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    Reforming Chile

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    26 views153 pages

    Reforming Chile

    Uploaded by

    RodrigoCarrilloLopez
    Reforming Chile

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 153
    4 4 PATRICK BARR-MELEJ Reforming | Chile Cultural Politics, Nationalism, and the Rise of the Middle ¢ (Chapel il and London Seva Leper Tee Rape Typing ne Mand inthe ied Sento Amer “Thee he bok mt pif pon ed Aha Ser Sos op Corey Comoro Posi SA [Capen ad Tr, Sage) Porc Chapters san «appre insight om in “Conboy nl Cmnrins Nao Repti far ‘Lien PssPoraan chefs ri Se 0 (Petey, sey perio Cambie erty Fe Ber ely Paik lenin Chie aa plies and hee ofthe de ce esr clk ape) er tga pe) eee oti-den coon for Abraham Melej Nazar and Violeta Gonzalez Ossandén, buelosqueridos/beloved grandparents Contents Acknowledgments x Abbreviations Incodustion ¢ ‘ATroubled Belle Epoque 19 [Nationalists 5 Reverting Chile Crime sl che Generation of1900 77 Prose, Polite, and Patra from Alessandsl tothe Popular Font 103 ForCulture and Country Midle-Cass Reformers in Public Education yt ‘Teaching the “Nation” #7 ‘The The Bs Readers, Represetasions, and Reform at Epilogue 29 Notes 239 Iublogrphy 207 Index at Illustrations Arvur Alesandri Pala upon winning the ‘presidental election of 120 32 ‘Nicos Palais, physician and anchor of esaclene 59 aso the southern Cental Vale, cus 8 Marino Laon, teaches, diplomat and weiter 98 Mara Brune, author of Monta aden 122 Joaquin Baars ll author of Elo 24 "The zamaces, Chile's national elk dance 38 De. Carlos Femdndes esa, president of the Navona education Astociation 157 Schoolhidee, a 1930 165 Peso Aguire Ceeda, presidential andidace ofthe Popular Frontin 938 202 Adowledgments “The pincipal questions in chisbook germinated fom sed of cose chat Arnold J Bauer an Tscaterd to che wind awe walked 2 cafe on mild springtime ay in Davis, Calfornia—a day quiesinslar to thosein Santiago ‘round October, minus the smog. Over the year, gest many people inche United Sates and Cale silaed conditioned ad fcitaeed hi say ‘volton. ake grea pease in expressing my grasa to chem ere wth ‘he practical elton that {cannot pou hank all ny teachers, cob leagues, and stent have enriched my academic ie int and foremou this book could not have been competed, and ny ie would not be comple, without my wife, Melisa Bar With lve patience, Ted kindoes the has alvays upported nd encouraged my desir vo study Iistry in a wort che sems role more practical” professions. While tele with this manip, she pracouly tock upon her shoulders a dir proportional amount of cil rearing, though the authors increasing dex ‘erty allowed for typing with one hand and keeping ou eather sisted ‘odes, vs ou of touble wich the other wish expres loving apreci ‘onto my her, Roger Bae an wid ender whose psi for story and taste for books surely had something o do wich my caret choice. 1 pro aan thank ony nocher, Cinthia Mele de Harr, or giving mete inne ‘hn chat I wl fever old des, Over the course of chee daades, oy atetshave nope he les of many thewsundsof Mexican Eworkens ‘n California, and Tam inspite by thee callece sense of purpose and dedication, T warmly hank my mentor a the Univesity of California a Berkley “alo Hapern-Donghi for his thoughtful hep. As thematic and method logical “favors ofthe mont” come and go, his immense knowledge and wide sangingintorees arecxamples forueall Amol Baer a UC Davi, my fend and teacher, assisted me during the entire couse of this projet, lays making ime co review chapter drafts meticulously and perhaps bert, ofall, exchange choughes ove Some gases of the lates vitae of Dos Patos {am also grateful o Jl Ramos fr sharing his insight into asin Ameri’ reraate and inelstal lew, and Chases Walker for teaching ‘mea gest del about the aa acne and forhearing me ou when Iva Austere MargaetChowning keen reader and criti, ays offered sage schice and ind wore of suppor hy grate goes tn James Cane, who ‘ut complex cing in the lene of terns Jim's fitendship and teemer ous izle enriched my doctoral ty a erkley and oneribued inno small way othe making of this book Claudio Robles Ortiz shared with me Ii knowlege of Chile's academy and historiography and graciously read ‘he manuscript wile busily working on his disertaton. He avays makes that chin land on che eg of the earch seem much close. also chan ‘Willis Skubaa, Andrew Wood, aula De Vos, Ver Candin, and Jae Aguila for her comradeship, Moreover, I cannot go without relaying my deep appreciation to Lee Terkelsen, who caught ne how co ask important ‘quetsions, andro F Roy Wil, whose poe nd luminatnglctites n ‘modern Europea history helped brig mediation and resolve to a once sniferene undergrads ‘While researching in Saigo, spent many hous engaged in abuorbing Alscussons with Profesors Bemardo Subecasaue, Alfred Joey, [ais Orgs, Eduardo Devs and Florencia Mallon, io whom I express ap preciaton th adivon, Luis Durand Je andthe distinguished author Las ‘Merino Reyes-stil widhoue a muck deserved National Leratue Award kindy accepedinceviews that envched my understanding of Chilean ul ure apd ih eaters My thanks goto the tl of che Archivo Nacional de (Chie nctdng Mara del Caron Montanetthe pessonnel of he Archivo el Siglo XX, especialy Sandea God; Ctl Oyarnn and Carmen Mo ‘anda the Bose del Congreso Nacional andthe stafffhe Biot ‘Nacional, especialy Juan Camu, director of Ue library's Secin de Rete fenvias Cesta, More chan a docen people a these ses patently accepeed untes photocopy sequest and cated around hundred of dhty vol ‘ames. Mary month of esearch woud have bee Fcigung without theca ‘maraderie of Claudio Barientog,whote intellect and sense of humor made for memorable and pleasantly long) lncheson smog afternoons, a ell, 28 the lve and hosptalty of my fami and around Santiaga. Caos “Zexceno of he Univesity of Chilealse became s supportive fend aso an Actnolegments st Jndeeed to Maia Soledad de la Cerda 2 che Cosorio Peoiaicn de Chile the functionaries a he Archive Focoprafio of the Museo Histco [Nasional and Femando Purcal, Financial sappor fom Berkley in she form ofa Graduate Opporsuniy Fela funded much of the esearch fortis study am alo grate 0 the Mellon Foundation, which generously supported he eas inca tions of chi projet wih a dsertavion prospectus ellahipand det: tion writeap Fellowship. nadtion, Beckley’s Cente for Latin American Seas fanded exploratory an preliminary rscrch, a id Humanities Research Gran from the Graduate Dion ofthe university. ‘Many of the people mendaned above kindly rea and commenced | laper das, Those who ial read the manuscript for the University of ‘Nowh Carolina Press offered valuable comments and aggestons hat most emocratize culeate by way of obligatory primary edition, and Chapters ‘amines the development of nationals eacings in Chiles nemly amp fe pedagogical complex. The ler chapter emphasizes the cea oe played by reformersin che promulgation of decrees and protools that were ‘esgned to foster nationals in public schools and By extension realize ‘idalelass hegemony. Chapres 7 emnonstrates how reformers seeking co build consensus among flow Chilean repding concepts sch a pat ra, and etizenship relied tei iss by way of minsty-approved tex ‘books chac were assembled forall lets of staeieted schooling Com ‘ing sis sey san epilogue ia which the ramieatons of midale-cas ‘eformis scleral paises, andes masons ae ate Unviente de evlucgn sopabs ene pais sunenro npwans finda aici, 1938 A Troubled Belle Epoque __» ‘The Parliamentary Republi ke che ety Janu, bared more han ne fae Iewasaneraoflong ecm economic growth ised on npn indurtilice sion and he geologic exploitation of sordhern Chile's ad expanses, Paty poles operated reltelyunfererod when compazed with other Latin American nations and aristocrats sipped mpored xs in salons while om \ersing abou sues ofthe day and the lest Paria publications, The wealthy enjoyed eis tothe OL! Weed, deparmene sores showcased the lates European frhions formen and women, and, by the 90 che rowing, ‘mle clas began expanding ts barrio in Saniaga and her ies Iwas rotuncommon for hele boas about chee fine counts. One conser "ve newspaper, for example claimed in 8 chat Chileans” especially afl enc and demure women-were recognized throughout ehe wold for het morality” and elegant wardrobe! Bull was no wll he republic The century’ ely years a bloody confonction between workers and the stave, bj qUalr in working cass neighborhoods and ining comm nities oneof the words highest infine mortality eatesararaging page of tuberculosis, shor-tem economic ere, and legislative, minister, and sulminstrative ination cha hameved the development of iiivs 0 ea wich profound secioeconomie and demographic transformations. A crt in the eformise newspaper Lat Li capered the daker side of the Patamentary Repl on independence Day in 1903 "The decline o the sation is learn plits, in administration, in wealth, and morality in 20 Tou Bele Fpoque general”! Contrasting acounts ofthe perio ar ered ehroughout the press and other cronies of pb ie. Whi che oligarchy pratsed itself Forkaving cena acrillo belle poque, reformers of themesocracy pointed to the uppercase