissolved in an appropriate solvent.
2. A precipitant is used to convert the analyte into a sparingly
soluble precipitate.
3. The precipitate is converted into a product of known
composition by a suitable heat treatment.
4. The percentage of the analyte in the sample is calculated using
the gravimetric factor (GF):
wt . of precipitate × GF
%analyte ∈the sample= ×100 %
wt . of sample
Ex. A 0.6407-g sample containing chloride and iodide ions gave a silver
halide precipitate weighing 0.4430 g. This precipitate was then strongly
heated in a stream of Cl2 gas to convert the AgI to AgCl; on completion
of this treatment, the precipitate weighed 0.3181 g. Calculate the
percentage of chloride and iodide in the sample. Ans. 4.72% Cl- and
27.05%% I-.
Volumetric Methods of Analysis – measures the volume of solution
necessary to react completely with the analyte
Standard Solution – solution of known concentration
Standardization – process of determining the concentration of an
unknown solution
Primary standard – a substance of high purity

molar mass of analyte x analyte Characteristics of a Good Primary Standard

GF = ×
molar mass of precipitate y precipitate
1. High purity and high equivalent weight
2. Stable towards air, high temperature and humidity
Ex. The aluminum in a 759.08 mg of impure aluminum sulfate sample 3. Soluble in water
was precipitated as Al(OH)3 and ignited at 1100°C to yield a precipitate 4. Readily available and fairly inexpensive
of Al2O3 weighing 387.953 mg. Express the result of analysis in terms of
%Al. Conditions for Volumetric Analysis
a. 27.05% b. 13.53% c. 18.67% d. 23.29% 1. The reaction must be rapid and can be represented by a simple
balanced equation.
Ex. What weight of an impure NaCl sample must be taken for analysis 2. The reaction is complete and no side reaction occurs.
so that the weight of AgCl precipitate obtained in mg will be equal to 3. An appropriate indicator must be available in order to detect
the %Cl in the sample? the end point of the reaction
a. 19.76 mg b. 12.66 mg c. 24.73 mg d. 4.04 mg
Types of Titration
Ex. A sample containing NaBr and KBr only weighs 253.02 mg. The 1. Direct Titration – the analyte reacts with the standard solution
sample was dissolved in water and treated with excess AgNO 3. The directly
precipitate formed was found to weigh 429.85 mg. Calculate the %NaBr 2. Back Titration – an excess standard solution is added and the
in the sample. excess is determined by the addition of another standard
a. 45% b. 55% c. 49% d. 51% solution

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3. Replacement Titration – the analyte is converted to a product Autoprotolysis of Water

