English Reference Guide

Contributors: Denise Caissie, Commission scolaire des Premières-Seigneuries
Johanne Cyr, Commission scolaire des Premières-Seigneuries

Danielle Gendron, Commission scolaire des Premières-Seigneuries
Caroline Levasseur, Commission scolaire des Premières-Seigneuries
Inspired by a Grammar Book created by: Christine Beliveau, Commission scolaire du Chemin-du-Roy
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1 FUNCTIONAL LANGUAGE
2 Useful Expressions
3 Making Suggestions
4 Giving Your Opinion
5 Giving Advice
6 Persuading Others
7 GRAMMAR
9 ALPHABET, PUNCTUATION AND SYMBOL NAMES
10 NUMBERS
11 The Calendar and Times of Day
12 The Time
13 Parts of the Body
14 Word Types
15 Proper and Common Nouns
16 Countable Nouns (Singular and Plural)
16 Uncountable Nouns
17 Indefinite Articles (a, an) (un, une, des)
17 Definite Article (the) (le, la, les)
18 Subject Pronouns (je, tu, etc.)
18 Object Pronouns (moi, toi, etc.)
18 Relative Pronouns (qui, que)
19 The Possessive Case (la possession)
19 Possessive Adjectives (mon, ton, etc.)
19 Possessive Pronouns (le mien, le tiens, etc.)
20 Reflexive Pronouns (moi-même, toi-même)
20 Demonstrative Pronouns (ce, cette, ces)
21 Adjectives of Quality (couleurs, adjectifs communs, émotions)
22 Adjectives of Quality (personnalité, description physique, nationalité)
23 Adjectives of Quantity (beaucoup, un peu, etc.)
24 Adverbs of Time (aujourd’hui, demain, etc.)
24 Adverbs of Frequency (souvent, jamais, etc.)
25 Adverbs of Degree (très, trop, plus, moins, etc.)
25 Adverbs of Manner (-ment)
26 Adjectives / Adverbs of Comparison (Comparatives and Superlatives)
27 ADVERBS OF INTERROGATION (QUESTION WORDS)
28 PREPOSITION LIST
29 Prepositions of Place (IN-ON-AT-TO)
30 Prepositions of Time (IN-ON-AT)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
31 VERBS
33 SENTENCE STRUCTURE
34 TO BE : PRESENT SIMPLE
35 TO BE : Past Simple
36 TO HAVE : Present Simple
37 TO HAVE : Past Simple
38-45 PRESENT TENSES
38 Present Simple (Simple Present)
40 Present Continuous (Present Progressive)
42 Present Perfect
44 Present Perfect Continuous (Present Perfect Progressive)
46-53 PAST TENSES
46 Past Simple (Simple Past)
48 Past Continuous (Past Progressive)
50 Past Perfect
52 Past Perfect Continuous
54-61 FUTURE TENSES
54 Future Simple (Simple Future) – with WILL
55 Future (with TO BE GOING TO)
56 Future Continuous (Future Progressive)
58 Future Perfect
60 Future Perfect Continuous
62-100 OTHER VERBS AND LINGUISTIC STRUCTURES
62 Imperative
63 Modal Verbs
64 Must, Have to, Have got to
65 Conditional
65 Gerunds (Verb + ING)
66 Gerunds vs. Infinitives
67 Phrasal Verbs
67 There Is/There Are (Il y a)
68 Need and Want + Infinitive (avoir besoin de/vouloir)
68 Used to (avoir eu l’habitude)
69 Contractions
71 VERB LIST : ENGLISH → FRENCH
83 VERB LIST : FRENCH → ENGLISH
95 100 MOST COMMON VERBS IN ENGLISH
99 100 MOST COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS IN ENGLISH
103 100 MOST COMMON WORDS IN ENGLISH
Inside
Back Summary : TO BE and BE GOING TO
Back
Cover Summary : THE 12 ENGLISH VERB TENSES
FUNCTIONAL
LANGUAGE
1
USEFUL EXPRESSIONS
Introducing yourself: Introducing another person: Response:

Hello, my name is... This is... Nice to meet you.
Hi, I’m... I’d like you to meet... How do you do.
Greeting: Response: Leave-taking:

Hi/Hello. Bye!/Goodbye!
Good morning/ See you later.
Good afternoon/
Good evening.
How are you? I’m fine/good/well/great. Have a nice day/weekend.
How are you doing? Not so good/Okay/So-so. Take care.
What’s up? (informal) Not much. See you soon.
Asking for assistance: Expressing gratitude: Response:

Excuse me/Pardon me... Thank you very much. You’re welcome.
Do you know...? That’s very nice of you. It’s my pleasure.
Can/Could you help me...? Thanks for your help. No problem.
Expressing Language capabilities:

Can you slow down, please? I’m learning English. How do you say ____ in
English?
Can you repeat that, please? Sorry, I don’t understand. What does ____ mean?
Expressing wants and needs: Apologizing: Response:

I need some/a/an... Sorry about that. No problem.
Could I have...? I’m sorry. That’s OK.
I would like... (I’d like…) Pardon me.
2
3
4
5
6
GRAMMAR
7
8
THE ALPHABET, PUNCTUATION AND SYMBOL NAMES
THE ALPHABET
A B C D E F
é bi si di i f
G H I J K L
dji étch aï dgé ké èl
M N O P Q R
m n o pi kiou ar
S T U V W X
ès ti iou (you) vi dubel iou èx
Y Z
ouaï (why) zi ou zed CONSONANT VOWEL
PUNCTUATION AND SYMBOL NAMES
A upper case letter / capital letter _ underscore (barre en bas)

a lower case letter * asterisk
. period (sentence) / dot (email) $ dollar sign
, comma # number sign / pound key (telephone)
? question mark @ at
! exclamation mark = equals
: colon + plus
; semicolon - minus
“” quotation marks x times
‘ apostrophe / divided by (math) / forward slash
() brackets \ backslash
- hyphen / dash
9
NUMBERS
CARDINAL NUMBERS ORDINAL NUMBERS

Order (Rang), Dates
0 zero (oh, nil)
1 one 1st first
2 two 2nd second
3 three 3rd third
4 four 4th fourth
5 five 5th fifth
6 six 6th sixth
7 seven 7th seventh
8 eight 8th eighth
9 nine 9th ninth
10 ten 10th tenth
11 eleven 11th eleventh
12 twelve 12th twelfth
13 thirteen 13th thirteenth
14 fourteen 14th fourteenth
15 fifteen 15th fifteenth
16 sixteen 16th sixteenth
17 seventeen 17th seventeenth
18 eighteen 18th eighteenth
19 nineteen 19th nineteenth
20 twenty 20th twentieth
21 twenty-one 21st twenty-first
22 twenty-two 22nd twenty-second
23 twenty-three 23rd twenty-third
24 twenty-four 24th twenty-fourth
30 thirty 30th thirtieth
40 forty 40th fortieth
50 fifty 50th fiftieth
60 sixty 60th sixtieth
70 seventy 70th seventieth
80 eighty 80th eightieth
90 ninety 90th ninetieth
100 one hundred 100th one hundredth
101 one hundred and one 101st one hundred and first
200 two hundred 200th two hundredth
1 000 one thousand 1 000th one thousandth
2 345 two thousand three hundred 2345th two thousand three hundred
and forty-five and forty-fifth
10 000 ten thousand 10 000th ten thousandth
100 000 one hundred thousand 100 000th one hundred thousandth
1 000 000 one million (un million) 1 000 000th one millionth
1 000 000 000 one billion (un milliard) 1 000 000 000th one billionth
Pour unir une dizaine avec une unité, on met un trait d’union. (ex. thirty-four)
Pour unir une centaine avec une dizaine ou une unité, on met le mot AND. (ex. two hundred and thirty-four)
10
THE CALENDAR AND TIMES OF DAY
MONTHS OF THE YEAR DAYS OF THE WEEK

January janvier WEEKDAYS: JOURS DE LA SEMAINE:
February février Monday lundi
March mars Tuesday mardi
April avril Wednesday mercredi
May mai Thursday jeudi
June juin Friday vendredi
July juillet
August août WEEKEND: FIN DE SEMAINE:
September septembre Saturday samedi
October octobre Sunday dimanche
November novembre
December décembre
SEASONS
Spring Summer Autumn/Fall Winter
TIMES OF DAY
dawn l’aube
dusk le crepuscule
a.m. de 00h00 à 11h59
p.m. de 12h00 à 23h59
MEALS (les repas)

breakfast le déjeuner
brunch le brunch
lunch / dinner le dîner
snacktime la collation
supper le souper
SPECIAL DAYS / HOLIDAYS

New Year’s Day (January 1) le jour de l’an
Valentines Day (Feburary 14) le jour de la Saint-Valentin
Thanksgiving Day le jour de l’Action de grâce
Canada Day (July 1) la fête du Canada
Halloween (October 31) l’Halloween
Christmas Day (December 25) Noël
Easter Pâques
11
THE TIME
DIGITAL TIME
2 WAYS Traditional Time
9:00 IT’S NINE (A.M. / P.M.)

It’s nine o’clock. Traditional Time Clock
It’s nine on the dot.
9:05 IT’S NINE O FIVE (A.M. / P.M.)

(le O est utilisé entre 1 et 9
minutes)
It’s five (minutes) past nine.
It’s five (minutes) after nine.
9:10 IT’S NINE TEN (A.M. / P.M.)

It’s ten (minutes) past nine.
It’s ten (minutes) after nine.
9:15 IT’S NINE FIFTEEN (A.M. / P.M.)

It’s (a) quarter past nine.
It’s (a) quarter after nine.
9:30 IT’S NINE THIRTY (A.M. / P.M.) Utiliser past ou after lorsqu’ il est entre
It’s a half past nine. 1 et 30 minutes après l’heure.
(ex: it’s half past seven, it’s a quarter past three,
it’s twenty past one)
9:40 IT’S NINE FORTY (A.M. / P.M.)

It’s twenty (minutes) to ten.
It’s twenty (minutes) before ten.
9:45 IT’S NINE FORTY-FIVE (A.M. /

P.M.)
It’s (a) quarter to ten.
It’s (a) quarter before ten.
9:55 IT’S NINE FIFTY-FIVE (A.M. / P.M.)