inepicade and psig Social question that, ile ‘anaddresed, eventual wold lead fo revolution. “This chapter examines sociopolitical tensions asocard with economic ‘modernization aswell asthe Chilean site’ calearal practices between che ‘gos an the rape oestablsh 2 context Fr subsequent discussions ofthe ‘eformise movements mision to diplceolgatehic power and mga the social question chrough che demoeratizaion of culate andthe propa {gation ofan alternative nationalism Iedorssoina genera schematic way by ‘iscutsing che republic's politcal eviconmenc; he is ofthe Rada Pay {PR) a a posenepoiical pyr; the soil question’ emergence im urban secitysand he cli scoleal tastes and halts. Throughout his eae, 3 arate fabrics woven that connects any lnesof ana varying ss, tnd adverse assortment of axors to offer a epesty of politcal, socal and ‘ula pater ‘The Portalian Project, José Manuel Balmaceds, and civil War _Aweachioving independence in 88, Chileans experienced more than a decade ofthe inal polic carmoil common to neatly every nascent Latin Ametican republic: General Bernardo Higgins, the egiimate son ‘ofan Inch born bureauerae who governed colonial Chile nthe le ih tech century, assumed the reigns of che new government afer the ces tion of hostilies Aes, che balk of the lie aeceped O'Higgins’ mi liberal notions an authoritarian practices but his ouster cae 8 when supporters grew weny of is quasicitatorial demeanor. The presidencies ‘€ Oggi (ta), the gervinely liberal Ramon Freie (89-27), and Francis Antoni Pinto (8735)~a span during which the county had fur consicutons caused ages deal of rastration among conservatives “The eal republic ached he conden ofmany members ofthe new repeb lian polarity and informed etizens who considered che inne stare dysfunctional News of cil wari Argentina, moreover, ed Fear oF ‘aoe and anarhy in Cie Using» dispute ver che vce presidential he tions fo eheiadvantag, conser neces (not collie a ‘the pln ot "big wigs) Beaded by Valparaiso businessman Diego Po tales lunched a revolt eat ended the Meal ime in Api 30, ero Aroubed Bell Bpque cing the projec inicated by O'Higgine. Pore’ hand-picked nominee for president, Joaguin Preto, ook power in 8, thus begining the so called Porralian Republic The constistion of 1835, which swept aay he [eral enseetion of, was then promulsted Centralized executive authority Formed he basis of the new consi sion. Palieal might owed fom Santiago, snd the executive poses {emergency powers to govern the nation whenever he dete it heey However should not be infred chic executives of he Portalian period snatched the bait of Argentine calla Juan Manel de Ross tote similar characters. Simon Collie explains chat "Chile managed so pa stop (o disorder wichou accepting a personal eyanny. By cresting srg but ‘msperonal authority the Chileans were abe o pave way fr later cons tutional government and he etablshmentofa genuinely democratic trad ‘on™ While the ower brokers ofthe Portalan sytem eecurrendy ds regarded the poll rinpls of liberal (ailing opponents was not «xaordiary) chy ovesawa steady growth in fregn eade—an ingredient of economic iberalsm~from the 308 the trom The vale of external trade in, for example, stood a $7 milion. The gure increas 0 $74 rilion by 175. Led bythe bustling snl economicaly etal port of Val Paraiso, Chiles prolonged economic expansion mould not have osc ‘without advance in nfsraceure. The govenmen and private Clean in ‘estrs fr instance, cogethe sanced dhe importaneSancago-Vlparaiso raload line bul by Norh American Henry Meg, Foreign ivetment, hows, mained meager before he mitate cra Sturdy but adapee, Portales consttuional sce weathered che as sassination of is maser builder (Portales war shoe in 87), a prorated Jeernaional confer the 1305, and 90 cl wars inthe go bu even ‘wally succumbed co intrelie discord aver the dseibucon of police power. By the lage 18s, the spoof vcory in the War ofthe Paci began paying hee nancial deidends to the easy, conflict mounted beewcen the Portlan systems defenders and section ofthe ollie auchy thar wanted to Lint presdensial authority and expand leplaie fnluence. After she hand fought elon of Che's ie Liberal president in 1861, Liberal and Conservative notables maintained an asangerene ran tng presidential succession chat propelled members of each party to the siden pace This Liberal Conserve amalgim cootibued ¢o po lial sabi for mich ofthe second hal of the nineteenth cenery ‘hough peesidenal eleeons di nor go withouc heated pla relight, “Tensions were especialy acute daring the presidency of Jost Mane Bal > Aruba frog ‘cid (886-09) abel