Performing Arts Pitch allows the varying arrangement of scales or set of

Consist of dance, music, opera, magic, spoken words, note into different degrees of highness or lowness.
and circus arts. Scales are the arrangement of notes in arranged and
The term performing arts made its appearance in the fixed intervals that are played in varying pitches or
English language on 1711. “octaves.”
Involves the use of performers and an audience. In Western music, pitches are arranged in 12 different
differs from the other forms of visual arts insofar as the levels called octaves. One can play the same note in a
artist uses himself or herself as a medium for art. different octave.
As a medium of art, the artist’s presence in front of an Also, the arrangement of notes in Western music is done
audience acts as a way conveying meaning. through a full-step or a half-step (or semi-tone and
Areas of Performing Arts whole-tone).
1. Music Intensity
2. Theater Refers to the loudness or softness of a sound.
3. Opera Can be produced by the force, pressure, or impact of an
4. Cinema object that produces sound.
5. Dance Crescendo refers to the increase in intensity or volume
6. Ballet of the sound, Decrescendo on the other hand is the
Music gradual decrease in intensity.
Music is an art form that relies on sound as its medium. In Italian, the following words refer to the softness to the
Sound as a medium is produced through varying loudness of sound: (pianissimo, piano, forte, fortissimo).
vibrations produced in the air. Elements of Music
Music is a temporal arrangement of tones or sounds that Rhythm
has a varying cultural effect on its audience. is the most basic element of music.
Music is not only enjoyed through sound, but rather is the movement of various tones and silences through
through the silences and rests in which a series of notes time.
are played. it is the actual arrangement of long and short notes, and
Qualities of Sound their distinct accentuation through a piece.
1. Timbre it is the regularity of a beat that allows emphasis, accent
2. Pitch or stress in music.
3. Intensity Melody
4. Duration is the motif and melodic line that is added alongside
Timbre rhythm.
is the quality of tone that enables us to differentiate one it is the element of music that allows us to tap into the
type of sound from another sound. emotions of the sounds that we hear.
Timbre is the result of the varying factors that affects it contains four characteristics namely: dimension,
vibrations in an instrument involved in the production of progression, direction and register.
sound. Properties of Melody
• Piano  Dimension refers to the length of the melody
• Oboe that is repeated throughout the song.
• Timbre  Progression is the movement of a note from one
 Suede- Brett Anderson range to another range of pitch. In contrast to
 Rico Blanco dimension, progression is the emphasis on the
 Coheed and Cambria - Claudio Sanchez length of silence.
 Direction is the vertical movement of the song’s
 Queen - Freddy Mercury
pitch.
Pitch  Register refers to the dominant pitch of the
is the highness or lowness of the tone relative to the entire song.
frequency of vibrations that it produces.
Harmony
is the simultaneous sounding of tones.
an example of a harmonic set of notes is found in chords,
since they are notes played on the same set of scale.
the result of harmony is either consonance (when the
sound is pleasant, or dissonance, when the sound is
unpleasant).
Tone Color
is the changes in loudness or softness of an entire
musical piece.
Part of a song’s tone color is modified by the tempo, or
the speed in which a musical piece moves. It also allows
the musician to take note of timing that is involved in
playing the piece.
It can be light (soft and fast), and dark (slow and loud).
Texture
The consistency in which notes are played by itself or
alongside others.
Texture can be described as monophonic, homophonic
and polyphonic.
Monophonic texture refers to a single instrument or
timbre of sound, while homophonic texture refers to the
blending of two instruments or sounds (i.e. Lead vocals
and backup vocals); while polyphonic texture refers to
the harmony of multiple instruments.
Form
Refers to the overall design or planned intention of the
artist/composer.
It refers to how the overall theme or themes of the song
is distributed.
It is the combination of how the artist manipulates pitch,
harmony and the melody of a song.
Style
Refers to the common themes that make up the artist’s
repertoire.
Musical Instruments
Musical Instruments are classified according to the
following groups:
1. Stringed
2. Wind
3. Percussion
4. Human Voice
Stringed Instruments
These are instruments that have strings that are extended
and attached to box or a resonator in which its vibrations
are amplified.
Stringed instruments are classified as Lutes, Harps, and
Zithers.
Lutes
These are instruments that have strings that are taut over
a resonator and a neck.
The player implements the changes in pitch and
tones by pressing the string towards the neck.
Lutes are usually played through plucking and are
consist of the following parts:
 Neck with or without frets,
 a soundboard to resonate the vibrations of the
strings,
 strings (either gut, nylon, or steel), headstock,
belly for amplifying the sound, and the bridge
(string holder).
Lutes come in a variety of forms, many of which would
include the violin, guitar, and the Baglama or saz.