It’s five to ten.
It’s five before ten. Utiliser to ou before lorsqu’il est entre
31 et 59 minutes après l’heure.
*On dit le nombre de minutes avant la prochaine heure*
(ex: it’s twenty to two, it’s a quarter to ten)
12:00 IT’S TWELVE P.M. It’s noon (midi).
IT’S TWELVE A.M. It’s midnight (minuit).
a.m. → morning (matin)
p.m. → afternoon, evening, night (après-midi, soir, nuit)
12
PARTS OF THE BODY
fingers
head
thumb
forehead eyebrow wrist

hair
nose eyelashes
eye
teeth ear
cheek mouth
hand tongue neck
lips elbow
chin
shoulder
chest / breast (woman)

forearm
arm stomach
waist
back
hip
bottom
thigh
foot knee
ankle leg
shin
calf
heel
toes
13
WORD TYPES
NOUN
• Désigne une personne, une place, une chose ou une idée
Exemples : man, Québec City, plant, happiness
VERB
• Désigne une action, l’existence ou l’état d’un sujet
TYPE DE VERBE EXPLICATION EXEMPLES

INFINITIVE / Verbe non conjugué toujours précédé par to talk, to eat
FULL INFINITIVE TO
VERB ROOT / Verbe à l’infinitif sans le TO talk, eat
BASE VERB (la racine ou le radical en français)
GERUND VERB ROOT + ING talking, eating
AUXILIARY VERB un verbe qui accompagne le verbe principal TO DO : do/does/did
et qui sert à former les temps de verbes ou à TO BE: am/are/is/was/were
exprimer certaines notions telles que la TO HAVE : have/has/had
capacité, les demandes et les obligations
MODAL VERB une sous-catégorie des verbes auxiliaires can, could, should, may,
might, must,would, will
PHRASAL VERB un verbe auquel on a ajouté une préposition turn on, get up, sit down
ADJECTIVE
• Un mot qui qualifie ou détermine un nom
• En anglais, les adjectifs sont généralement placés avant le nom ou le pronom
• En anglais, les adjectifs sont invariables, donc :
• il n’y a pas de singulier ni de pluriel,
• il n’y a pas de masculin ni de féminin.
Exemples: ten white trucks (NOT: ten whites trucks)
• Plusieurs adjectifs se terminent en ED, ING ou FUL
Exemples: beautiful woman, crowded arena, cheerful people, screaming children
ADVERB
• Un mot invariable qui modifie un verbe, un adjectif, un adverbe ou un segment de phrase
• Désigne la manière, le temps, la place, la cause ou le degré
• Répond aux questions telles que "comment" "quand" "où" et "combien"
• Plusieurs adverbes se terminent en LY
Exemples: he runs quickly, the bank closes at three today, the shirt costs $3.50
PREPOSITION
• Un mot qui réunit deux mots dans une phrase
• Désigne, souvent, une relation dans le temps ou l’espace
Exemples: the book is on the table, she reads the book during class
14
PROPER AND COMMON NOUNS
PROPER NOUNS
Un PROPER NOUN (nom propre) désigne généralement le nom d’une personne, d’une ville, d’une
province, d’un pays, d’un produit ou d’un endroit spécifique. Le PROPER NOUN commence toujours
avec une lettre MAJUSCULE (CAPITAL LETTER).
Exemples :
• Jocelyne Simard
• Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
• Sony
• Molson Centre
En anglais, les noms suivants sont aussi des PROPER NOUNS (ceci n’est pas le cas en français):
• le pronom personel “I” (je) That’s what I think

• les jours de la semaine Monday, Tuesday, etc.
• les mois January, February, etc.
• les langues English, French, Spanish
• les nationalités French, Canadian, Quebecker
COMMON NOUNS
Un COMMON NOUN (nom commun) désigne en général tout nom qui n’est pas un nom propre. Il
commence toujours par une lettre MINUSCULE (LOWER CASE LETTER), à moins qu’il ne se trouve au
début d’une phrase.
Exemples :
• cat
• dog
• house
• shopping mall
• theatre
• restaurant
15
COUNTABLE (Singular and Plural) and UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
COUNTABLE NOUNS
Les COUNTABLE NOUNS sont des noms qu’on peut COMPTER. Les COUNTABLE NOUNS peuvent être
écrits au singulier ou au pluriel. Voici les règles pour les écrire au pluriel:
• ajouter la lettre s au bout de la plupart des mots
desk desks
song songs
• si le nom se termine par sh, ch, s, x ou la combinaison consonne + o ajouter es
brush brushes
beach beaches
tomato tomatoes
• si le nom se termine par la combinaison consonne + y, enlève le y et ajouter ies
baby babies (mais : boy → boys)
• si le nom se termine avec fe ou f, enlever le f ou fe et ajouter ves
knife knives
leaf leaves
Il existe plusieurs COUNTABLE NOUNS qui sont irréguliers ou qui ne changent pas au pluriel.
SINGULAR PLURAL
NOMS one person two people
IRREGULIERS one foot two feet
one goose two geese
one woman two women
one man two men
one child two children
one mouse two mice
one tooth two teeth
NOMS QUI NE one sheep two sheep
CHANGENT PAS one fish two fish
AU PLURIEL one deer two deer
one shrimp two shrimp
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Les UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS sont des choses ou des idées qu’on ne peut PAS COMPTER, comme :
• les liquides (milk, cream)
• les poudres (sugar, flour)
• les concepts (money, time)
Les UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS sont, en général, INVARIABLES, donc on ne les écrit pas au pluriel.
16
INDEFINITE ARTICLES (A/An) and the DEFINITE ARTICLE (The)
A / AN
Le INDEFINITE ARTICLE (article indéfini) désigne un nom (un objet ou une personne) qui n’est pas
spécifique. Il est utilisé pour parler de quelque-chose de façon générale. C’est l’équivalant de UN et
UNE en français. Il n’existe pas d’article indéfini au pluriel en anglais (l’équivalent de DES en français).
A est utilisé devant un nom singulier qui :

• débute avec une consonne : a car, a store
• débute avec le son [iou] : a university
• débute avec le son [oua] : a one man show
AN est utilisé devant un nom singulier qui :

• débute avec une voyelle (a, e, i, o, u) : an apple, an elephant
• débute avec un h muet : an hour
Note : il y a très peu de mots en anglais qui ont un h muet. Les plus communs sont hour, honest et
honour (et leurs dérivés).
A et AN sont utilisés:
• avant des expressions de temps et de mesure: We have English three times a week.
Tomatoes are $2 a kilo.
• avant des métiers/professions: My father is an electrician.
• après le mot “half” (la moitié): We need half a pound of sugar.
THE
Le DEFINITE ARTICLE (article défini) désigne un nom (un objet ou une personne) spécifique au
singulier et au pluriel. C’est l’équivalent de LE, LA et LES en français.
THE n’est pas utilisé avant :

• les concepts ou les choses en général : I like coffee. She likes reading.
• les mois et les jours de la semaine : School begins on Monday morning.
• les places: We go to school by bus.
• les repas: I eat breakfast at 7 a.m.
• les villes, les pays, les provinces ou les continents : Do you like Europe?
• les parcs, les lacs et les rues : I live on Green Avenue.
La première fois qu’on parle d’un objet ou d’une personne, on utilise A ou AN.
Lorsqu’on en reparle, on utilise THE.
17
SUBJECT PRONOUNS and OBJECT PRONOUNS
Les SUBJECT et OBJECT PRONOUNS servent à remplacer un nom propre ou un nom commun.
SUBJECT PRONOUNS OBJECT PRONOUNS

Les SUBJECT PRONOUNS remplacent
Les OBJECT PRONOUNS remplacent un
un nom qui se trouve AVANT le
nom qui se trouve APRÈS le verbe.
verbe.
Exemple :
Exemple :
PERSON Karen likes Jason. → She likes him.
Karen likes Jason. → She likes Jason.
1st singular I (toujours une majuscule) je me moi, me, m’
2nd singular you tu you toi, te, t’
3rd singular
(homme)
he il him lui, le, l’
3rd singular
(femme)
she elle her elle, lui, la, l’
3rd singular
(chose/animal)
it il, elle, ce, ça, c’ it lui, elle, le, la, l’
1st plural we nous us nous
2nd plural you vous you vous
3rd plural they iIs, elles them eux, elles, les, leur
RELATIVE PRONOUNS (Who, Which, That)
who réfère à une personne (singulier ou pluriel) qui, que

which réfère à une chose (singulier ou pluriel) qui, que
that réfère à une personne ou chose (singulier ou pluriel) qui, que
Exemples :
The man who called this morning is here.
The man that called this morning is here. L’homme qui a appelé ce matin et ici.
The book which is on the desk is mine.

Le livre qui est sur le bureau est a moi.
The book that is on the desk is mine.
18
THE POSSESSIVE CASE
En français, lorsqu’on veut dire qu’un objet, un animal ou une personne appartient à quelque-chose
ou à quelqu’un, on utilisera DE, DU, DE LA ou DES. En anglais, puisqu’il n’y a pas de féminin ou de
masculin, on utilisera :
'S (Apostrophe + S)
Placer 'S à la fin de la personne qui possède et non à la fin de l’objet possédé.
Exemples : The teacher’s desk Le bureau du professeur
Valerie’s house La maison de Valerie
SI LE MOT SE TERMINE DÉJÀ AVEC S placer tout simplement un apostrophe au bout.

Exemple : The teachers’ desks Les bureaux des professeurs
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES and POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
Les POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES et les POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS :

• indiquent à qui appartient une chose.
• s’accordent à la personne ou à l’objet qui possède.
• sont invariables et servent donc pour le singulier et le pluriel.
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

Les POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES sont placés Les POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS sont placés
devant un nom. après le verbe.
Exemples : Exemples :
It is Jeff’s car. → It is his car. It is Jeff’s car. → It is his.
It is Valerie’s cat. → It is her cat. It is Valerie’s cat. → It is hers.
my mon, ma, mes mine le mien, la mienne, les miens, les miennes
your ton, ta, tes yours le tien, la tienne, les tiens, les tiennes
his son, sa, ses his le sien, la sienne, les siens, les siennes
(appartient à un homme ou un garçon) (appartient à un homme ou un garçon)
her son, sa, ses hers le sien, la sienne, les siens, les siennes
(appartient à une femme ou une fille) (appartient à une femme ou une fille)
its son, sa, ses its le sien, la sienne, les siens, les siennes
(appartient à un objet, un lieu ou un animal) (appartient à un objet, un lieu ou un animal)
our notre, nos ours le nôtre, la nôtre, les nôtres
your votre, vos yours le vôtre, la vôtre, les vôtres
their leur, leurs theirs le leur, la leur, les leurs
19
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
Les REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS sont employés :
• lorsqu’une même personne est à la fois sujet et objet de l’action.

Dans ce cas le REFLEXIVE PRONOUN est placé après le verbe.
Exemple : I cut myself Je me suis coupé(e).
• pour donner de l’emphase à une phrase.