and defender of dhe consations sts on ‘cute progativ. Nirate proason in che once Pervian and Bolivian arid north spared conomicproah and goveramen pending during the os. Exporerser ‘om the frie yield jst ose al fall gowernmene revenue in 890, 2 stzate mining enterprises, ike thote owned by che Englishman John “Thounas North, ened ge profs. Between 186 and 890 alone, went ‘one Brie owed operations wetestaredin the nitrate ne Acconing, Population swelled in northern mining habs such 8 Ancofaasta, bic {ries population lin from 5384175 1212852 The growch of turban cntersin the north and the conglomeration of thousands of workers 2nd thi aie in poor living conditions led he proliferation of poli {al movements ant ieologies chat, by the Kes decade of the weatieth ‘eneury, prompted violent crackdowns cat left hundteds de and thov “Sands move deeply esntol he oigatchicenablahmen's headed tppmach othe soil question ‘Ashlea demographic snd economic paterns changed inthe os, the eed fr inestment in il public works an cher infastructoe came pparen co many Fifen new rioade spanning mor than 1380 ome ters were constructed inthe Nore Chic, the Cental Valley, and soe fs provinces Gusing the Balmaceda administaon. Fic new pmary Schools were constructed Between 1886 ad 88, prcily helping expand ‘he etal seen population naconvde fram 79,000 to 140,000. tna ‘ion, anew medical schol hospi, nd an ar schoo were among che ‘many aoe public projects inthe expt that were sponsored by the Bal Imaceds administration® Although Bulmacelas accomplishments looked ‘goo on paper, che manne in which he exercised power progressively erp ‘led his ably to hep his plead, including intrest (uch as he PR) thathadsupporedhiscandiacy in 986. By the second year of che Halmaceda administration, dep resenement was vide among prkaenaia who complained ofthe excctve branch's redlingin election, the presidents for dcres acer dan epslatve policy making, and his throne regarding che posible expansion of che ‘ate oes itrste production. Once rat wo coun, Alberto Edvard commented tat eh nineteenth cencury had sen 2 gradual democratiza thom ofthe polis system: Balmaceda, however, swam agaist chi dea “aw of history”~and, ultimately, was defeated in his atepe © concinae the "monacha action” of Spanish colonialism and Postales? Theres ‘mach co Edward's obseraton. Inthe wake of Chile's micensury ci cf, an agreement was established intr that losened the ecutive ‘branch's gp om polseal power wich eschewing is cen olin govern rene decision making Electoral efor, which ncaded the expansion of sage co all males over went Sve years of ag, follows dace a Iiistatons fhe ros and ety on But Edwards ane almaceise the ast, displayed a ai for cxggeraton when he fastened the Badge Hispanic monatchisn on Balace’s preside ‘The ssue of mtrates, 2 major point of contention hewn Balmscedists and cher enemies n the Congres, became paramount by ir, When Bl ‘aceda opened che new legislative sein on June rf tha yea, hep gested thar his goveenmear woud adopt anew way of deling with foreign tert involved in trate production "ess aeBeingentetined ihn the adminstacon gang mean that would permit che naionlzation [not sae ownership bu ownership by Chilean national eo che extent woul be racic of Chilean sndastrss chat roday bea epic n the hands of Foreigners Balmacea's deacon the Congress harshly crtczed che presiden’snammatryeketorcn sich newspapers a che conserve I Indgendins and Bl Exantarte Cato, bach of Santiags. "eating the posible ss ft invexmen capital andtheirhigh earings, Skisheneepreneurs (ch as North called suppor among pliamen ‘arian in defense of lisse. The growing nit thin Chile's poi lee ove raze capital and ever app procs that a the Libera CConservacive amalgam dsipate forthe me beng “The polcal and consccutioalsicuation worsened in 1890, when the president looked pick sucetsoro win the upeomingeleton of 4 Porn custom, Liberal an affluent landowner Ennigue Salvador San: fuentes was Balmacedss man tn light ofthe faethe Sanfuentes had tice within hi own party, oe co meton among consrratres, an open steugle ensued wii the poiical hierarchy over presidental sucesion and she mature of supreme authorey in general. Tired af de president's ‘acti, a congressional majonty agreed shat Balaceda was no Hg eo serve, alma reference othe legiative ody as 2 "bastard parlamen tary system" only named che session? To make maces worse fr Bal smacea, heightened politcal ensions in Santiago were matched by growing vunrestin che trate enters in g0 when acyl downturn in che ning sconomy prompred lage demoastrations inthe northern region. When