Parts:
 Head Stock
 Tuning pegs / Machine head
 Bridge
 Sound Board
 Strings
 Frets
 Belly
String Choir
are played through the use of a bow (bowing), to which
the sound is produced by the friction of the strings from
the violin and the horsehair from the bow.
The types of Stringed Choir are classified from their
range of pitches from highest to lowest: Violin, Viola,
Cello, and the Double Bass.
These instruments are fretless, thus requiring the user to
have a very good sense of detecting the changes in pitch.
Violin
Violins have curved strings in order to allow the player
to bow the strings individually.
The most expensive violin that has ever been auctioned,
the Stradivari violin, is worth $3.5 million.
Guitars
Guitars have similar designs to that of the lute, but varies
from the design of its headstock and the range of sound
that it can produced.
A guitar is played either through plucking or with a
plectrum (pick).
Guitars vary from shape size and materials. Classical
Guitars have fewer frets and often use gut or nylon
strings. Acoustic guitars in turn use steel strings, while
electric guitars use magnets to generate electrical signals
to amplify the vibration of the strings.
Various designs have been implemented in guitars, using
varying wood materials, as we$ as shapes and other
accessories.
Electric Guitars are solid body guitars made out of
varying types of wood that are cut and glued together.
These instruments rely on electricity to passively or
actively create impulses to the amplifier.
Electric Guitars produces electrical signals through
the vibration of strings on coiled magnets called
pickups.
These magnets generates electricity in the same manner
as generators and dynamos.
Solid body and hollow body guitars can sometimes
implement different bridges that would allow the user to
change the pitch of the guitar by bending or putting the
string.
The Floyd-Rose design follows the same principle of
tuning from violins through the use of bridge tuners.
Harps
Harps are stringed instruments that are plucked on a
perpendicular frame.
The strings are either plucked by hand or by a
plectrum.
Zithers
are stringed instruments that do not extend
farther than the soundbox.
In this group, zithers ranges from dulcimers,
harpsichords, and pianos.
Harpsichord
is a stringed instrument that uses levers to pluck and to
mute the strings.
A harpsichord differs from a piano in its inability to
control the sustain of the strings.
Piano
A piano is a stringed instrument that plays note by
hitting the string with a felt covered hammer.
Wind Instruments
are instruments that generates sound through the use of
air, particularly to the blowing (or in some instances,
sucking) motion that is applied through
the instrument.
They are classified as either woodwinds or brass
instruments.
Woodwinds
are instruments that produces sound through the
vibration of air flowing through a sharp edge that
vibrates inside the instrument when it is blown.
Woodwind instruments are not necessarily made out of
wood.
Woodwind instruments are classified into two groups:
Flutes and Reeds
Flutes, produce sound by creating the vibration at the
edge of the instrument. A flute for example will change
its pitch by the change of air hole in which the vibration
is produced.
Reeds, on the other hand produce sound by the sharp
reed that vibrates when air passes through it.
Saxophone
Brass
Flute
Brass Instruments
Brass instruments produce sound through the
compression of air through the instrument.
The pitch and tone of the instrument is controlled
through valves that regulate the pressure of air inside the
instrument. Lip pressure also plays an important role in
changing the pitch and tone of the instrument.
Like woodwind instruments, brass instruments do not
necessarily imply that the instrument is made out of
brass.
Percussions
These are instruments that generates sound through the
impact of another medium(i.e. ma)et, drumsticks, etc.) or
through shaking and vibration.
This would include the instruments (but is not limited
to), drums, bongo, xylophone, timpani, cymbals,
maracas, etc.
The Human Voice
The human voice is controlled by the vocal chords that
generate vibrations from the air coming from the lungs.
It is influenced by various factors, such as the size of
one’s diaphragm, size of vocal chords, etc.
Dance
is an art form that uses the body as a medium of
communication that is usually accompanied by music.
Dance is also considered as a non-verbal method of
expression.
Dance is utilized for different purposes, such as social-
interaction, religious rituals, and entertainment.
Dance is usually intended for a couple to perform
different maneuvers and physical movement.
It is some cultures dance is also used to tell a story
or myth, but often times it is used as courting ritual.
Elements of Dance
Content or theme is the general mode in which the
dancers are able to communicate their intention to the
audience.
It involves a setting, or an idea in which the entire
performance is based on.
Themes would often involve the type of story that is
narrated through physical movement or the emotions
that the dancers wishes to convey.
Movement is the element of dance that can express the
inner state or condition of the content to its audience.
Movement allows the audience to relate or “connect”
with the performers as these movements are often
observed in everyday situations such as reactions,
moods, gestures, and facial expression.
The dynamics of movement can either be slow, fast,
light, effortless, relaxed, sharp, or fluid.
Music accompanies the general theme of dance by
providing rhythm and accentuation to the emotions that
is evoked by the movements of the dancers.
