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Fluid Mechanics

Bernoulli’s Theorem Apparatus

Objective
To verify the Bernoulli’s equation using the Venturimeter (Law of Conservation of Energy)

Introduction
In fluid dynamics, Bernoulli's principle states that for an inviscid flow, an increase in the speed of
the fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential
energy. Bernoulli's principle can be derived from the principle of conservation of energy. This states
that “in a steady continuous flow of a frictionless incompressible fluid, the sum of the Potential
head, the pressure head & the Kinetic head is the same at all points”. In fact, there are different
forms of the Bernoulli equation for different types of flow; the simple form of Bernoulli's principle
is valid for incompressible flows (e.g. most liquid flows) and also for compressible flows (e.g. gases)
moving at low Mach numbers.

A fluid body can possess the types of energy, namely;

 Potential energy
 Pressure energy
 Kinetic energy

Potential Energy is the energy possessed by the fluid body by virtue of its position or location in
space.
Pressure Energy is the energy possessed by the fluid body by virtue of the pressure at which it is
maintained.
Kinetic Energy is the energy possessed by the fluid body by virtue of its motion.

Description
The present apparatus is a self contained unit operated on a closed circuit basis consisting of sump
tank, collecting tank (delivery Tank), over head tank connected to Venturimeter with connections
to Piezometer tubes at different sections. A constant steady supply of water by means of mono
block pump-set with outlet delivery valve for flow control. There is also a provision for
measurement of flow rate thus the velocity.

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Procedure
1. Fill-in the Sump Tank with clean water.
2. Keep the delivery valve open.
3. Connect the power cable to 1 Ph, 220V, 6 Amps with neutral and earth connections
4. Switch-ON the pump. Now, you will find water flowing to the over head tank through
venturimeter.
5. Now, you may observe the different piezometric heads for corresponding points of
venturimeter for constant supply head & delivery head.
6. Note down all the piezometric readings & pressure head at particular point are also noted
separately by bringing the inserted probe to that point.
7. Note down the time taken for height of water collected in the collecting tank provided
downstream of the setup.
8. Change the delivery head by changing the overflow pipe and repeat the experiment.

Things to Remember
1. While conducting experiment ensure that the drain valves provided underneath the
overhead tank are kept at full closed condition.
2. While taking collecting reading (time for ‘n’ cm water rise) ensure that the valve provided
left hand side of the tank must be closed completely.
3. Avoid rounding of values for better results.
4. If needed any colouring agent can be added to the water so as to legibly view the pressure
values indicated in the pressure distribution scale.

Precautions

1. Do not start the pump, if the supply voltage is less than 180V (phase to phase voltage).
2. Do not forget to give electrical earth & neutral connections correctly.
3. Initially, fill-in the tank with clean water free from foreign material.
4. It is recommended to use clean water to avoid scale formation on venturimeter.
5. At least once in a week, operate the unit for five minutes to prevent clogging of any rotating
and moving parts.
6. To start and stop the supply pump, always keep the delivery valve (Wheel Valve) partially/
full open.
7. Drain out the water from the sump & overhead tank and clean it with a cotton cloth, if you
are not operating the equipment.
8. In case of any major faults, please write to manufacturer and do not attempt to repair.
9. Damage incurred due to mishandling of Equipment Company will not be responsible for
such cases.
Observations

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Time taken
Balancing
for ‘R’ cm
Static Head, mm of water head
rise of
S.No ‘mm’
water ‘T’s

P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10
Area
491 357 245 153 120 150 202 279 369 471
mm²
1
2
3

Calculations Table

Pipe
Data
Length P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10
P1

Area mm² 491 357 245 153 120 150 202 279 369 471

Discharge
Velocity Head
Total Head
Discharge
Velocity Head
Total Head

Formulae

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Fluid Mechanics

i) Velocity

Q
V= m/s
a
Where,
Q = Flow rate in m/s
a = Area of venturi section in m2

ii) Discharge

AxR
Q= m3 /s
100 x t

Where,
A = Area of collecting tank = 0.041 m2
R = Rise of water level in collecting tank in cm
t = Time taken for ‘R’ cm rise of water in collecting tank

iii) Total Head

¿ ( Pressure Head+ Kinetic Head + Potential Head )

2
¿ ( Head at Point ∈cm
100 )(
+
Velocity
2g
+ )(
Delivery Head∈cm
100 )

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 Sample Readings and Calculation

Length of
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10
TAPPINGS pipe
Head at Point in cm 32.2 30.8 27.4 17.9 8.6 13.8 22.6 25.4 26.8 27.8
0.00049 0.00035 0.00024 0.00015 0.00012 0.00015 0.00020 0.00027 0.00036 0.00047
Area of Venturi in m2 1 7 5 3 3 3 2 9 9 1
Delivery Head in cm 26.3 26.3 26.3 26.3 26.3 26.3 26.3 26.3 26.3 26.3
Time for 5 cm of water in sec 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3
Area of Collecting tank in 300mm
0.041 0.041 0.041 0.041 0.041 0.041 0.041 0.041 0.041 0.041
m2
2.47E- 2.47E- 2.47E- 2.47E- 2.47E- 2.47E- 2.47E- 2.47E- 2.47E- 2.47E-
Discharge in m3/s 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 04
Velocity in m/s 0.50 0.69 1.01 1.61 2.01 1.61 1.22 0.89 0.67 0.52
Total Head in m 0.60 0.60 0.59 0.57 0.55 0.53 0.57 0.56 0.55 0.56

TAPPINGS P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10
Head at Point in cm 34.1 33.5 31.8 27.3 22.2 24.6 29.4 30.7 31.4 31.9
0.00049 0.00035 0.00024 0.00015 0.00012 0.00015 0.00020 0.00027 0.00036 0.00047
Area of Venturi in m2 1 7 5 3 3 3 2 9 9 1
Delivery Head in cm 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29
Time for 5 cm of water in sec 11.62 11.62 11.62 11.62 11.62 11.62 11.62 11.62 11.62 11.62
350mm
Area of Collecting tank in
0.041 0.041 0.041 0.041 0.041 0.041 0.041 0.041 0.041 0.041
m2
1.76E- 1.76E- 1.76E- 1.76E- 1.76E- 1.76E- 1.76E- 1.76E- 1.76E- 1.76E-
Discharge in m3/s 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 04
Velocity in m/s 0.36 0.49 0.72 1.15 1.43 1.15 0.87 0.63 0.48 0.37
Total Head in m 0.64 0.64 0.63 0.63 0.62 0.60 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.62

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Sample Calculation
Velocity
Q
V= m/s
a

0.000247
¿
0.000491
¿ 0.50 m/s

Discharge
AxR 3
Q= m /s
100 x t
0.041 x 5
¿
100 x 8.3
¿ 2.47 x 10−4 m3 /s

Total Head
¿ ( Pressure Head+ Kinetic Head+ Potential Head )

2
¿ ( Head at Point ∈cm
100 )(
+
Velocity
2g
+ )(
Delivery Head∈cm
100 )
2
+( )
32.2 0.50 26.3
¿( ) +(
100 2 x 9.81 100 )
¿ 0.6 0 m

Graph
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 40

35

30

25

20
Head

Distance Vs Head
15 Distance Vs Head

10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Distance

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