tensions within the pla leadershipreached an apexintaesioo nde io. acii war erupted" elated ine months, conting helvesof some en ‘ousand Chileans and markingthe endothe Portalan sem, Theeyy 124 Auld Ble poque of Chilean srt, in shore, sa che moe vilene outbreak of iho. tlie since cher ‘As the guns fall len an Balmaceds ly dead from 2 seine gun shor wound, such notable palamenarans as Joga Walker Marines, Isidore Eeriurie reurz, and Mantel Jose Yariv (so spelled ear ese began formating ane parlamentcencered system of governance ‘ander the authority ofa provisional janes Month ater, naval pai Jorge ‘Mone became the Bre post Portalanpesidenc and later tabbed PR figure Enrique Mac ve «Balmacsdasupporter-turmed enemys head the Minis ‘ay ofthe Treaty (the higher appointment fora Radical otha ae) ‘December the president open discs amnesty forall il warcom- trata After two amnesty lw were sued in 9, the rnc down Bal aceite were soon involved inthe workings OF goverment once more ia the Liberal Demoerabe Party (Pardo Liberal Democratic, or PLD), whieh ‘became a sgfcane player patiamentry polities Stab esers, bad record, Yes, asthe new paskamentary order matuced, other socal and poiscal actors, including the PR, roseeo challenge it ‘TheNew Republic “The peviod known asthe Patiamenary Republic the name derives rom che legislative bran primacy in governmental firs) bagan with the ouster of Balmaceda-the last "Portlian’”execuive-and ended wid the prom {ston af he consituion of 95 and plical inerventon by ehe Chilean tla, The exer, who enjoyed nde powers under dhe Pctaianss- tem, was srpped of eugene authority bythe victors inthe 89 onic, tnd moe ofthe devsion making power fhe government sifted the (Chamber of Deputies and che Senate. Bucwichoucleary defined eadecsip tsmanatng from the execute branch oe 3 clocure rule in either eisai body, paismencary debates send endless and wees "Political paces (Gone with an ourighe majority inthe Chamber oe Senate were, aecordiag to erties often consumed by sl nteres and scheming fr the nex ec ‘on* In mide only two yeas fer the vl wa, Radical depaty Fea ‘Seo Pula Tupper, appearing ata party assembly in Santiago, express ‘rowing rancor within the PR coward palamentary polis by stating that, the dreaded move the “icatrship of the falesYereaatl or Walker ‘Martine han Ee icatrship"ofBalmaceda. Parliamentary salemates caused by aifaion procedures Fr ministerial routed ee Bpoqne 5 sppointmeats and repeated standoffs ver che national budget cana ‘neo concnual chaos wien the exceuive branch, Some eighty-nie dir at cabinets ere formed and dissed over the course of even pesiental _Mminstracions between 891 and 935d, without 2 powerful executive © serve asa political rade, some sy ferent minites were formed be tveen ot and 9s each with a average fe of only four months lake ‘more notes that “Chil experienced in hes yest the dictatorial gover ‘mene nor miliary intervention and these were pare of valuable historical ‘eaicon which she parliamentary esodundetine.Bucce price was stl cation of ministerial inte [andthe] lack of long eer planning. Iesnot surprising thatthe strains on the scl fic of Chile were acute by ‘heend ofthe period "* “The legislative branchiscntaliy inthe Palamentary Republic estab lished a medium for che pelferation of party pics. The elector ld guard of the Poralian years the Conservative, Liberal, National, and Rad {al puri) was now acompanie by che Balmaceic Liberal-Detoctat and perhaps more important two poll pais chat changed the cone of Chie’ poiacaleonversation Asche mene playersn he poll ge, he Democratic ary (Paci Democtticn, or PD) ley dhe lawyer Nalaguie Concha, nd dhe Socialist Weckers Pay (Partido Obra Soil, oF POS) ‘of former Democrat Lis Emilio Reeabaren brought rete attencion to the ongoing socal question. Radical, meanwhile, slowly increased het representation in che Chamber of Depucies and Senate The Democrats an ‘ensemble of asa, workers and Former Raials wh had grown ted of the PR's cetrism bur remained commited o reform, extaliched hei partyin 85 inthe name of hepolticleonomis and sacl beston of the people” The PD largely remained on the margins of Uberal oaions une the 20s and aspects of platform (which nde planks egading obligatory education and eanomie protections) were championed by ‘more signcane parties, nclading the PR Reaburtes POS, «precesor ‘ofthe Chilean Communist Pat (Pardo Comanzes de Chile, or PCC), lko Fale orally much electoral suppor dring the Palamenary yeas, ‘though is acces among labor unions made tan nue minor pty Founded in i, the POS sought radial socal change through puletaian