Spectacle is the overall visual effect of dance to the
audience. It includes the arrangement of movement
(choreography), costumes, backdrop, or other props that
would be utilized by the dancers.
Ballet
Comes from the Italian word ballo, which refers
to ballroom dances.
It is a form of performance that expresses a narrative
through movement and dance.
The first actual ballet performance was entitled
“Ballet Comique de la Reine,” it was produced in1581
by Catherine Medici for her daughter in law.
It narrated the story of Odysseus and his encounter
with the enchantress Circe.
Ballet was formalized when Louis XIV commissioned
Piere Beauchamps to report the contemporary foot and
arm positions and patterns of during this time.
Ballet was professionalized by Jean-Baptise Lully when
the Royal Academy of Music and Dance was
established.
Marie Ann de Camargo contributed to the contemporary
design of ballet skirts (tutu) and slippers.
Ballet emphasizes man’s conquest of the forces of
nature, when the dancer overcomes the forces of gravity
through leaping, floating motions on one’s toes, and the
ability to maintain balance in one’s movements.
Opera
Opera is an art-form that narrates a story through a
musical scoreand spoken words.
It is always dramatic and utilizes theatrical elements
such as props, costume, and stage acting.
The script or the narrative of a story in an opera is
referred to as a “libretto” or little book.
There are two modes of singing in an opera: recitative (a
series of lines sung to imitate the inflection or normal
sound of speech) and aria (a melodic expression of a
character).
The word Opera itself is a derivative of the Latin word
Opus or “work.”
Aria
Recitativo
Musicals
are theatrical performances that involves song and dance
to a general theme and narrative.
It integrates acting, singing, and dancing to convey
stories and emotions.
can often last from two 10-15 minute act, to several acts
that would last for several hours.
a usual performance would have at least two acts,
divided by an intermission to allow the actors to rest and
set the props on stage.
Musicals differs from Operas in so far as there is a
greater emphasis on spoken dialogue and the use of the
common language of the audience.
can sometimes be shot through film, and implemented in
various ways (i.e. animation, puppets, etc.).
Musicals can also have elaborate choreography, props
and stage setup.
Cinema and Other Performing Art Forms
Vaudeville
is a theatrical show that originated in Northern America
during the 1880’s.
Vaudeville is the combination of musicals,
slapstick comedy, and dancing.
Vaudeville is the contemporary equivalent of a variety
show.
The success of Vaudeville ended with the introduction of
cinema and television in the 1930’s.
Cinema
Cinema began as a modern innovation of photography
taken continuously to depict motion.
The first films that were produced did not have included
sound in it, thus requiring a narrator and a performer to
play some background music.
Cinemas in the pre-war and post-war eras would show
films that have news, information, and stories as part of
its program.
Elements of Cinema
1. Space - it is the sense of reality in which a film
is shot, it involves scenery, time, and
perspective.
 2. Scale -refers to the size of objects on the screen Parkour was created by Georges Hérbert, a French naval
and their relation to an area. A scene shot on the officer who traveled to Africa and admired the skills of
top of a skyscraper can make things look small, moving by its people.
while a close up shoot of an object or person can Hérbert had a vision on Parkour’s philosophy when he
reveal the smallest details. coordinated the evacuation of 700 people on Saint-Pierre
 Long-shot - is taken when the camera is far Martinique during a volcanic eruption.
away from the object, creating a wide That is "être fort pour être utile" (be strong to be useful).
perspective of the scene.
 Medium shot - is the shot that has an
average distance from the object, it captures
the details of the scene as well as the object
of the shoot.
 Close up - is positioned at a very close
distance to the object.

3. Lighting -is another means of giving the illusion

and depth of a scene, it also highlights certain
areas of scene or the object.
4. Shooting angle -is the perspective of the viewer
from the scene of the shoot. If taken below the
object it is a vertically upward shot, if taken at
an angel above the object it is a vertically
downward shot. Horizontal shots allow the
director to move the perspective closer or farther
from the object.
5. Time -allows the director shift play with the
drama of the scene. Slow motion shots are taken
to create dramatic effects (i.e. motion-blur),
while fast moving shoots allow speeding up the
scene (i.e. in fighting scenes or car chase
scenes).
6. Montage - is done by cutting up several scenes
into one coherent logical order. This reduces the
time it takes to show a series of events without
leaving the audience wondering about what
actually happened. A montage would also make
use of transitions, editing effects, split screens,
and the like to emphasize change and progress.
Parkour
Is a non-competitive discipline from France that is
intended to overcome any physical barrier in one’s
environment.
The goal of Parkour is to move about in an area
(preferably an urban environment), with very little
resistance.
Parkour is a derivative of the French word “l'art du
déplacement” or the “art of movement.”