chemically related to it and the product of such reaction is H2O + H2O ↔ H3O+(aq) + HO-(aq) KW = 1x10-14 at 25°C
titrated with a standard solution Strong Acids: HCl, HBr, HI, HClO4, HNO3, H2SO4 (only on the first
ionization)
CLASSIFICATION OF VOLUMETRIC METHODS Strong Bases: Bases of Group IA and 2A
Weak Acids: HF, HCN, H2SO3, H3PO4 and organic acids
There are four general classes of volumetric or titrimetric methods. Weak Bases: Ammonia and derivatives
Calculation of pH
Acid-Base. Many compounds, both inorganic and organic, are either Strong Acids: pH = -log[Cacid]
acids or bases and can be titrated with a standard solution of a strong Strong Bases: pH = 14 + log[nHO-Cbase]
base or a strong acid. The end points of these titrations are easy to 1
detect, either by means of an indicator of by following the change in pH Weak Acids: pH = - log[KaCacid] when Cacid/Ka >> 1000
2
with a pH meter. The acidity and basicity of many inorganic acids and 1
bases can be enhanced by titrating in a nonaqueous solvent. The result Weak Bases: pH = 14 + log[KbCbase] when Cbase/Kb >> 1000
2
is a sharper end point, and weaker acids and bases can be titrated in
At 25°C . . . pH + pOH = 14
this manner.
Ex. Calculate the pH of 1 x 10-3 M HCl
Acid-Base Titration
Ex. Calculate the pH of 1 x 10-8 M HCl
Concepts of Acids and Bases
Ex. A 0.03 M HClO2 solution is 10.0% ionized. Calculate Ka.
LEWIS BRONSTED- ARRHENIUS
Ex. Kb for NH3 is 1.8 x 10-5 .Calculate the % ionization and the [OH-] in a
LOWRY
0.05 M solution.
ACID Electron-pair Proton donor Produces *H3O+ in Ex. What is the pH of a 0.003 M HNO2 solution that is 15% ionized?
acceptor solution Ex. Ka for HC2H3O2 is 1.75 x 10-5. What is the pH of a 0.003 M solution?
BASE Electron-pair Proton acceptor Produces **HO- in Ex. Calculate the pH of a 0.08 M NH3 solution. Kb = 1.8 x 10-5
donor solution
*hydronium ion, protonated water or solvated proton Ex. Calculate the molarity of NaOH solution if 12.25 mL was used to
**hydroxide ion titrate 0.2615 gram of primary standard KHP.
Strength of Acids and Bases a. 0.1045 M b. 0.1354 M c. 0.2509 M d. 0.1697 M
Ionization Reaction – reaction involving formation of ions
Strong Acids/Bases – completely ionized in solution Ex. In standardizing a solution of NaOH against 1.431 grams of KHP, the
HCl + H2O → H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq) analyst uses 35.50 mL of the alkali and has to run back with 8.25 mL of
NaOH + H2O → Na+(aq) + HO-(aq) acid ( 1mL=10.75 mg NaOH). What is the molarity of the NaOH
Weak Acids/Bases – partially ionized in solution solution? a. 0.2118 M b. 0.2044 M c. 0.7831 M d. 0.2598 M
HF + H2O ↔ H3O+(aq) + F-(aq)
NH3 + H2O ↔ NH4+(aq) + HO-(aq) Common Ion Effect

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3 | ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

*is the shift of equilibrium caused by the addition of a compound

having an ion in common with the dissolved substance Buffer Solutions
*reduction in the ionization of the weak electrolyte Solutions that contains weak acid or weak base and its conjugate salt.
These solutions tend to resist changes in pH.
Ex. Calculate the [H3O+] in a 0.005 M HC2H3O2 solution. Ka = 1.8 x 10-5
Ex. What is the [H3O+] in a 0.005 M HC2H3O2 which contains 0.001 M pH of a Buffer Solution
NaC2H3O2?
Hydrolysis of Salts [ acidic component ]
Acid and base reacts to form salt and water. As a general rule, salts pH= pKa−log , Henderson−Hasslebalch Equ ation
[ basic component ]
coming from weak acids or weak bases hydrolyze in water, that is, only
the strong conjugate hydrolyzes in water. An acidic salt is formed from
If Kb is given . . .
the reaction of a strong acid and weak base. A basic salt results from
the reaction of a strong base and weak acid. Thus, a neutral salt is a
[ acidic component ]
product of the reaction between a strong acid and a strong base. pH=14− p K b−log
[ basic component ]
Hydrolysis Reaction of Salts
Acidic Salt: NH4Cl Primary Standards for Bases
NH4+ + H2O ↔ H3O+ + NH3 KH = KW/ K NH 3 1. Benzoic Acid, C6H5COOH
2. Oxalic Acid, H2C2O4∙2H2O
Basic Salt: NaCN
3. Potassium Biiodate, KH(IO3)2
CN- + H2O ↔ HO- + HCN KH = KW/ K HCN
4. Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate (KHP), C6H4(COOH)(COOK)
5. Sulfamic Acid (HSO3NH2)
pH of Salts
1 C salt
Acidic Salt: pH = 7 -
2 [ ]
log
Kb
when Csalt/KH >>> 1000
Primary Standards for Acids
1. Calcium Carbonate, CaCO3
2. Mercuric oxide, HgO
3. Sodium Carbonate, Na2CO3
1 C salt
Basic Salt: = 7 +
2 [ ]
log
Ka
when Csalt/KH >>> 1000 4. Tris-hydroxymethylaminomethane (THAM), (CH2OH)3CNH2

Indicators for Acid-Base Titration

Ex. What is the pH of the resulting solution made by mixing 25 mL of 1. Bromocresol Green
0.1 M HCl and 15 mL of 0.1 M NaOH?  pH Transition Range: 3.8-5.4
a. 1.40 b. 1.60 c. 1.00 d. 0.4  changes from yellow to blue
 pKa = 4.66
Ex. What is the pH of 0.256 M NH4Cl? Kb of NH3 = 1.8 x 10-5?
a. 9.49 b. 11.0 c. 11.36 d. 4.92 2. Bromothymol Blue