sci and atric congsese in 9 actively engagedin the orgeniza- tion and radicalization of rade sions Recast, who some beleve me ‘Lenin during a European trip, became 2 symbolic leader for the mid- and late went century Cle Late ater hie dsch in 934. Sates show steady increase i the electoral pl ofthe Democracs 26. AToubied Bele Epoque fier the sum ofthe century, wile he POS lagged behind. PD candidates forthe Chamber of Deputies garnered 42 percent ofthe ote i 19a (uF Frage mas imicd to ales over the age of ewe), 79 percent 035,65 pcent in 9, and 12-4 percent in 19a During the same period, the PR ‘mainsinal electoral supremacy over the Democrats, boasting 166 percent Of che vee in the Chamber elections of i That figure doubled 1, tclipsng dhe showing the gianc Conservative ary (arid Conserador, ‘or PC) by some ro percent While both che Conservatives Liberal pris ‘Showed long-term decline in heir electoral suppor within the Chamber Ahring che Patamensary Republic, che Radke and Democrats enjoyed ‘opposing tend. The las shown by Radicalism during the Patiamencry years were clearly the real of rome important Factors: dhe ecaion of pical machinery based om local assemblies, youth groupe, soil cabs, tnd ntl, a well athe expansion of che Clean bureaucracy. Ashe {povernmen re andthe ber professions boomed il soir never {heres number of mesocrats ured oa well-organized PR For solutions to the myriad of pois, scioeconomi, and culatal problems ofthe dy. Birth and Growth of Chilean Radicalism, 18508-18905 by che second decade of he ewenteth enty the PR stood ly in he ene ofthe politcal spectrum, snviced beeen anarchist communist, ‘si scisegroups on one side and che tational paris af heel the other (dhe Conservative, Liberal, and LiberaDemocraic patie). It formed alliances, negotiated some legislate compromises, and added a ‘measure of aby eo aparlamenaty syste thar often stood onthe vege ‘of olapseaing co congressional stalemate and minserial earnover The [arsys moderate rcentit posture ding the Pusiamencary Republic was ‘ately new in a manner of speaking, For mach of ts sory, che PR ‘consti what could be considered the Left and operated on ee margin ‘Fee pol arena uni the Ite chi of the nineteenth centr. In Spied by Earopeancepublicaniem andthe Revolutions of 48, Rae ‘rected aoe of eas and programs ona foundation etablsied by he Tippee of Francisco Billoo, ope of che moat notable fguet—along with Jost Victorino Lataria and Venetian orn Andes Bllo-of nines ‘ceneary Chiles poieal and intelecual circle. Bio lashed out against the legacies of Hispanic colonialism inthe newspaper El Gxpal nthe ‘midge, crcizng che Catholic Church and mach of che governmental cetaque 27 “supersrutre for their conservatis, Moreover, ibs, along wth San ago Aros and the Mata brothers, erable the Society of Equality, an imporean organizational recurso othe PR, in 850 The society dean to the ibeal principles of the Trench abbor Lamennas, openly and voce ‘ous ricci the existing Porlan order and the administration of Pest ene Manuel Baloes (831) 2 public gathesings sx demonstrations. In respons, Bulne's incendant of Santiago outlawed he group, an thee ‘ime racked don onthe opposition press ending the Society f Equal bourne the movemene it spatmed: The administeaton’s quick easton © the organization atest wo the concen generated among conservatives by the liberal Brebrands ‘Artelious agmen ofthe Liberal Paty (Pastdo Liberal or PL) he PR cvalesced during the 1s in the wake of wo ci wars tha shook che ‘epuliies Foundations, and ie came to be a more poet pla force ‘han its organizational peedcesr, the Socey of aly Established in 1861 ad led by such Figres a Giller Mata and Pedro Len Gall, che PResperienceaseady ise frm elatve obscurity In 86 heist Ral ‘Asembly was held ia the ty of Copp an important mining un the deserenorth. Assembles then allowed in La Seren in the Note Chico and later in the southern city of Conceein in 86, Radicals, er becoming imporeanplajersin coalition poli bythe eats, chew thei suppert lend Balmacedss candidacy in 186 bu ater withdrew cei allegiance because ofthe president's defense of execu pee, Enrique Macher and snother Marta brohee, Manuel, were among the more notable Rail ‘who fought oa the side of paramentrsm diingthe cv wae of Ely Radicalism’ base of support largely came frm members of the uban dite dicouraged by che PL eaionalin, southern landowners ‘who had grown tied ofthe Cencral Valley landowning ogatchy's range ho on Chilean politics, and mining entrepreneurs Only dec ter dd ‘the party adopt firmly wan, middleclass base and iden. As mode laaion accelerated