Dans ce cas le REFLEXIVE PRONOUN peut être placé en fin de phrase ou immédiatement après le sujet.
Exemple : She can do it herself. Elle peut le faire elle-même.
myself me, m’, moi-même

yourself te, t’, toi-même
himself (homme) se, s’, lui-même
herself (femme) se, s’, elle-même
itself (chose/animal) se, s’, lui-même, elle-même
ourselves nous, nous-mêmes
yourselves vous, vous-mêmes
themselves se, s’, eux-mêmes, elles-mêmes
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS (This, That, These, Those)
Les DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS identifient spécifiquement un nom.
THIS ceci, cette-ci, ce…ci, cette...ci

proche dans le temps et l’espace
THESE ces-ci, ces…ci
THAT celà, cette-là, ce…ci, cette…là
loin dans le temps et l’espace
THOSE ces-là, ces…là
Exemples:
I like this shirt. J’aime cette chemise (ci).
I like these shirts. J’aime ces chemises (ci).
I like that shirt. J’aime cette chemise (là).
I like those shirts. J’aime ces chemises (là).
20
ADJECTIVES OF QUALITY
COLOURS
BLACK Noir (noire, noirs, noires) PINK Rose
BLUE Bleu PURPLE Mauve
BROWN Brun RED Rouge
GOLD Doré, or SILVER Argent
GREEN Vert WHITE Blanc
ORANGE Orange YELLOW Jaune
COMMON ADJECTIVES OF QUALITY

AWFUL Horrible HOT Chaud
BORING Ennuyant HUNGRY Affamé
CHEAP Pas cher INTERESTING Intéressant
COLD Froid LOW Bas
COMFORTABLE Confortable NOISY Bruyant
DIFFICULT Difficile QUIET Tranquille
DRY Sec THIRSTY Qui a soif
EASY Facile UNCOMFORTABLE Inconfortable
EXPENSIVE Cher / Dispendieux WET Mouillé
HIGH Haut WONDERFUL Merveilleux
ADJECTIVES OF EMOTION
AFRAID Effrayé IN LOVE En amour
ANGRY En colère LONELY Seul
BORED S’ennuyer NICE Gentil
CONFIDENT Confiant PROUD Fier
CONFUSED Confus SAD Triste
DEPRESSED Déprimé SHOCKED Stupéfié
FRIENDLY Sympathique SURPRISED Surpris
FRUSTRATED Frustré TIRED Fatigué
HAPPY Heureux UPSET Bouleversé
21
ADJECTIVES OF PERSONALITY
BAD-TEMPERED Mauvais caractère MEAN Méchant
CHEERFUL Joyeux NAUGHTY Vilain
COMPASSIONATE Compatissant NICE Gentil
DULL Ennuyeux PLEASANT Plaisant
DUMB Idiot RELIABLE Fiable
DYNAMIC Dynamique SELFISH Égoïste
ENERGETIC Énergique SENSIBLE Raisonnable
FUNNY Drôle SENSITIVE Sensible
GENTLE Doux SHY Timide
GOOD NATURED De bonne humeur STUBBORN Têtu
INTELLIGENT Intelligent TOUGH Dur
LOYAL Fidèle UNPLEASANT Déplaisant
ADJECTIVES OF PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION

BALD Chauve PRETTY Joli
BIG Gros SHORT Petit / Court (cheveux, hauteur)
CURLY Frisé (cheveux) SLIM Mince
DARK Foncé (cheveux, peau) SMALL Petit
LIGHT Clair (cheveux, peau) STRAIGHT Raide (cheveux)
LONG Long (cheveux) TALL Grand (hauteur)
MUSCULAR Musclé UGLY Laid
OLD Vieux YOUNG Jeune
ADJECTIVES OF NATIONALITY
COUNTRY NATONALITY COUNTRY NATIONALITY
Argentina Argentine Italy Italian
Australia Australian Japan Japanese
Austria Austrian Mexico Mexican
Canada Canadian Nepal Nepalese
Chile Chilean New Zealand New Zealander
China Chinese Pakistan Pakistani
England English Paraguay Paraguayan
Finland Finnish Peru Peruvian
France French Poland Polish
Germany German Portugal Portuguese
Greece Greek Romania Romanian
Haiti Haitian Scotland Scottish
Holland Dutch South Africa South African
Hungary Hungarian Spain Spanish
Iceland Icelander Switzerland Swiss
India Indian Syria Syrian
Iran Iranian Thailand Thai
Iraq Iraqi Turkey Turkish
Ireland Irish United States American
Israel Israeli Venezuela Venezuelan
22
ADJECTIVES OF QUANTITY
Les ADJECTIVES OF QUANTITY aident à préciser une quantité. Ils peuvent donc être des chiffres ou
des mots qui illustrent une quantité.
NUMBERS
Les NUMBERS sont des ADJECTIVES OF QUANTITY. Voir la page intitulée : NUMBERS au début de cette
grammaire.
INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES
Les INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES expriment aussi la quantité d’un nom. Ils varient selon le type de nom
(COUNTABLE ou UNCOUNTABLE).
COUNTABLE UNCOUNTABLE FRANÇAIS EXAMPLES

MANY MUCH Beaucoup There is a lot of paper in the
A LOT OF A LOT OF garbage.
LOTS OF LOTS OF
SOME SOME Quelques
Un peu
Certains, certaines
Du, de, de la, des Do you have some coffee?
(phrases interrogatives)
Du, de, de la, des Yes, I have some coffee.
(phrases affirmatives)
ANY ANY Tout/toute I will give you any money I receive.
Do you have any coffee?
Du, de, des
(phrases interrogatives) No, I don’t have any coffee.
Pas de
(phrases négatives)
A FEW A LITTLE Quelques (compter) A few friends
Un peu (pas compter) A little butter
Certains, certaines
(compter)
FEW LITTLE Peu I have little time.
TOO MANY TOO MUCH Trop I have too much money.
ENOUGH ENOUGH Assez She has enough friends.
NOT ENOUGH NOT ENOUGH Pas assez I do not have enough money.
MORE MORE Plus She has more time now.
LESS LESS Moins He has less time than her.
ALL ALL Tout/toute/tous/toutes All of the students are here.
NONE NONE Aucun/aucune None of the students are here.
NO NO Pas de There is no flour in this recipe.
BOTH - Les deux Both of us like sushi.
23
ADVERBS OF TIME
Les ADVERBS OF TIME donnent le moment d’une action. Ces adverbes se placent en début ou en fin
de phrase.
BEFORE Avant TODAY Aujourd’hui

AFTER Après THIS MORNING Ce matin
NOW Maintenant THIS AFTERNOON Cet après-midi
LATER Plus tard THIS EVENING Ce soir
SOON Bientôt TONIGHT Ce soir
YESTERDAY Hier TOMORROW Demain

(morning, afternoon, (matin, après-midi, (morning, afternoon, (matin, après-midi,
evening) soir) evening) soir)
LAST NIGHT Hier soir TOMORROW NIGHT Demain soir
THE DAY BEFORE Avant-hier THE DAY AFTER Après-demain
YESTERDAY TOMORROW
ONCE A WEEK Une fois par semaine THIS WEEK Cette semaine
TWICE A MONTH Deux fois par mois LAST MONTH Le mois dernier
THREE TIMES A YEAR Trois fois par année NEXT YEAR L’année prochaine
EVERY DAY Tous les jours TWO YEARS AGO Il y a deux ans
ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY
Les ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY nous indiquent la fréquence d’un événement. La plupart de ces adverbes
se placent avant le verbe (et après l’auxiliaire s’il y en a un) sauf avec le verbe TO BE ou ils sont placés
après le verbe.
ALWAYS Toujours NORMALLY Normalement

OFTEN Souvent SOMETIMES Quelquefois
USUALLY Habituellement OCCASIONALLY Occasionnellement
FREQUENTLY Fréquemment RARELY / SELDOM Rarement
GENERALLY Généralement NEVER Jamais
Ces adverbes sont placés en fin de phrase :
DAILY Quotidiennement MONTHLY Mensuellement

WEEKLY Hebdomadairement YEARLY Annuellement
24
ADVERBS OF DEGREE
Les ADVERBS OF DEGREE nous indiquent l’intensité d’un événement ou d’une chose. Ces adverbes se
placent immédiatement avant l’adjectif qu’ils modifient (sauf enough (assez) qui est placé après
l’adjectif).
ALMOST Presque ENTIRELY Entièrement

EXTREMELY Extrêmement PERFECTLY Parfaitement
PARTIALLY Partiellement TOTALLY Totalement
PRACTICALLY Pratiquement NOT VERY Pas très
VERY Très LESS Moins
MORE Plus QUITE Plutôt
REALLY Vraiment PRETTY Plutôt
SO Tellement, vraiment TOO Trop
A BIT, A LITTLE Un peu ENOUGH Assez
HARDLY, BARELY À peine NOT….ENOUGH Pas assez
ADVERBS OF MANNER
Les ADVERBS OF MANNER nous indiquent comment une action est accomplie.
Généralement, un ADVERB OF MANNER est formé a partir d’un adjectif auquel on ajoutera
–ly ou –ily lorsque l’adjectif se termine avec y.
ADJECTIVE ADVERB Adjectif Adverbe

QUICK QUICKLY Rapide Rapidement
SLOW SLOWLY Lent Lentement
LUCKY LUCKILY Chanceux Avec chance
BAD BADLY Mauvais Mal
LOUD LOUDLY Fort Fortement
QUIET QUIETLY Silencieux Silencieusement
EASY EASILY Facile Facilement
BEAUTIFUL BEAUTIFULLY Beau Joliment
SOFT SOFTLY Doux Doucement
25
ADJECTIVES / ADVERBS OF COMPARISON (Comparatives and Superlatives)
Les COMPARATIVES et SUPERLATIVES sont utilisés pour comparer des choses :

• les COMPARATIVES comparent deux choses/personnes
• les SUPERLATIVES comparent trois choses/personnes ou plus
Les COMPARATIVES sont suivis de THAN (que) lorsque les deux choses/personnes qui sont comparés
sont mentionnés dans la phrase. (Exemple : Tom is bigger. Tom is bigger than Jack.)
ADJECTIVE TYPE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

ADJECTIVES D’UNE SYLLABE -ajouter ER à la fin -placer THE avant l’adjectif
-ajouter EST à la fin
(light, fast) (lighter, faster) (the lightest, the fastest)
UNE SYLLABE qui se termine en E -ajouter R à la fin -placer THE avant l’adjectif
-ajouter ST à la fin
(wide, fine) (wider, finer) (the widest, the finest)
UNE SYLLABE avec -doubler la consonne -placer THE avant l’adjectif
consonne-voyelle-consonne -ajouter ER à la fin -doubler la consonne
à la fin -ajouter EST à la fin
(hot, big) (hotter, bigger) (the hottest, biggest)
LA PLUPART DES ADJECTIVES -placer MORE avant l’adjectif -Placer THE MOST avant l’adjectif
DE DEUX SYLLABES ET PLUS
(modern, beautiful) (more modern, more beautiful) (the most modern, the most beautiful)
DEUX SYLLABES qui se termine en Y -changer le Y en I -placer THE avant l’adjectif
-ajouter ER à la fin -changer le Y en I
-ajouter EST à la fin
(happy, silly) (happier, sillier) (the happiest, the silliest)
IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES
good better the best
bad worse the worst
little less the least
much / many more the most
far farther / further the farthest / the furthest
old older / elder the oldest / the eldest
ADVERB TYPE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

Termine en -LY -ajouter MORE avant l’adverbe -ajouter THE MOST avant l’adverbe
(quickly) (more quickly) (the most quickly)
Une et deux syllabes -ajouter ER ou -placer THE avant l’adjectif
R (si l’adverbe termine en E) à la fin -ajouter EST ou
ST (si l’adverbe termine en E) à la fin
(fast) (faster) (the fastest)
IRREGULAR ADVERBS
early earlier the earliest
bad worse the worst
well better the best
26
ADVERBS OF INTERROGATION (Question Words)
ANGLAIS MOT CLÉ FRANÇAIS EXEMPLE
WHAT Information Quoi / Que What is your name?