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4 | ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

 pH Transition Range: 6.2-7.6 a. 0.1045 b. 0.1354 c. 0.2509 d. 0.1697

 changes from yellow to blue
 pKa = 7.10 Ex. In standardizing a solution of NaOH against 1.431 gram of KHP, the
analyst uses 35.50 mL of the alkali and has to run back with 8.25 ml of
acid (1mL = 10.75 mg NaOH). What is the molarity of the NaOH
3. Methyl Red solution?
 pH Transition Range: 4.2 – 6.3 a. 0.2118 b. 0.2044 c. 0.7831 d. 0.2598
 changes from red to yellow
 pKa = 5.00 Applications of Acid-Base Titration

4. Methyl Orange 1. Kjeldahl Method (Determination of Organic Nitrogen)

 pH Transition Range: 3.1 – 4.4
 changes from orange to yellow Step 1. Digestion
 pKa = 3.46 The sample is oxidized in hot, concentrated sulfuric acid, H 2SO4 and
turns black. . .
5. Phenolphthalein Step 2. Distillation
 pH Transition Range: 8.3 – 10.0 The oxidized solution is cooled and then treated with NaOH to liberate
 changes from colorless to pink ammonia gas:
 pKa = 9.00 NH4+ + HO- → NH3(g) + H2O
Step 3. Titration
Ex. What mass in grams of NaC2H3O2 must be dissolved with 500 mL of 1. Using an excess amount of HCl. . .
0.100 M acetic acid to make 2L of buffer solution of pH = 5? K a = 1.8 x NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl
10-5 The excess HCl is determined using a standard NaOH solution
a. 2.28 g b. 7.19 g c. 7.38 g d. 2.12 HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
2. Ammonia distilled is collected in a boric acid solution. . .
Ex. What is the pH of the resulting solution made by mixing 5 mL of NH3 + H3BO3 → NH4+ + H2BO3-2
0.2178 M HCl and 15 mL of 0.1156 M NH3? Kb = 1.8 x 10-5? Titrate the H3BO3-NH3 solution with standard acid. . .
a. 9.49 b. 11.00 c. 9.02 d. 12.74 H2BO3-2 + H3O+ → H3BO3 + H2O
Percentage Protein in the sample
Ex. What volume of 0.200 M HCl must be added to 80 mL of 0.150 M %protein =%N * f = 5.70 (cereals)
NH3 to produce a 2L buffer solution with a pH of 8.00? K b of NH3 = 1.8 x = 6.25 (meat products)
10-5 = 6.38 (dairy products)
a. 3.2 mL b. 9.6 mL c. 28.8 mL d. 56.8 mL
Ex. A 758-mg sample of full cream milk was analyzed by the Kjeldahl
Ex. Calculate the molarity of NaOH solution if 12.25 mL was used to method; 38.61 mL of 0.1078 M HCl were required to titrate the
titrate 0.2615 gram of primary standard KHP. liberated ammonia. Calculate the % N in the sample.

