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Chapter 2 Chapter 11
Instantaneous Power
Simple example:
i(t)
Term 1
Term 2
Total
Average Real Active Power
Is it possible to compute average active power using phasors?
1
P = Vm I m cos(θ v − θ i )
2
v(t ) = Vm cos(ωo t + θ v ) V = Vm ∠θ v
i (t ) = I m cos(ωot + θ i ) I = I m ∠θ i
P Q
1 " 1 1 1
S= VI = (Z × I )I " = I m2 R + j I m2 X = P + jQ
2 2 2 2
1 2 1
∴P = I m R and Q = I m2 X
2 2
1
Apparent power (VA) S = S = Vm I m
2
Special Cases
V = Vm ∠θ v , I = I m ∠θ i
1
Resistor S = P + jQ = Vm I m Active power only
2
(θv − θI = 0)
1
Inductor S = P + jQ = j Vm I m Reactive power only
2
(θv − θI = 90º)
1
Capacitor S = P + jQ = − j Vm I m Reactive power only
2
(θv − θI = −90º)
Conservation of AC Power
S Source = S Load
P Source = PLoad
Q Source = QLoad
t
t o +T
e 1
dt
2
P=I R eff Veff = v 2
T to
if applied to voltage
Special Case - Sinusoid
v(t ) = Vm cos(ω ot + φ )
1 t o +T
RMS value Vrms =
T to
v 2 (t )dt arbitrary to
1 t o +T
2
= Vm cos 2 (ωot + φ )dt
T to
1 t o +T 2 1 + cos 2(ω o t + φ )
=
T
to
Vm
2
dt
Vm
=
2
Average = 0.5
2 1
cos ( A) = [1 + cos(2 A)]
2
Power Definitions in RMS
v(t ) = Vm cos(ωot + θ v ) Vrms = Vrms ∠θ v
i (t ) = I m cos(ωot + θ i ) I rms = I rms ∠θ i
V V V
Z = rms = rms ∠(θ v − θ i ) = m ∠(θ v − θ i )
I rms I rms Im
1
Complex power (VA) S = VI " = Vrms I *rms = Vrms I rms ∠(θ v − θ i ) = P + jQ
2
How?
Before
correction
After
correction
Old
New
Note I = IL + IC
Old
Since
New
Example A.1
Given
120-Vrms, 60-Hz source.
4-kW, 0.8-lagging-power-factor load.
Find C needed to get new power factor
of 0.95.
Old
New
4 kW
Topics
AC Power Definitions
Effective or RMS Value
Power Factor Correction
Voltage Regulation
Voltage Regulation
Another usage of capacitors is for voltage regulation.
Voltage regulation means improving voltage profiles
within power systems.
Better illustrated with simplified power system below.
Distribution line
(Usually inductive)
Generator Load
Voltage Regulation
1
I I= Vs
R + jωL
+ Vline - R
Vr = Vs = RI
R + jωL
jωL
Vline = Vs = jωLI
R + jωL
Vr and I are in phase, while Vline is 90° ahead of I anticlockwise.
Vs = Vr + Vline Vline
I Vr
Vr obviously shorter than Vs, and will become even shorter as R
reduces to draw more current or power ( ).
Voltage Regulation
I What will happen if consumer
adds capacitor C?
+ Vline -
R // (1 jωC )
Vr,new = Vs
R // (1 jωC ) + jωL
R
=
R (1 − ω LC ) + jωL
2
Vs
R
Vr,old = Vs
R + jωL
Vr,new > Vr,old
In other words, Vr does not drop as much with C (and its
accompanied Qc) added for voltage regulation.
More interesting observations can be viewed by plotting
⁄ with respect to C (see next page).
Voltage Regulation
⁄ with respect to C
Observation
With properly sized C, can
be made even larger than
Voltage Regulation
Static semiconductor
switches studied later
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