WHAT KIND OF
What kind of work do you
WHAT TYPE OF Type Quelle sorte de
do?
WHAT SORT OF
WHAT TIME Time Quelle heure What time do you work?
WHERE Place Où Where is my book?
WHEN Time or Date Quand When is the movie?
Quel, lequel, laquelle, Which do you prefer : coffee
WHICH Choice
lesquels, lesquelles (choix) or tea?
WHO Person Qui Who is your friend?
WHY Reason Pourquoi Why do you say that?
WHOSE Ownership À qui (appartient) Whose car is that?
Way or Manner / How does this work?
HOW Comment
Condition or Quality How was your exam?
HOW + ADJECTIVE/ ADVERB

Quantity Combien
HOW MANY How many people are here?
(count) (Qu’on peut compter)
Combien
Quantity (Qu’on ne peut pas compter, How much money do you
HOW MUCH
(non-count) incluant les concepts have?
d’argent et de temps)
HOW OLD Age Quel âge How old is he?
HOW LONG Duration Combien de temps How long is the movie?
HOW BIG Size Quelle grosseur How big is the house?
HOW FAR Distance Quelle distance How far is it to Montreal?
HOW OFTEN Frequency À quelle fréquence How often do you go out?
HOW COME Reason (informal) Pourquoi How come she isn’t here?
27
PREPOSITION LIST
PREPOSITION DEFINITION
ABOUT AU SUJET DE / A PEU PRÈS
ABOVE AU DESSUS
ACROSS À TRAVERS / DE L’AUTRE COTÉ
AFTER APRÈS
AGAINST CONTRE
ALONG LE LONG DE
AMONG / AMONGST PARMI
AROUND AUTOUR / ENVIRON
BEFORE AVANT
BEHIND DERRIÈRE
BELOW SOUS
BENEATH AU DESSOUS
BESIDE À CÔTÉ DE
BETWEEN ENTRE
BEYOND AU DÉLÀ DE
BY PRÈS DE / PAR / D’ICI À
CLOSE TO PRÈS DE
DOWN EN BAS DE / VERS LE BAS
DURING DURANT / PENDANT
FAR FROM LOIN DE
FOR DEPUIS (lorsqu’on fait référence à une période de temps) /
POUR ( + nom) ex. For three days / DURANT / À CAUSE DE / POUR
FROM (EN PROVENANCE) DE
FROM … TO DE … À (pour mentionner une durée)
IN FRONT OF DEVANT
IN THE MIDDLE OF AU MILIEU DE / AU CENTRE DE
INTO DANS
NEAR PRÉS DE
NEXT TO À CÔTÉ DE
OF ORIGINE / POSSESSION
OFF AU LARGE DE / ÉLOIGNÉ / FERMÉ (appareils électroniques)
ON SUR / DANS (un bus, un train) / OUVERT (appareils électroniques)
ON THE CORNER OF AU COIN DE
OPPOSITE EN FACE DE
OVER AU DESSUS / PLUS QUE / TERMINÉ
SINCE DEPUIS (point spécifique dans le temps) ex. since Monday / PUISQUE
THROUGH A TRAVERS
THROUGHOUT TOUT LE LONG DE
TILL / TIL JUSQU’À
TO À / POUR ( + verbe)
TOWARDS VERS
UNDER SOUS / MOINS QUE
UNTIL JUSQU’À
UP EN HAUT DE / VERS LE HAUT DE
WITH AVEC
WITHIN EN DEDANS DE / EN MOINS DE
WITHOUT SANS
28
PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE (In – On – At – To)
Les PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE sont des mots qu’on utilisera pour situer un objet, une personne ou un
lieu par rapport à un autre objet, une personne ou un lieu.
• en général, on utilise in pour un endroit fermé

(ceci peut être petit comme une boite ou grand comme un pays!)
• à l’intérieur d’un endroit ou d’un autre objet
The pencil is in the desk
IN The children are in the park.
(en / dans) • avant une ville, une province, un pays ou un continent
Janice lives in Québec City. (à)
Daniel works in Alberta.
He lives in Italy.
• en général, on utilise on pour une surface
• sur un objet ou une personne
My pencil is on my desk.
ON Joe has a tattoo on his hand.
(sur) • avant une rue, une autoroute, un étage ou une île
Sarah lives on Royal Avenue.
The shopping centre is on Highway 40.
We live on the third floor of the apartment building.
We live on Manhattan Island.
• en général, on utilise at pour un endroit spécifique (a point)
• avant une adresse
AT The school is at 2314 Cartier Street.
(à / chez) • avant un endroit spécifique
We love to eat at St. Hubert.
He is waiting for us at school.
• pour décrire un déplacement d’une place à l’autre :
Nicole is going to the restaurant after work.
TO (de l’endroit de travail → au restaurant)
(à) We drive to school every day.
(de la maison → à l’école)
29
PREPOSITIONS OF TIME (In – On – At)
Les PREPOSITIONS OF TIME servent à situer une action dans un moment particulier.
• avant un mois, une saison, une année, un siècle

Christmas is in December.
It rains in the spring.
I was born in 1980.
Jacques Cartier lived in the 16th century.
IN • un moment général dans la journée
He loves to run in the morning, in the afternoon and in the evening!
(exception : pour night on dit at night).
• une période de temps
I will be there in 5 minutes.
• avant une date
My birthday is on September 23rd.
ON • avant les jours de la semaine
We meet at the club on Wednesdays.
• avant les journées spéciales
I will celebrate on my birthday.
• avant une heure spécifique
School starts at 8:15 a.m.
• avant une période precise:
AT I will see you at lunch.
• avant les congés
My mom is coming to visit at Easter.
• dans l’expression at night (la nuit)
He often comes home late at night.
30
VERBS
31
32
SENTENCE STRUCTURE
Voici les formules pour les trois types de phrases principales : AFFIRMATION, NEGATION et
INTERROGATION ainsi que quelques exemples. Chaque formule s’applique à TOUS les temps de verbe.
AFFIRMATION SAVO
SUBJECT AUXILIARY VERB OBJECT
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Julie - teaches English. (simple present)
Julie - taught English. (simple past)
Julie is teaching English. (present continuous)
Julie will teach English. (future avec WILL)
Julie is going to teach English. (future avec GOING TO)
Julie was going to teach English. (past continuous)
Julie has taught English. (present perfect)
NEGATION SANVO
SUBJECT AUXILIARY NOT VERB OBJECT
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Julie does not teach English. (simple present)
Julie did not teach English. (simple past)
Julie is not teaching English. (present continuous)
Julie will not teach English. (future avec WILL)
Julie is not going to teach English. (future avec GOING TO)
Julie was not teaching English. (past continuous)
Julie has not taught English. (present perfect)
INTERROGATION Il y a deux types de questions :

CLOSED Il n’y a pas de QUESTION WORD et la réponse sera OUI, NON ou PEUT-ÊTRE ASVO
OPEN Il y a un QUESTION WORD et la réponse comportera plus de détails QASVO
QUESTION
AUXILIARY SUBJECT VERB OBJECT
WORD
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Does Julie teach English? (simple present)
Did Julie teach English? (simple past)
Is Julie teaching English? (present continuous)
When will Julie teach English? (future avec WILL)
How is Julie going to teach English? (future avec GOING TO)
Why was Julie teaching English? (past continuous)
Where has Julie taught English? (present perfect)
33
TO BE: Present Simple
AUXILIARY VERB
• Le verbe TO BE n’a pas d’auxiliaire dans les phrases affirmatives.
• Le verbe TO BE est SON PROPRE AUXILIAIRE dans les phrases négatives et interrogatives.
AFFIRMATION
SUBJECT AUXILIARY VERB (Contraction) OBJECT
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
I - am (I’m) happy. Je suis...
You - are (You’re) happy. Tu es...
He / She / It - is (He’s / She’s / It’s) happy. Il/Elle/C’est...
We - are (We’re) Happy. Nous sommes...
You - are (You’re) happy. Vous êtes...
They - are (They’re) happy. Ils/Elles sont...
NEGATION
SUBJECT AUXILIARY NOT (Contraction) VERB OBJECT
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
I am not (I’m not) - happy.
You are not (You’re not) (You aren’t) - happy.
(He’s/She’s/It’s not)
He / She / It is not - happy.
(He/She/It isn’t)
We are not (We’re not) (We aren’t) - Happy.
You are not (You’re not) (You aren’t) - happy.
They are not (They’re not) (They aren’t) - happy.
INTERROGATION
QUESTION
WORD
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Am I - happy?
Are you - happy?
Is he / she / it - happy?
Are we - happy?
Why are you - happy?
When are they - happy?
34
TO BE: Past Simple
AUXILIARY VERB
• Le verbe TO BE n’a pas d’auxiliaire dans les phrases affirmatives.
• Le verbe TO BE est SON PROPRE AUXILIAIRE dans les phrases négatives et interrogatives.
AFFIRMATION
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
I - was happy.
You - were happy.
He / She / It - was happy.
We - were Happy.
You - were happy.
They - were happy.
NEGATION
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
I was not (I wasn’t) - happy.
You were not (You weren’t) - happy.
He / She / It was not (He/She/It wasn’t) - happy.
We were not (We weren’t) - Happy.
You were not (You weren’t) - happy.
They were not (They weren’t) - happy.
INTERROGATION
QUESTION
WORD
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Was I - happy?
Were you - happy?
Was he / she / it - happy?
Were we - happy?
When were you - happy?
Why were they - happy?
CONJUGATION: Exceptions
• If I was... → If I were...
• If he/she/it was... → If he/she/it were...
35
TO HAVE: Present Simple
AUXILIARY VERB → DO / DOES (TO DO: Present Simple)
• DO → I, you, we, they