after he War of the Pacific an poesia (aches lamers, accounane, journals, bureaserats, and 0 forth increasingly cred to thePRas the more appropriate representative of heirintrest By the end of he nineteenth cencry as Alberto vars eloquently explains, Radicalisn’s rank and le consisted of“men of teen orign—wichout he reditary ies chac bound hem to thesoul of hold culte-edcsedin che eas of ibeey2”™ 88 che party hells esc national omension, which astendesty such standouts ar Mac ver, Manvel Mats, Eduard dela Bae, Vann 38 AToubld ele rogue sis, and Pedro Banaen. The meeting, held in Santiago, touched ona vast of soil issues. On the rpic of public edacation fone cha Ws ‘eral on che back burner fee oigarely’slepisatve agenda), he Ra ‘alae for aaw mandating fe obligatory and secular primary sea ‘on. The pag ls ame forthe “mpeonemen ofthe legal condition of ‘women and "the nroweent of conditions force prolraane and borer The need fo reform measures rom above eo sal mor radial ‘eae for socal change tat were beginning to singe fom below was the ‘ondeying theme of convention dacasion, Whe espousing a sherri of forthe pty lacked let riled program Although eadopted a platform that biely mensional workers and alluded ro eee poor living Contos, the convention remained lacey ene regarding the working ‘lass andthe soil queson-afacrehar may have contbueedothesceady ‘growth of Malaguia Concha’ PD. “Appaent ducing ndsfter he 188 convention was Radia tenon to "order" and “progress” Drawing on notions of scial evolution andthe ‘iological postivm of Comte and Lint che Rada expliciy rejected ‘oleneasameans of social change but, uli mote orthodox postin Licin Americ, dino find aberace, meeps, and univers ones, such ibe, equal, tent, ot che republican spn anachronisele the fa issue of he Radial newspaper La ein 8 he party pledged 0 Fillo 2 course of sca refer withour beeaching the polite! norms oF ‘publican consistonaliam calling the preservation of Legal and social fer reat cause” The key to minting soil pace wa fundamen. taleform chrough the evolution of poiscalinseations, Without rejecing their postive dedication to onder and progres, any Racal endorsed 3 soils dposton during the Brst decade of che century. At the PRS ‘hired national convention held it Sancago in 1906, a tendency in favor of scaled ation de Bad, or "ate rca” emerges prompted the ‘most heated debates oer the party's ideological Foundasion to that dae Speed by che Fee rezor ofthe Pedagogical Insc, Valens ‘ee a Radial Ble touting soil? proposed increased goverment fncervenion in soil and economic afte and in general, espoused 3 nebulous bue powerful noon ofa eollo gemeinschat, of Sorts. Chile's Tongstanding teaiton of upholding fre trade ar an econo pillar was among the primary tages of the party's Leclesan branch, Lei, a ‘Miia of Ort on Bismark’ Germany (system he ened stand Jn hela os, argued on the consention Hoot“ of che cultured peo ‘les ofthe worl have at his moment something of scam in the sense Aroubod ee Bpoque 9 {hac che ook ot for the ieee of society. These so reazon tobe puzaedwhen the Radical ary is called socials; when was bor in pol {allie was also brand, ionclly a soils and lo communist and “amsmoniao [followers ofthe intlletal SaineSimon} aren't we acu tomed:o epithets being put ons? Led by Maciver,Raalism’s conserve wing ardently opposed che “sae soils” tendeney mounting within the patty. The Mac Iver fa tion maineaned hac Radicals shold preserve thei “ndidale” porte when addressing vital national ies. Ma her als gue in for of kee ingehe sareavay rom economical and, at amore moderate Radical on the isue of elencl power, eared that Lesher was showing his [acobin semper when he vrleniericzed churchstate es" Acne pint Mac The and is lowers a he convention cheated to beak with che PR ‘he “socal” plank passed. The party, however, managed fo weather che ‘storm intace. When the rin clouds cleste fom the convention Boor and ‘hear calmed Lecbesposton emerged victorious. The PRs 906 dlr tion of principles emphasized the at esponsibility in impeoring condi sions in such areas as ath and education aling sich invabemene a ‘mora duty" Inadtion, eal upon the sate "cata and create Institutions thc would Be necessary eo beter che conditions” ofthe wore tng laser, which could aie the laboring poor to move eqtable social level All tol, che essence of the 1906 pleform remained cent compe nent of Radical dacoure and public policy in te decades. Radicals whe championed the Leteeran line wee ceil to distinguish beeween thei form of socialism and tevoluionay elope, specifically ooxmunism and anarcusm. Armando