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5 | ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
a. 12.04% b. 7.69% c. 15.59% d. 10.93%
Ex. A 5.8734-gram sample beef was analyzed for its N content and the
liberated NH3 was collected in a 50.00 mL of 0.4691 M HCl and a 12.55
mL back titration with 0.0256 M NaOH was required. Calculate the
percentage protein in the beef sample.
a. 17.32% b. 5.54% c. 34.64% d. 11.08%
Ex. A 2060 mg sample of flour was taken through a Kjeldahl procedure
and the ammonium produced was distilled into 100 mL of 0.1006 M
H3BO3 solution. If this solution required 34.7 mL of 0.174 M HCl for
titration to methyl red end point, what is the percentage of protein in
flour? Use 5.70 for flour. Ans. 23.89%
2. Double Indicator Method (Mixture of Bases)
Ex. A sample that may contain NaOH, Na2CO3, NaHCO3, and inert
matter alone or in compatible combination is titrated with 0.1000 N HCl
with phenolphthalein as the indicator and the solution became
colorless after the addition of 48.8 mL. Methyl orange is then added
and 14.55 mL more of the acid are needed for the color change. If the
sample weighs 2.345 grams, it contains
a. 5.842% NaHCO3 and 6.577% Na2CO3
b. 6.577% Na2CO3 and 5.842% NaOH
c. 65.77% Na2CO3 and 5.842% NaHCO3
d. 65.77% Na2CO3 and 5.842% NaOH
Ex. A sample consisting of Na2CO3, NaHCO3 and inert matter weighs
1.179 grams. It is titrated with 0.100 N HCl with phenolphthalein as the
indicator, and the solution became colorless after the addition of 24.00
mL. Another duplicate sample was titrated with HCl using methyl
orange as indicator. It required 50.25 mL of the acid for the color
change. What is the percentage of NaHCO3 in the sample?
a. 1.60% b. 5.17% c. 12.56% d. 21.58%
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Precipitation. In the case of precipitation, the titrant forms an insoluble
product with the analyte. An example is the titration of chloride ion
with silver nitrate solution to form silver chloride precipitate. Again,
indicators can be used to detect the end point, or potential of the
solution can be monitored electrically.
One of the oldest analytical techniques that started in the mid-
1800’s. Silver nitrate (AgNO3) is commonly employed in such technique.
Titration with AgNO3 is often termed as argentometric titration.
Indicators in Precipitimetry
The equivalence point can be observed by the following:
a. Formation of a colored secondary precipitate
Mohr Method (K.F. Mohr, Germany, 1865)
Direct Method for halides and cyanides
Titrant: Silver Nitrate, AgNO3
Titration Reaction: Ag+ + Cl- → AgCl(s) white
Indicator: sodium chromate, Na2CrO4
Indicator Reaction: 2Ag+ + CrO42- → Ag2CrO4(s) red
Primary Standard for AgNO3: NaCl
Titration is carried out between pH of 7-10. Usually, a low
concentration of chromate is desired to detect the endpoint clearly
since a chromate ion imparts an intense yellow color.
Ex. What is the molar concentration of AgNO 3 solution standardized
against 712 mg primary standard NaCl (58.45 g/mol) requiring 23.8 mL
of the solution for titration?
a.0.5027 M b. 0.5118 M c. 0.5263 M d. 0.5329 M
Ex. A 1.500-gram sample of impure AlCl3 was dissolved in water and
treated with 45.32 mL of 0.1000 M AgNO3 using Mohr method.
Determine its purity as %AlCl3 (133.33)
6 | ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
a. 40.28% b. 13.43% c. 4.48%
27.36%
b. Formation of colored complexion
Volhard Method (Jacob Volhard, Germany, 1874)
Direct method for silver - Indirect method for halides
Titrant: Potassium thiocyanate, KSCN
Direct Titration Reaction: Ag+ + SCN-1 → AgSCN(s) white
Indirect Titration Reaction: Ag+(excess) + Cl-1 → AgCl(s) white
Ag+ + SCN-1 → AgSCN(s) white
Indicator: ferric alum
Indicator Reaction: Fe+3 + SCN-1 → Fe(SCN)+2 red
Titration is carried out in acidic condition to hasten precipitation of
ferric ion to its hydrated oxide form.
Ex. Chloride in a brine solution is determined by the volhard method. A
10.00-mL aliquot of the solution is treated with 15.00 mL of standard
0.1182 M AgNO3 solution. The excess silver is titrated with standard
0.101 M KSCN solution, requiring 2.38 mL to reach the red Fe(SCN) 2+
end point. Calculate the concentration of chloride in the brine solution,
in g/L. Ans. 5.434 g/L
Ex. A mixture of LiBr and BaBr2 weighing 800 mg is treated 50.00 mL of
0.1879 M AgNO3 and the excess is found to require 8.76 mL of 0.3719
M KSCN for back titration, using ferric alum as indicator. What is the
percentage of BaBr2 in the sample?
a. 67.95% b. 32.05% c. 35.62% d. 64.38%
c. Formation of a colored adsorption complex
Fajans Method (K. Fajans, Poland, 1874)
Titrant: Silver nitrate, AgNO3
Titration Reaction: Ag+ + Cl-1 → AgCl(s) white
Indicator: dichlorofluorescein, best for determination of halides
and cyanides
End point: color change from yellow to pink
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d.
Titration is carried out between pH of 4-7. Dextrin is added to prevent
excessive coagulation of the AgCl precipitate.
Complexometric. In complexometric titrations, the titrant is a reagent
that forms a water- soluble complex with the analyte, a metal ion. The