• DOES → he, she, it
• Les AUXILIARY VERBS DO / DOES sont utilisés seulement pour faire une négation ou une
interrogation.
AFFIRMATION
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
I - have a job.
You - have a job.
He / She / It - has a job.
We - have a job.
You - have a job.
They - have a job.
NEGATION
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
I do not (don’t) have a job.
You do not (don’t) have a job.
He / She / It does not (doesn’t) have a job.
We do not (don’t) have a job.
You do not (don’t) have a job.
They do not (don’t) have a job.
INTERROGATION
QUESTION
WORD
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Do I have a job?
Do you have a job?
Does he / she / it have a job?
Do we have a job?
Where do you have a job?
Why do they have a job?
36
TO HAVE: Past Simple
AUXILIARY VERB → DID (TO DO: Past Simple)

• L’ AUXILIARY VERB DID est utilisé seulement pour faire une négation ou une interrogation.
AFFIRMATION
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
I - had a job.
You - had a job.
He / She / It - had a job.
We - had a job.
You - had a job.
They - had a job.
NEGATION
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
I did not (didn’t) have a job.
You did not (didn’t) have a job.
He / She / It did not (didn’t) have a job.
We did not (didn’t) have a job.
You did not (didn’t) have a job.
They did not (didn’t) have a job.
INTERROGATION
QUESTION
WORD
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Did I have a job?
Did you have a job?
Did he / she / it have a job?
Did we have a job?
Where did you have a job?
Why did they have a job?
37
PRESENT SIMPLE (Simple Present)
USE
• On utilise le PRESENT SIMPLE pour parler d’une habitude (HABIT) ou d’un fait (FACT)
Exemples : I eat breakfast every morning at 7 o’clock. (habit)
They have two children. (fact)
KEYWORDS
• always / never / usually / often / sometimes / rarely / seldom (adverbs of frequency)

• every / each (Exemples : every day, every week)
AUXILIARY VERB → DO / DOES (TO DO: Present Simple)
• DO → I, you, we, they

• DOES → he, she, it
• Les AUXILIARY VERBS DO / DOES sont utilisés seulement pour faire une négation ou une
interrogation.
CONJUGATION : Affirmative
• LE VERBE NE CHANGE PAS SAUF À LA 3e PERSONNE DU SINGULIER (he/she/it)
• À LA 3E PERSONNE DU SINGULIER :
• AJOUTER S À LA FIN DE LA PLUPART DES VERBES
• TO HAVE → he/she/it has
• verbes qui se terminent avec une consonne + y
→ enlever le y et ajouter ies carry → he/she/it carries
• verbes qui se terminent avec une voyelle + y
→ ajouter s play → he/she/it plays
• verbes qui se terminent avec o, s, sh, ch, x ou z
→ ajouter es go → he/she/it goes
do → he/she/it does
watch → he/she/it watches
CONJUGATION : Negative & Interrogative, 3rd person singular → he/she/it

On utilise le VERB ROOT dans une négation et dans une interrogation, puisque la 3e personne du
singulier du PRESENT SIMPLE est reflétée dans l’auxiliaire DOES.
38
PRESENT SIMPLE (Simple Present)
AFFIRMATION

↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
I - read everyday.
You - read everyday.
He / She / It - reads everyday. ← S à la fin du verbe
We - read everyday.
You - read everyday.
They - read everyday.
NEGATION
VERB
SUBJECT AUXILIARY NOT (Contraction) OBJECT
(Verb Root)
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
I do not (don’t) read everyday.
You do not (don’t) read everyday
He / She / It does not (doesn’t) read everyday.
We do not (don’t) read everyday.
You do not (don’t) read everyday.
They do not (don’t) read everyday.
INTERROGATION
QUESTION VERB ANSWER

AUXILIARY SUBJECT OBJECT
WORD (Verb Root) (example)
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Do I read everyday? Yes, I do.
Do you read everyday? No, you don’t.
Does he / she / it read everyday? Yes, she does.
Where do we read everyday? At home.
When do you read books? At night.
How long do they read everyday? For two hours.
39
PRESENT CONTINUOUS (Present Progressive)
USE
On utilise le PRESENT CONTINUOUS pour :
• parler d’une action que se passe présentement ou temporairement (en train de en français)
Exemple : Bob is sitting next to Sara.
• parler d’une action qui n’est pas une habitude
Exemple : I am staying with my grandparents this week.
• parler d’une action qui se passera dans le futur et qui est certaine
Exemple : Sophie is working tomorrow night.
KEYWORDS
• Lorsqu’on utilise ce temps de verbe pour une action qui se passe présentement ou
temporairement ou pour une action qui n’est pas une habitude:
now / at the moment / at this time / right now / this (day/month/year)
• Lorsqu’on utilise ce temps de verbe pour une action qui se passera dans le futur et qui est
certaine un contexte de temps doit être précisé :
day in the future (tomorrow) / time in the future (at 5 o’clock)
AUXILIARY VERB → AM / IS / ARE (TO BE: Present Simple)
• AM → I
• IS → he, she, it
• ARE → you, we, they
CONJUGATION (Affirmative, Negative, Interrogative)

• AJOUTER ING À LA FIN DE LA PLUPART DES VERBES (le GERUND)
• verbes qui se terminent en e → enlever le e et ajouter ing bike → biking
• verbes qui se terminent en consonne-voyelle-consonne
→ doubler la dernière consonne et ajouter ing run → running
• verbes qui se terminent en y → ajouter ing stay → staying
• IMPORTANT : Les verbes qui ne sont pas des actions physiques mais plutôt des actions mentales
(exemples : love, like, hate, think, remember, forget, want, need) ne peuvent pas être conjugués
au present continuous. Ces verbes doivent être conjugués au SIMPLE PRESENT.
40
PRESENT CONTINUOUS (Present Progressive)
AFFIRMATION
VERB
SUBJECT AUXILIARY (Gerund: OBJECT
Verb + ING)
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
I am reading at the moment.
You are reading at the moment.
He / She / It is reading at the moment.
We are reading at the moment.
You are reading at the moment.
They are reading at the moment.
NEGATION
VERB
SUBJECT AUXILIARY NOT (Contraction) (Gerund: OBJECT
Verb + ING)
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
I am not (I’m not) reading at the moment.
You are not (You’re not) (You aren’t) reading at the moment.
He / She / It is not (He’s/She’s/It’s not) (He/She/It isn’t) reading at the moment.
We are not (We’re not) (We aren’t) reading at the moment.
You are not (You’re not) (You aren’t) reading at the moment.
They are not (They’re not) (They aren’t) reading at the moment.
INTERROGATION
VERB
QUESTION
AUXILIARY SUBJECT (Gerund: OBJECT
WORD
Verb + ING)
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Am I reading at the moment?
Are you reading at the moment?
Is he / she / it reading at the moment?
Why are we reading at the moment?
Where are you reading at the moment?
What are they reading at the moment?
41
PRESENT PERFECT
USE
On utilise le PRESENT PERFECT pour :
• parler d’une action qui s’est passée à un moment indéfini dans le passé
Exemple : Laura has travelled to France vs. Laura travelled to France last year.
• parler d’une action qui a commencé dans le passé mais qui n’est pas encore terminée
Exemple : I have worked in Beauport since 2004.
KEYWORDS
• yet / ever / never / before / already / since (moment) / for (duration) / so far
AUXILIARY VERB → HAVE / HAS (TO HAVE: Present Simple)
• HAVE → I, you, we, they

• HAS → he, she, it

Pour conjuguer un verbe au PRESENT PERFECT, il faut utiliser le PAST PARTICIPLE.
Il faut d’abord déterminer si le verbe est REGULAR ou IRREGULAR :
• Vérifier dans une liste complète de verbes irréguliers.

Si le verbe se trouve sur cette liste, il est IRREGULAR et le PAST PARTICIPLE sera indiqué.
• Si le verbe ne se trouve pas dans une liste de IRREGULAR VERBS,

il est REGULAR et on fait le PAST PARTICIPLE de la façon suivante:
• AJOUTER ED À LA FIN DE LA PLUPART DES VERBES
• verbes qui se terminent avec e → ajouter d like → liked
• verbes qui se terminent avec consonne + y →
enlever le y et ajouter ied hurry → hurried
• verbes qui se terminent consonne-voyelle-consonne →
doubler la dernière consonne et ajouter ED stop → stopped
42
PRESENT PERFECT
AFFIRMATION
VERB
SUBJECT AUXILIARY (Contraction) OBJECT
(Past Participle)
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
I have (I’ve) walked before. (regular verb : to walk)
You have (You’ve) walked before.
He / She / It has (He’s / She’s / It’s) walked before.
We have (We’ve) run before. (irregular verb : to run)
You have (You’ve) run before.
They have (They’ve) run before.
NEGATION
VERB
(Past Participle)
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
I have not (I haven’t) walked before.
You have not (You haven’t) walked before.
He / She / It has not (He/She/It hasn’t) walked before.
We have not (We haven’t) run before.
You have not (You haven’t) run before.
They have not (They haven’t) run before.
INTERROGATION
QUESTION VERB
WORD (Past Participle)
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Have I walked before?
Have you walked before?
Has he / she / it walked before?
Have we run before?
Where have you run before?
When have they run before?
43
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS (Present Perfect Progressive)
USE
On utilise le PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS pour :
• parler d’une action qui a commencé dans le passé et qui a encore lieu au moment où l’on parle
Exemple : I have been waiting since 8 o’clock this morning (an I am still waiting!)
Le PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS est une forme de PRESENT PERFECT. Le PRESENT PERFECT
CONTINUOUS est utilisé pour insister sur l’action elle-même ou sur la durée de l’action plutôt que
sur le résultat.
KEYWORDS
• since (moment) / for (duration)
AUXILIARY VERB → HAVE / HAS (TO HAVE: Present Simple)
• HAVE → I, you, we, they

