1% rule (Internet culture)

In Internet culture, the 1% rule is a rule of thumb pertaining to participation in an

internet community, stating that only 1% of the users of a website actively create
new content, while the other 99% of the participants only lurk. Variants include the
1-9-90 rule (sometimes 90–9–1 principle or the 89:10:1 ratio),[1] which states that
in a collaborative website such as a wiki, 90% of the participants of a community
only view content, 9% of the participants edit content, and 1% of the participants
actively create new content.

Similar rules are known in information science, such as the 80/20 rule known as the
Pareto principle, that 20 percent of a group will produce 80 percent of the activity,
however the activity may be defined.

Pie chart showing the proportion of

lurkers, contributors and creators
Contents under the 90–9–1 principle

Definition
Participation inequality
See also
References
External links

Definition
The 1% rule states that the number of people who create content on the Internet represents approximately 1% of the people who view
that content. For example, for every person who posts on a forum, generally about 99 other people view that forum but do not post.
The term was coined by authors and bloggers Ben McConnell and Jackie Huba,[2] although earlier references to the same concept[3]
did not use this name.

The terms lurk and lurking, in reference to online activity, are used to refer to online observation without engaging others in the
community, and were first used by veteran print journalist, P. Tomi Austin, circa 1990, when her presence was noticed by other users
in chat rooms, who queried her reasons for not engaging in chat. There were repeated inquiries about her identity and her refusal to
engage in chat. The etiquette was, apparently, to greet other users upon entry into the chat rooms/sites. At the time, (then in her 30s,
surfing among users averaging in their teens and 20s) she was only identified as "Bilbo", she explained that she was a mature, but
computer-literate, user and novice to chat, and preferred to lurk, or was lurking to familiarize herself with the chat culture, etiquette,
and the sites to which she had logged on. In some instances, she needed to explain her coinage of the term "lurking", as the term was
new to the online community, but others quickly understood her meaning. T
o her knowledge, the terms had not been used prior to that
period, and there appears to be no earlier dated reference to the coinage.

For example, a 2005 study of radical Jihadist forums found 87% of users had never posted on the forums, 13% had posted at least
[4]
once, 5% had posted 50 or more times, and only 1% had posted 500 or more times.

The "90–9–1" version of this rule states that for websites where users can both create and edit content, 1% of people create content,
9% edit or modify that content, and 90% view the content without contributing.
The actual percentage is likely to vary depending upon the subject matter. For example, if a forum requires content submissions as a
condition of entry, the percentage of people who participate will probably be significantly higher than one percent, but the content
producers will still be a minority of users. This is validated in a study conducted by Michael Wu, who uses economics techniques to
, audience type, and community focus.[5]
analyze the participation inequality across hundreds of communities segmented by industry

The 1% rule is often misunderstood to apply to the Internet in general, but it applies more specifically to any given Internet
community. It is for this reason that one can see evidence for the 1% principle on many websites, but aggregated together one can see
a different distribution. This latter distribution is tsill unknown and likely to shift, but various researchers and pundits have speculated
on how to characterize the sum total of participation. Research in late 2012 suggested that only 23% of the population (rather than 90
percent) could properly be classified as lurkers, while 17% of the population could be classified as intense contributors of content.[6]
Several years prior, results were reported on a sample of students from Chicago where 60 percent of the sample created content in
some form.[7]

Participation inequality
A similar concept was introduced by Will Hill of AT&T Laboratories[8] and later cited by Jakob Nielsen; this was the earliest known
reference to the term "participation inequality" in an online context.[9] The term regained public attention in 2006 when it was used in
[2]
a strictly quantitative context within a blog entry on the topic of marketing.

See also
Digital citizen
Netocracy
Sturgeon's law

References
1. What is the 1% rule? (https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2006/jul/20/guardianweeklytechnologysection2)by
Charles Arthur, The Guardian, 20 July 2006
2. McConnell, Ben; Huba, Jackie (May 3, 2006)."The 1% Rule: Charting citizen participation"(https://web.archive.org/
web/20100511081141/http://www.churchofthecustomer.com/blog/2006/05/charting_wiki_p.html). Church of the
Customer Blog. Archived from the original (http://www.churchofthecustomer.com/blog/2006/05/charting_wiki_p.html)
on 11 May 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-10.
3. Horowitz, Bradley (February 16, 2006)."Creators, Synthesizers, and Consumers"(http://blog.elatable.com/2006/02/c
reators-synthesizers-and-consumers.html). Elatable. Blogger. Retrieved 2010-07-10.
4. Awan, A. N. (2007b) 'Virtual Jihadist media: Function, legitimacy
, and radicalising efficacy' (http://ecs.sagepub.com/c
gi/content/abstract/10/3/389), in European Journal of Cultural Studies, vol. 10(3), pp. 389–408.
5. Wu, Michael (April 1, 2010)."The Economics of 90–9–1: The Gini Coefficient (with Cross Sectional Analyses)"(htt
p://lithosphere.lithium.com/t5/Building-Community-the-Platform/bg-p/MikeW/label-name/90-9-1). Lithosphere
Community. Lithium Technologies, Inc. Retrieved 2010-07-10.
6. "BBC Online Briefing Spring 2012: The Participation Choice"(http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/bbcinternet/2012/05/bbc_o
nline_briefing_spring_201_1.html).
7. Hargittai, E. and Walejko, G. (2008) 'The Participation Divide: Content creation and sharing in the digital age'
(http://
www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13691180801946150), in Information, Communication and Society , vol. 11(2),
pp. 389–408.
8. Hill, William C.; Hollan, James D.; Wroblewski, Dave; McCandless, Tim (1992). "Edit wear and read wear".
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems . ACM: 3–9.
doi:10.1145/142750.142751(https://doi.org/10.1145%2F142750.142751). ISBN 0-89791-513-5.
9. "Community is Dead; Long Live Mega-Collaboration", Jakob Nielsen's Alertbox for August 15, 1997
(http://www.usei
t.com/alertbox/9708b.html)
External links
Participation Inequality: Lurkers vs. Contributors in Internet Communitiesby Jakob Nielsen, October 9, 2006.
What is the 1% rule? by Charles Arthur in The Guardian, July 20, 2006.
The 1% Rule by Heather Green in BusinessWeek, May 10, 2006
Institutions vs. Collaborationby Clay Shirky, July 2005, Video at 06:00 and 12:42

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