Quezada Achar, Lee up porter athe 06 convention explained that Radical efor efor, ape lly those dieted a easing the plight of the working cle, should no be conned with syatematc soci that among other things aspires © ‘sey, Public Works, and Raioads), Rupert Bakamond (Frsgn Rei tion), Vitor Robles (War and Nay), Lis Anal Barrios (ies) he suthorLaisOrego Luo tice and Public Instruction), Lis Stan ( teiorand Industry, Public Work, nd Rios), AnslmgHevia terior}, Pablo Ramirez husticeand Public lastrution), Enrique Oyatin (Treas), and Jair Gandara: (justice and Public Instruction)" More Radicals served under Sanfuentes chan ip anyother Sseyar administration. Fuse thermore, sigcan electoral gains istered bythe PRs the pakaren tary elections of 8 stengthened che opinion sith she oligarchy that [Radicalism was 2 movement be tken wth able seriousness fa sm, the shifting of some degre of polis inlsence om the oiathy oe forme mescrats i evden daring the Sanfuentes administration, 4 ‘hough much of the existing historiography suggests tha 920 Was he pivotal yer of transcon. (The president went so far as to cab PD leader “Malaglas Goocha wo serve as minister of industry, public wor, andra rade in October i and again in March 1920) ‘A dep spi as apparent mong Chilean iberals and the paimentary leadership a lrg a the presidential ection of 1980 neared. Within the Liberal Pare, dividing lines were drawn over hese of ete intervention in soil and economic matters, with disidene Liberals on one side ad teadionlise Liberals on the other Rada joined csi Liberal, Con ‘has Demoerats, and Recsbate’s POS ns new incarnation ofthe AL and backed the candiday of politically experiened and populisie grandson of Talia immigrant, Arturo Alesande Pala. A senator, nye, and ft ime congressional depury,Alesandn (along with sch personalities Ei dro Yair, che Founder ofthe dsident Liberal newspaper La Nac broke fiom eaditonalist Liberals daring he con decade ofthe century because of the PL. leadership’ aloofness regarding the country’s socioeconomic problems. Ic was Alesandes slappointed goal to sve liberal from ‘itself. na March gz eter co Radial ender, ielding his fend Agu (Cerda Alssandrswroe:" ave nitated a campiga befre the country defend wha I bee are che genuine terse of democracy and ier ; D “Aur Aeande Pima upon history nthe rset lection fo. (Couneny ot Eaundoce ism" Although Rail support of lesan did noe ome without rum ‘bles eon sone party members hi campaign echoed ue asc enes of PR octine: nde, progres sci evluton reform, juste, and democracy A Radial, Héctor Aracibia Laon, an Alesandes campaign, while another PRexrlgonans, che post Vitor Domingo Sis, wrote propaganda Fo the Lin che dally El Morar By 2 marrow margin, Aesinds emerged vicrovious over he parler torte candace, Le Bacon Borgo, and immediately set out to Further ‘the democratisation of politics, Formulate eform proposal, and ght com servatite senator (who temainein contolofehe body) over leishation. We Shall rear to he eletons of 0 and the sociale of he ae Pali: ‘mentary years in subsequent capers ue irmportan to tte here chat he Alessandiyars presented fundamental depart fom parame tsrime, though the sytem remained erway seact uni afer Ale sandr wa pushed oat of power by ehe malay in 1934. The opening {efor that peated during che Sanfoentes years widened during he ‘sly m0, and the lower clases qui took advantage of thee newly {sind pole inluecs, Never again woul the arsocracy ands poll ‘ligarchs posses exclusive conta of the pital arena ‘Radical became dyatic and infloesial actors among the Paramen tary Republic's movers an shakers che continued to complain oud chat ‘ligarc were saw to respond to che mounkng social problems har rose Arruda fpgue 53 From modernization. Whether revolution, reformist, oc conservative all the major poitial parties of che era addres, in one way or another, te mia of problems tha stemmed fom socioeconomic and demographic Shifts tha changed ee fae of Chilean society, hough Radial woul have thei compart belive they were che Sle oie of sympathy an sources ‘faction. The mst pressing matters of ational onsen were tees related to the working cs, which had gown fom 75.200 people in 179 t0 sme $50.00 y n0™ ‘The Social Question: Worker, Reformers, and Oligarchs During hele decades of the nineteen century, significa structural fangesin the economy ha profound repercussions on social eltons. The ‘miningeconomy’srapid growth the ath andincpientindusrializaion ‘nnodthers and ental regionsestblished anew pattern of conditions that incited working-

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