• HAS → he, she, it
• AJOUTER BEEN AVANT LE VERBE + ING À LA FIN DE LA PLUPART DES VERBES (le GERUND)
(BEEN est le participe passé du verbe TO BE)
• verbes qui se terminent en e → enlever le e et ajouter ing bike → been biking
→ doubler la dernière consonne et ajouter ing run → been running
• verbes qui se terminent en y → ajouter ing stay → been staying
44
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS (Present Perfect Progressive)
AFFIRMATION
VERB
(BEEN + Gerund)
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
I have (I’ve) been reading since this morning.
You have (You’ve) been reading since this morning.
He / She / It has (He’s / She’s / It’s) been reading since this morning.
We have (We’ve) been reading since this morning.
You have (You’ve) been reading since this morning.
They have (They’ve) been reading since this morning.
NEGATION
VERB
(BEEN + Gerund)
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
I have not (I haven’t) been reading since this morning.
You have not (You haven’t) been reading since this morning.
He / She / It has not (He/She/It hasn’t) been reading since this morning.
We have not (We haven’t) been reading since this morning.
You have not (You haven’t) been reading since this morning.
They have not (They haven’t) been reading since this morning.
INTERROGATION
QUESTION VERB
WORD (BEEN + Gerund)
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Have I been reading since this morning?
Have you been reading since this morning?
Has he / she / it been reading since this morning?
Have we been reading since this morning?
Where have you been reading since this morning?
Why have they been reading since this morning?
45
PAST SIMPLE (Simple Past)
USE
• On utilise le PAST SIMPLE pour parler d’une action qui est TERMINÉE à un moment défini dans le
passé
Exemples : We watched a movie yesterday.
She was a student at this school last year.
KEYWORDS
• yesterday / last / ago / in (past year/month/day)
AUXILIARY VERB → DID (TO DO: Past Simple)

• L’ AUXILIARY VERB DID est utilisé seulement pour faire une négation ou une interrogation.
CONJUGATION (Affirmative : Regular and Irregular Verbs)

Pour conjuguer un verbe au PAST SIMPLE, il faut déterminer si le verbe est REGULAR ou IRREGULAR :
Si le verbe se trouve sur cette liste, il est IRREGULAR et le PAST SIMPLE sera indiqué.
il est REGULAR et on fait le PAST TENSE de la façon suivante:
PRONUNCIATION (Affirmative : Regular Verbs)

Lorsqu’un verbe à l’infinitif se termine en:
• C-F-K-P-X-CH-GH-SH-SS le ED est prononcé TE kiss → kiss te
• B-F-G-H-I-IE-J-L-M-N-O-Q-R-S-U-V-W-Y-Z le ED est prononcé DE call → call de
• D-DE-T-TE le ED est prononcé ID need → need id
CONJUGATION : Negative & Interrogative

On utilise le VERB ROOT dans une négation et dans une interrogation, puisque le PAST SIMPLE est
reflété dans l’auxiliaire DID.
46
PAST SIMPLE (Simple Past)
AFFIRMATION

↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
I - walked to school yesterday. (regular verb : to walk)
You - walked to school yesterday.
He / She / It - walked to school yesterday.
We - ran to school yesterday. (irregular verb : to run)
You - ran to school yesterday.
They - ran to school yesterday.
NEGATION
VERB
SUBJECT AUXILIARY NOT (contraction) OBJECT
(Verb Root)
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
I did not (didn’t) walk to school yesterday.
You did not (didn’t) walk to school yesterday.
He / She / It did not (didn’t) walk to school yesterday.
We did not (didn’t) run to school yesterday.
You did not (didn’t) run to school yesterday.
They did not (didn’t) run to school yesterday.
INTERROGATION
QUESTION VERB
WORD (Verb Root)
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Did I walk to school yesterday?
Did you walk to school yesterday?
Did he / she / it walk to school yesterday?
How fast did we run to school yesterday?
What time did you run to school yesterday?
Why did they run to school yesterday?
47
PAST CONTINUOUS (Past Progressive)
USE
On utilise le PAST CONTINUOUS pour :
• parler d’une action terminée, qui se passait lorsqu’une autre action s’est passée
Exemple : Jim was sleeping when you came home.
• parler d’une action terminée, qui se passait simultanément à autre action
Exemple : Frank was reading while we were fishing.
• parler d’une action terminée, qui se passait à un moment précis dans le passé
Exemple : Yesterday at noon, I was still sleeping.
KEYWORDS
• while / as / when / still
AUXILIARY VERB → WAS / WERE (TO BE: Past Simple)
• WAS → I, he, she, it

• WERE → you, we, they

• AJOUTER ING À LA FIN DE LA PLUPART DES VERBES (le GERUND)
• verbes qui se terminent en e → enlever le e et ajouter ing bike → biking
→ doubler la dernière consonne et ajouter ing run → running
• verbes qui se terminent en y → ajouter ing stay → staying
48
PAST CONTINUOUS (Past Progressive)
AFFIRMATION
VERB
SUBJECT AUXILIARY (Gerund: OBJECT
Verb + ING)
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
I was reading when Joe arrived.
You were reading when Joe arrived.
He / She / It was reading when Joe arrived.
We were reading when Joe arrived.
You were reading when Joe arrived.
They were reading when Joe arrived.
NEGATION
VERB
SUBJECT AUXILIARY NOT (Contraction) (Gerund: OBJECT
Verb + ING)
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
I was not (I wasn’t) reading when Joe arrived.
You were not (You weren’t) reading when Joe arrived.
He / She / It was not (He/She/It wasn’t) reading when Joe arrived.
We were not (We weren’t) reading when Joe arrived.
You were not (You weren’t) reading when Joe arrived.
They were not (They weren’t) reading when Joe arrived.
INTERROGATION
VERB
QUESTION
AUXILIARY SUBJECT (Gerund: OBJECT
WORD
Verb + ING)
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Was I reading when Joe arrived?
Were you reading when Joe arrived?
Was he / she / it reading when Joe arrived?
Why were we reading when Joe arrived?
Where were you reading when Joe arrived?
What were they reading when Joe arrived?
49
PAST PERFECT
USE
On utilise le PAST PERFECT (Plus-que parfait):
• pour parler d’une action qui s’est passée avant une autre action ou avant un moment précis du
passé
Exemples : Bob had already left when you arrived.
Bob had already left at midnight.
• souvent dans les phrases de discours indirect avec les verbes tels que say, tell, ask, answer
Exemple : Jason told me that he had bought a new car.
KEYWORDS
• yet / ever / never / before / already / since (moment) / for (duration) / so far
AUXILIARY VERB → HAD (TO HAVE: Past Simple)

Pour conjuguer un verbe au PAST PERFECT, il faut utiliser le PAST PARTICIPLE.


50
PAST PERFECT
AFFIRMATION
VERB
(Past Participle)
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
I had (I’d) walked before. (regular verb : to walk)
You had (You’d) walked before.
He / She / It had (He’d / She’d / It’d) walked before.
We had (We’d) run before. (irregular verb : to run)
You had (You’d) run before.
They had (They’d) run before.
NEGATION
VERB
(Past Participle)
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
I had not (I hadn’t) walked before.
You had not (You hadn’t) walked before.
He / She / It had not (He/She/It hadn’t) walked before.
We had not (We hadn’t) run before.
You had not (You hadn’t) run before.
They had not (They hadn’t) run before.
INTERROGATION
QUESTION VERB
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Had I walked before?
Had you walked before?
Had he / she / it walked before?
had we run before?
Where had you run before?
When had they run before?
51
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS (Past Perfect Progressive)
USE
On utilise le PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS:

• pour parler de quelque chose qui a commencé au passé et a continué jusqu’à une autre action ou
événement du passé (en combinaison avec the PAST SIMPLE)
Exemples : She had been travelling for two months when she arrived in Africa.
We had been watching TV for one hour when we fell asleep.
• la cause et l’effet de quelque chose au passé
Exemples : Jack was very tired. He had been running.
Somebody had been smoking. I smelled cigarettes.
Le PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS est une forme de PAST PERFECT. Le PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS est
utilisé pour insister sur l’action elle-même ou sur la durée de l’action plutôt que sur le résultat.
KEYWORDS
• yet / ever / never / before / already / since (moment) / for (duration) / just / still / only
AUXILIARY VERB → HAD (TO HAVE: Past Simple)
• AJOUTER BEEN AVANT LE VERBE + ING À LA FIN DE LA PLUPART DES VERBES (le GERUND)
52
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS (Past Perfect Progressive)
AFFIRMATION
VERB
(BEEN + Gerund)
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
I had (I’d) been reading for three hours.
You had (You’d) been reading for three hours.
He / She / It had (He’d / She’d / It’d) been reading for three hours.
We had (We’d) been reading for three hours.
You had (You’d) been reading for three hours.
They had (They’d) been reading for three hours.
NEGATION
VERB
(BEEN + Gerund)
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
I had not (I hadn’t) been reading for three hours.
You had not (You hadn’t) been reading for three hours.
He / She / It had not (He/She/It hadn’t) been reading for three hours.
We had not (We hadn’t) been reading for three hours.
You had not (You hadn’t) been reading for three hours.
They had not (They hadn’t) been reading for three hours.
INTERROGATION
QUESTION VERB
WORD (BEEN + Gerund)
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Had I been reading for three hours?
Had you been reading for three hours?
Had he / she / it been reading for three hours?
Had we been reading for three hours?
Where had you been reading for three hours?
Why had they been reading for three hours?
53
FUTURE SIMPLE (Simple Future) – with WILL
USE
• On utilise le SIMPLE FUTURE avec WILL pour :
• faire des prédictions et des promesses
• réagir spontanément aux événements
• penser aux possibilités
• exprimer ce qu’on croit
KEYWORDS
• next /perhaps / if / maybe / think / promise / probably / someday / one day / in the future
AUXILIARY VERB → WILL
AFFIRMATION
VERB
SUBJECT AUXILIARY (Contraction) OJBECT
(Verb Root)
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
I will (I’ll) work next year.
You will (You’ll) work next year.
He / She / It will (He’ll/She’ll/It’ll) work next year.
We will (We’ll) work next year.
You will (You’ll) work next year.
They will (They’ll) work next year.
NEGATION
(Verb Root)
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
I will not (won’t) work next year.
You will not (won’t) work next year.
He / She / It will not (won’t) work next year.
We will not (won’t) work next year.
You will not (won’t) work next year.
They will not (won’t) work next year.
INTERROGATION
QUESTION VERB
WORD (Verb Root)
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Will I work next year?
Will you work next year?
Will he / she / it work next year?
When will we work next year?
Where will you work next year?
How will they work next year?
54
FUTURE (with TO BE GOING TO)
USE
• On utilise le FUTURE avec TO BE GOING TO pour :
• parler des actions qu’on a décidé de faire
• faire des prédictions basées sur ce qui se passe présentement
• Le FUTURE avec TO BE GOING TO est plus certain que le SIMPLE FUTURE avec WILL
KEYWORDS
• tomorrow / tonight / this weekend / this summer
AUXILIARY VERB → AM / IS / ARE (TO BE: Present Simple)
AFFIRMATION
VERB
SUBJECT AUXILIARY OBJECT
(GOING TO + Verb Root)
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
I am going to work tomorrow.
You are going to work tomorrow.
He / She / It is going to work tomorrow.
We are going to work tomorrow.
You are going to work tomorrow.
They are going to work tomorrow.
NEGATION
(GOING TO + Verb Root)
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
I am not (I’m not) going to work tomorrow.
You are not (You’re not) / (You aren’t) going to work tomorrow.
He / She / It is not (He’s/She’s/It’s not) / (He/She/It isn’t) going to work tomorrow.
We are not (We’re not) / (We aren’t) going to work tomorrow.
You are not (You’re not) / (You aren’t) going to work tomorrow.
They are not (They’re not) / (They aren’t) going to work tomorrow.
INTERROGATION
QUESTION VERB
WORD (GOING TO + Verb Root)
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Am I going to work tomorrow?
Are you going to work tomorrow?
Is he / she / it going to work tomorrow?
When are we going to work tomorrow?
What time are you going to work tomorrow?
Why are they going to work tomorrow?
55
FUTURE CONTINUOUS (Future Progressive)
USE
On utilise le FUTURE CONTINUOUS pour :
• parler d’une action qui sera en train de se passer à un moment précis dans le futur.
Exemple : At this time next year, I will be travelling to Florida.
KEYWORDS
• at a certain and specific moment in the future (at 9 o’clock tomorrow morning, at this time next year)