titrant is often a chelating agent (a type of complexing agent that
contains two or more groups capable of complexing with a metal ion).
The reverse titration may be carried out also.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is one of the most useful
chelating agents used for titration. It will react with a large number
elements , and the reactions can be controlled by adjustment of pH.
Indicators can be used to form a highly colored complex with the metal
ion.
b. Titration with Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA)
The structure suggests six potential sites (hexadentate) for metal
bonding: the four carboxyl groups and two amino groups.
Commercially, the free acid and the dehydrate are available. Solutions
of EDTA combines with any metal ions in a 1:1 ratio. The indicator used
for titration is the Eriochrome Black T®. For metal ion in detections, it is
necessary to adjust the pH to 7 or above so that the blue form
predominates in the absence of a metal cation. Generally, metal
complexes with EDTA are red as H 2In-1. When an excess EDTA is added,
the solution turns blue according to the reaction:
MIn-1 + HY-3 → HIn-2 + MY-2
wine red royal blue
Ex. What volume of 0.0305 M EDTA is needed to titrate the Ca in
178.56 mg of CaCO3?
a.58.54 mL b. 29.27 mL c. 43.91 mL d. 14.64 mL
Ex. An EDTA solution prepared from its disodium salt was standardized
using 506.3 mg of primary standard CaCO 3 and consumed 28.50 mL of
the solution. The standard solution was used to determine the
7 | ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
hardness of a 2-L sample mineral water, which required 35.57 mL EDTA
solution. Express the analysis in terms of ppm CaCO3.
a.89 ppm b. 316 ppm c. 158 ppm d. 269 ppm
Ex. Aluminum is determined by titrating with EDTA:
Al3+ + H2Y2-→ AlY- + 2H+
A 1.00 g sample requires 20.5 mL EDTA for titration. The EDTA was
standardized by titrating 25.0 mL of a 0.100 M CaCl 2 solution, requiring
30.0 mL EDTA. Calculate the percent Al2O3 in the sample. Ans. 8.71%
Ex. Chromium(III) is slow to react with EDTA (H 4Y) and is therefore
determined by back-titration. A pharmaceutical preparation containing
chromium (III) is analyzed by treating a 2.63-g sample with 5.00 mL of
0.0103 M EDTA. Following reaction, the unreacted EDTA is back-
titrated with 1.32 mL of 0.0122 M zinc solution. What is the percent
chromium chloride in the pharmaceutical preparation. Ans. 0.221%
A masking agent is a complexing agent that reacts selectively with a
component in a solution to prevent that component from interfering in
a determination.
Ex. A 1.509-g sample of a Pb/Cd alloy was dissolved in acid and diluted
to exactly 250.0 mL in a volumetric flask. A 50.00-mL aliquot of the
diluted solution was brought to a pH of 10.0 with an NH 4+/NH3 buffer;
the subsequent titration involved both cations and required 28.89 mL
of 0.06950 M EDTA. A second 50.00 mL aliquot was brought to a pH of
10.0 with an HCN/NaCN buffer, which also served to mask the Cd 2+;
11.56 mL of the EDTA solution were needed to titrate the Pb 2. Calculate
the percent Pb and Cd in the sample. Ans. 55.16% Pb and 44.86% Cd
a. Determination of Cyanide by the Liebig Method
The titration is carried by the drop wise addition of AgNO 3 in a
solution of a cyanide forming a soluble cyanide complex of silver: 2CN -
+ Ag+ → Ag(CN)2-1. The endpoint of the titration is the formation of a
permanent faint turbidity: Ag(CN)2-1 + Ag+→Ag[Ag(CN2)](s)
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Ex. A 500-mg sample containing NaCN required 23.50 mL of 0.1255 M
AgNO3 to obtain a permanent turbidity. Express the result of this
analysis as % CN-.
a. 15.34% b. 23.01% c. 17.25% d. 30.67%
b. Determination of Nickel
An ammoniacal solution of nickel is treated with a measured
excess of standard cyanide solution and the excess of standard AgNO 3
solution according to the reactions:
Addition of Excess Cyanide: Ni(NH3)6+3 + 4CN-1 +6H2O → Ni(CN)4-1
+6NH4OH
Back Titration with Ag+: 2CN-1 + Ag+ → Ag(CN)2-1
Endpoint: Ag(CN)2-1 + Ag+ → Ag[Ag(CN)2](s)
Ex. A 750.25-mg of alloy nickel was dissolved and treated to remove
the impurities. The ammoniacal solution was treated with 50 mL of
0.1075 M KCN and the excess cyanide required 2.25 mL of 0.00925 M
AgNO3. Determine %Ni in the alloy.
a. 20.86% b. 37.69% c.10.43% d. 41.27%
Reduction-Oxidation. These “redox” titrations involve the titration of
an oxidizing agent with a reducing agent, or vice versa. An oxidizing
agent gains electrons and a reducing agent loses electrons in a reaction
between them. There must be a sufficiently large difference between
the oxidizing and reducing capabilities of these agents for the reaction
to go to completion and give a sharp end point; that is, one should be a
fairly strong oxidizing agent (strong tendency to gain electrons) and the
other a fairly strong reducing agent (strong tendency to lose electrons).
You can use appropriate indicators for these titrations, or you may
employ various electrometric means to detect the end point.
Combining Ratio, also (f)
OXIDANT
KMnO4 (a) 5
8 | ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