• AJOUTER BE AVANT LE VERBE ET ING À LA FIN DE LA PLUPART DES VERBES (le GERUND)
• verbes qui se terminent en e → enlever le e et ajouter ing bike → be biking
→ doubler la dernière consonne et ajouter ing run → be running
• verbes qui se terminent en y → ajouter ing stay → be staying
56
FUTURE CONTINUOUS (Future Progressive)
AFFIRMATION
VERB
SUBJECT AUXILIARY OBJECT
(BE + Gerund)
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
I will be reading when Joe arrives.
You will be reading when Joe arrives.
He / She / It will be reading when Joe arrives.
We will be reading when Joe arrives.
You will be reading when Joe arrives.
They will be reading when Joe arrives.
NEGATION
VERB
(BE + Gerund)
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
I will not (won’t) be reading when Joe arrives.
You will not (won’t) be reading when Joe arrives.
He / She / It will not (won’t) be reading when Joe arrives.
We will not (won’t) be reading when Joe arrives.
You will not (won’t) be reading when Joe arrives.
They will not (won’t) be reading when Joe arrives.
INTERROGATION
QUESTION VERB
WORD (BE + Gerund)
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Will I be reading when Joe arrives?
Will you be reading when Joe arrives?
Will he / she / it be reading when Joe arrives?
Why will we be reading when Joe arrives?
Where will you be reading when Joe arrives?
What will they be reading when Joe arrives?
57
FUTURE PERFECT
USE
On utilise le FUTURE PERFECT:
• pour parler d’une action qui se passera avant une autre action ou avant un moment précis du
futur
Exemples : Bob will have already left by the time you arrive.
You will have already finished school in two years.
• pour prédire le présent
Exemples : There is no point in calling her. She will have left by now.
KEYWORDS
• by (moment in time) / in (quantity of time)

Pour conjuguer un verbe au FUTURE PERFECT, il faut utiliser HAVE + le PAST PARTICIPLE.


58
FUTURE PERFECT
AFFIRMATION
VERB
(HAVE + Past Participle)
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
I will (I’ll) have walked for three hours. (regular verb : to walk)
You will (You’ll) have walked for three hours.
He / She / It will (He’ll/She’ll/It’ll) have walked for three hours.
We will (We’ll) have run for three hours. (irregular verb : to run)
You will (You’ll) have run for three hours.
They will (They’ll) have run for three hours.
NEGATION
VERB
(HAVE + Past Participle)
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
I will not (won’t) have walked for three hours.
You will not (won’t) have walked for three hours.
He / She / It will not (won’t) have walked for three hours.
We will not (won’t) have run for three hours.
You will not (won’t) have run for three hours.
They will not (won’t) have run for three hours.
INTERROGATION
QUESTION VERB
WORD (HAVE + Past Participle)
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Will I have walked for three hours?
Will you have walked for three hours?
Will he / she / it have walked for three hours?
Will we have run for three hours?
How long will you have run for three hours?
Where will they have run for three hours?
59
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS (Future Perfect Progressive)
USE
On utilise le FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS:
• pour parler de quelque chose qui commencera au future et continuera jusqu’à une autre action
ou événement futur
Exemples : I will have been studying for two hours by the time you start studying.
Le FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS est une forme de FUTURE PERFECT. Le FUTURE PERFECT
CONTINUOUS est utilisé pour insister sur l’action elle-même ou sur la durée de l’action plutôt que
sur le résultat.
KEYWORDS
• by (moment in time) / in (quantity of time)
• AJOUTER HAVE BEEN AVANT LE VERBE + ING À LA FIN DU VERBE

60
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS (Future Perfect Progressive)
AFFIRMATION
VERB
(Past Participle)
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
I will (I’ll) have been working for three hours.
You will (You’ll) have been working for three hours.
He / She / It will (He’ll/She’ll/It’ll) have been working for three hours.
We will (We’ll) have been working for three hours.
You will (You’ll) have been working for three hours.
They will (They’ll) have been working for three hours.
NEGATION
VERB
(Past Participle)
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
I will not (won’t) have been working for three hours.
You will not (won’t) have been working for three hours.
He / She / It will not (won’t) have been working for three hours.
We will not (won’t) have been working for three hours.
You will not (won’t) have been working for three hours.
They will not (won’t) have been working for three hours.
INTERROGATION
QUESTION VERB
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Will I have been working for three hours?
Will you have been working for three hours?
Will he / she / it have been working for three hours?
Will we have been working for three hours?
Where will you have been working for three hours?
When will they have been working for three hours?
61
IMPERATIVE
IMPERATIVE: YOU (SINGULAR AND PLURAL)
Une phrase AFFIRMATIVE est formulée en utilisant le VERB ROOT (verbe à l’infinitif sans le TO).
OPEN THE DOOR! Ouvre/Ouvrez la porte!

EAT YOUR BREAKFAST! Mange ton déjeuner / Mangez votre déjeuner!
TURN RIGHT AT THE CORNER. Tourne / Tournez à droit au coin de la rue.
GO STRAIGHT! Va/Allez tout droit!
Une phrase NEGATIVE est formulée en ajoutant DON’T devant le VERB ROOT.
DON’T OPEN THE DOOR! N’ouvre pas /N’ouvrez pas la porte!

DON’T EAT YOUR BREAKFAST! Ne mange pas ton déjeuner / Ne mangez pas votre
déjeuner!
DON’T TURN RIGHT AT THE CORNER. Ne tourne pas / Ne tournez pas à droit au coin.
DON’T GO STRAIGHT! Ne va pas/N’allez pas tout droit!
IMPERATIVE: WE
Une phrase AFFIRMATIVE est formulée en plaçant LET’s devant le VERB ROOT.
LET’S GO! Allons-y!

LET’S EAT! Mangeons!
LET’S LEAVE! Partons!
LET’S WORK! Travaillons!
Une phrase NEGATIVE est formulée en plaçant NOT entre LET’S et le VERB ROOT.
LET’S NOT GO! N’y allons pas!

LET’S NOT EAT! Ne mangeons pas!
LET’S NOT LEAVE! Ne partons pas!
LET’S NOT WORK! Ne travaillons pas!
62
MODAL VERBS
• Un MODAL VERB change la signification d’un verbe, tout comme le temps d’un verbe.
• Les phrases qui emploient un MODAL VERB respectent la structure des phrases affirmatives,
négatives et interrogatives avec les précisions suivantes :
• le MODAL VERB est placé AVANT le verbe (il devient le verbe auxiliaire)
• le MODAL VERB est INVARIABLE (il n’est jamais conjugué)
• le VERB ROOT (verbe à l’infinitif sans le to) du verbe principal est toujours utilisé
MODAL
USE FRENCH EXAMPLES
VERB
CAN Exprime la capacité et la permission pouvoir (présent) • I can run the marathon.
(moins formelle) de faire quelque
être capable de • He can’t go to school tomorrow.
chose au présent (présent) • Can I go with you?
Exprime une requête polie
COULD Exprime la capacité de faire quelque ce qu’on pourrait faire • I could help you tomorrow.
chose dans le futur ou dans le passé (conditionnel) • I couldn’t play hockey last season.
Exprime une requête polie pouvoir (passé et • Could I go to the washroom?
présent) • Could you lend me some money?
MAY Exprime la permission de faire pouvoir (présent) • May I close the window?
quelque chose (plus poli)
être possible • It is cloudy, it may rain.
Exprime la possibilité de faire
quelque chose
MIGHT Exprime la possibilité réduite de faire pouvoir (présent) : il • I might go to the movies tonight.
quelque chose (incertain) se peut • It is sunny, but it might rain.
ce qu’on pourrait
faire; ce qui pourrait
arriver (conditionnel)
MUST Exprime l’obligation, l’interdiction et devoir (présent) • I must get to school on time.
la nécessité de faire quelque chose • You must not smoke in the school.
Exprime la forte probabilité • It’s noon, he must be at school.
SHOULD Exprime l’offre de conseils, de devoir (conditionnel) • Students should always listen in
directives, de recommandations ce qu’on devrait faire class.
Exprime l’attente ou la prévision • You shouldn’t eat so much junk
ce qui devrait se food.
d’une chose produire • The taxi should be here any
minute now.
WOULD Exprime une action qui pourrait se (conditionnel) • My father said he would help me
réaliser (imparfait) fix my car.
Exprime une action habituelle qui se • We would always go to the
faisait dans le passé cottage in the summertime.
• Would you like some coffee?
Exprime une requête polie ou • I would like to be a mechanic.
quelque chose qu’on désire (avec le
verb like)
WILL Exprime une action qui se fera dans (futur) • James will go to school next year.
le futur • She won’t finish on time.
63
MUST, HAVE TO and HAVE GOT TO
On utilise MUST, HAVE TO et HAVE GOT TO pour exprimer une obligation ou une nécessité.
MUST
• MUST est un MODAL VERB
• MUST est utilisé au présent et au futur
• MUST NOT (Contraction : MUSTN’T) exprime une obligation négative, donc une obligation de ne
pas faire quelque chose
PRESENT FUTURE
AFFIRMATION You must work. You must work tomorrow.
NEGATION You must not (mustn’t) work. You must not (mustn’t) work tomorrow.
INTERROGATION Must you work? Must you work tomorrow?
HAVE TO
• HAVE / HAS TO sont utilisés au présent et au futur
• DO / DOES NOT HAVE TO (Contraction : DON’T / DOESN’T HAVE TO) expriment l’absence d’une
obligation, donc quelque chose qui n’est pas obligatoire ou nécessaire de faire au présent et au
futur
• HAD TO et DID NOT HAVE TO (Contraction : DIDN’T HAVE TO) sont utilisés au passé
PRESENT FUTURE PAST
AFFIRMATION You have to work. You have to work tomorrow. You had to work last night.
She has to work. She has to work tomorrow. She had to work last night.
NEGATION You don’t have to work. You don’t have to work You didn’t have to work last
She doesn’t have to work. tomorrow. night.
She doesn’t have to work She didn’t have to work last
tomorrow. night.
INTERROGATION Do you have to work? Do you have to work tomorrow? Did you have to work last night?
Does she have to work? Does she have to work Did she have to work lst night?
tomorrow?
HAVE GOT TO
• HAVE GOT TO est utilisé au présent et au futur
• HAVE/HAS NOT GOT TO (Contraction : HAVEN’T / HASN’T GOT TO) expriment l’absence d’une
obligation, donc quelque chose qui n’est pas obligatoire ou nécessaire de faire au présent et au
futur
PRESENT FUTURE
AFFIRMATION You have got to work. You have got to work tomorrow.
She has got to work. She has got to work tomorrow.
NEGATION You haven’t got to work. You haven’t got to work tomorrow.
She hasn’t got to work. She hasn’t got to work tomorrow.
INTERROGATION Have you got to work? Have you got to work tomorrow?
Has she got to work? Has she got to work tomorrow?
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CONDITIONAL
Les phrases CONDITIONAL ont deux parties :