KMnO4 (b,n) 3 Ex. A 0.200-g sample of pyrolusite is analyzed for manganese content
K2Cr2O7 6 as follows. Add 50.0 mL of a 0.100 M solution of ferrous ammonium
I2 2 sulfate to reduce the MnO2 to Mn+2. After reduction is complete, the
MnO2 2 excess ferrous ion is titrated in acid solution with 0.0200 M KMnO 4,
requiring 15.0 mL. Calculate the percent manganese in the sample as
REDUCTANT Mn3O4 (only part or none of the manganese may exist in this form, but
Na2C2O4 (C2O4-2) 2 we can make the calculations on the assumption that it does). Ans.
FeSO4 (Fe+2) 1 66.74%
Na2S2O3 1
KI 1 Ex. A hydrogen peroxide solution is analyzed by adding a slight excess
Fe metal 2 of standard KMnO4 solution and back-titrating the unreacted KMnO 4
with standard Fe+2 solution. A 0.587-g sample of the H2O2 solution is
As2O3 4
taken, 25.0 mL of 0.0215 M KMnO 4 is added, and the back-titration
H2O2 2
requires 5.10 mL of 0.112 M Fe2+ solution. What is the percent H2O2 in
Cu+ 1
the sample? Ans. 6.13%
Ex. What is the molarity of a KMnO 4 solution standardized against
Ex. A sample of a pyrolusite weighs 0.5000 g. To this is added 0.6674 g
1.356 gram Na2C2O4 (134 g/mol) requiring 25.1 mL of the solution in
of As2O3 and dilute acid. After solvent action has ceased, the excess
acidic medium MnO2. Ans. 78.19%?
three-valent arsenic is titrated with 45.00 mL of 0.1000 N KMnO 4.
a)0.161 M b. 0.403 M c. 1.008 M d. 0.856 M
Calculate the oxidizing power of the pyrolusite in terms of percentage
Ex. The percentage of MnO2 in a 500 mg sample which after the
addition of 80.00 mL of 0.1056 M FeSO4 solution required 8.50 mL of
0.0867 M K2Cr2O7 is
a)33.52% b. 35.00% c. 17.50% d. 67.04%

Ex. A 240-mg sample of pyrolusite was treated with excess KI. The
iodine liberated required 46.24 mL of 0.1105 M Na 2S2O3 solution.
Calculate the % MnO2 in the sample.
a)46.27% b. 30.85% c. 92.54% d. 76.12%

Ex. A sample of iron ore weighing 385.6 mg was dissolved in acid and
passed through a Jones redactor. If the resulting solution required
52.36 mL of 0.01436 M K2Cr2O7 for titration, calculate % Fe3O4 (231.55
g/mol) in the ore sample.
a)15.05% b. 45.15% c. 90.30% d. 67.98%

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