• le segment de phrase avec IF
• le segment de phrase principale.
Ces deux parties peuvent être dans n’importe quel ordre.
Dans une phrase FUTURE-POSSIBLE :

• le segment de phrase avec IF est au PRÉSENT et
• le segment de phrase principale est au FUTUR.
• on exprime ainsi un lien de cause à effet logique
Exemples :
If it rains, I will stay home. S’il pleut, je resterai à la maison.
You will pass your exam if you study. Tu passeras ton examen si tu étudies.
Dans une phrase PRESENT-UNREAL :

• le segment de phrase avec IF est au passé et
• le segment de phrase principale utilise WOULD ou COULD.
• on exprime ainsi une impossibilité
Exemples :
If you studied, you would pass your exam. Si tu étudiais, tu passerais ton examen.
I could buy a car if I had money. Je pourrais acheter une auto si j’avais de l’argent.
• IMPORTANT : Dans une phrase PRESENT-UNREAL ou le verbe TO BE est utilisé dans le segment de
phrase avec IF, TO BE prend la forme WERE pour tous les sujets.
Exemples :
If he were here, he would see the problem. Si tu étais ici, tu verrais le problème.
I could travel anywhere if I were rich. Je pourrais voyager partout si j’étais riche.
GERUNDS (Verb + ING)
Les lettres ING rattachées à la fin d’un verbe forment un GERUND. Le GERUND à trois utilisations :
• pour conjuger un verbe à l’un des temps CONTINUOUS

Exemple : I am talking on the phone at the moment.
• pour transformer un verbe en nom (nom verbal)

Exemple : Swimming is his favourite sport. La natation est son sport préféré.
• un verbe prend la forme GERUND lorsqu’il suit certain verbes tels que appreciate, consider,
detest et dislike. Voir la section intitulée GERUNDS vs. INFINITIVES pour plus d’explications.
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GERUNDS vs. INFINITIVES
Lorsqu’un verbe est suivi d’un deuxième verbe, le deuxième verbe peut avoir deux formes :
FULL INFINITIVE (TO + VERB) Exemple: I need to study tonight.
GERUND (VERB + ING) Exemple: I enjoy reading mystery novels.
La forme du deuxième verbe est déterminée par le premier verbe (verbe principal).
Les verbes suivants sont suivis d’un deuxième verbe ayant la forme FULL INFINITIVE :
agree come intend pretend
afford dare learn promise
ask decide manage refuse
attempt demand mean say
beg expect need wait
care get offer want
choose have plan wish
claim hope prepare would like
Exemple : I refuse to help you.
Les verbes suivants sont suivis d’un deuxième verbe ayant la forme GERUND :
admit dislike mind recall
adore enjoy miss recollect
appreciate escape postpone resent
avoid finish practice resist
consider imagine put off suggest
deny involve quit tolerate
detest keep
Exemple : I tolerate smoking in the house.
Les verbes suivants sont suivis d’un deuxième verbe ayant la forme FULL INFINITIVE ou GERUND :
begin cease hesitate prefer
can't bear continue like start
can't stand hate love
Exemple : I begin to watch / watching television at 7 o’clock at night.
Pour les verbes suivants, le deuxième verbe peut avoir la forme FULL INFINITIVE ou GERUND.
Cependant, la signification change complètement selon la forme :
forget remember stop try
Exemples : I stopped smoking. J’ai arrêté de fumer.
I stopped to smoke. J’ai arrêté pour fumer.
66
PHRASAL VERBS
Les PHRASAL VERBS sont des verbes auxquels on a ajouté une préposition. Ajouter une préposition
au bout d’un verbe change la signification de ce verbe.
Il existe beaucoup de PHRASAL VERBS en anglais. Voici quelques-uns qui illustrent ce changement de
signification.
COME Venir GET Obtenir

COME BY Visiter GET ACROSS Traverser
COME OUT Sortir GET ALONG Bien s’entendre
COME IN Entrer GET AROUND Se déplacer
COME UP Surgir, monter GET AWAY S’en aller
Lorsqu’on conjugue les PHRASAL VERBS, on conjugue le verbe et non la préposition.
Exemples: I am coming up the stairs. (present continuous)

I came up the stairs. (past tense)
THERE IS / THERE ARE (Il y a)
THERE IS / THERE ARE sont les équivalents de IL Y A en français.
THERE IS est utilisé avec les noms au SINGULIER :

AFFIRMATION There is (There’s) a cat in the house. Il y a un chat dans la maison.
NEGATION There is not (There’s not / There isn’t) a cat in Il n’y a pas de chat dans la maison.
the house.
INTERROGATION Is there a cat in the house? Y a-t-il un chat dans la maison?
THERE ARE est utilisé avec les noms au PLURIEL :

AFFIRMATION There are many children in the park. Il y a beaucoup d’enfants au parc.
NEGATION There are not (there aren’t) many children in Il n’y a pas beaucoup d’enfants au parc.
the park.
INTERROGATION Are there many children in the park? Y a-t-il beaucoup d’enfants au parc?
AU PASSÉ : THERE WAS est utilisé avec les noms au SINGULIER.

THERE WERE est utilisé avec les noms au PLURIEL.
AU FUTUR : THERE WILL BE est utilisé avec les noms au SINGULIER et au PLURIEL.
67
NEED and WANT + INFINITIVE (avoir besoin de et vouloir)
NEED signifie avoir besoin de. Lorsque NEED est suivi par un deuxième verbe, ce verbe est toujours à
l’infinitif.
AFFIRMATION I need to work today. J’ai besoin de travailler aujourd’hui.

She needs to study. Elle a besoin d’étudier.
NEGATION I do not need to work today. Je n’ai pas besoin de travailler aujourd’hui.
She does not need to study. Elle n’a pas besoin d’étudier.
INTERROGATION Do I need to work today? Est-ce que j’ai besoin de travailler aujourd’hui?
Does she need to study? Est-ce qu’elle a besoin d’étudier?
WANT signifie vouloir. Lorsque WANT est suivi par un deuxième verbe, ce verbe est toujours à
l’infinitif.
AFFIRMATION I want to work today. Je veux travailler aujourd’hui.

She wants to study. Elle veut étudier.
NEGATION I do not want to work today. Je ne veux pas travailler aujourd’hui.
She does not want to study. Ell ne veux pas étudier.
INTERROGATION Do I want to work today? Est-ce que je veux travailler aujourd’hui?
Does she want to study? Est-ce qu’elle veut étudier?
USED TO (avoir eu l’habitude)
On utilise USED TO afin d’exprimer une habitude qu’on avait dans le passé.
C’est une expression invariable qui est toujours suivie du VERB ROOT.
AFFIRMATION You used to smoke when you were young. Tu fumais quand t’étais jeune.
He used to play guitar. Avant, il jouait la guitare.
NEGATION You did not use to smoke when you were young. Tu ne fumais pas quand tu étais jeune.
He did not use to play guitar. Avant, il ne jouait pas la guitare.
INTERROGATION Did you use to smoke when you were young? Est-ce que tu fumais quand tu étais
Did he use to play the guitar? jeune?
Est-ce qu’il jouait la guitare avant?
68
CONTRACTIONS (Auxiliary Verbs)
CONTRACTION FULL FORM CONTRACTION FULL FORM

I’m I am isn’t is not
I’ve I have aren’t are not
I’ll I will can’t cannot
I’d I had / I would couldn’t could not
you’re you are didn’t did not
you’ve you have doesn’t does not
you’ll you will don’t do not
you’d you had / you would hadn’t had not
he’s he is / he has hasn’t has not
he’ll he will haven’t have not
he’d he had / he would mightn’t might not
she’s she is / she has mustn’t must not
she’ll she will needn’t need not
she’d she had / she would oughtn’t ought not
it’s it is / is has shan’t shall not
it’ll it will shouldn’t should not
it’d it had / it would wasn’t was not
we’re we are weren’t were not
we’ve we have won’t will not
we’ll we will wouldn’t would not
we’d we had / we would
they’re they are
they’ve they have
they’ll they will
they’d they had / they would
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75
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77
78
79
80
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82
83
84
85
86
87
88
25.
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
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100
101
102
100 MOST COMMON WORDS IN ENGLISH
These 100 words make up about 50% of written English texts.

Translate these words into French.
ENGLISH FRENCH ENGLISH FRENCH

1 the 26 they
2 be 27 we
3 to 28 say
4 of 29 her
5 and 30 she
6 a 31 or
7 in 32 an
8 that 33 will
9 have 34 my
10 I 35 one
11 it 36 all
12 for 37 would
13 not 38 there
14 on 39 their
15 with 40 what
16 he 41 so
17 as 42 up
18 you 43 out
19 do 44 if
20 at 45 about
21 this 46 who
22 but 47 get
23 his 48 which
24 by 49 go
25 from 50 me
103
100 MOST COMMON WORDS IN ENGLISH
These 100 words make up about 50% of written English texts.

Translate these words into French.
ENGLISH FRENCH ENGLISH FRENCH

51 when 76 come
52 make 77 its
53 can 78 over
54 like 79 think
55 time 80 also
56 no 81 back
57 just 82 after
58 him 83 use
59 know 84 two
60 take 85 how
61 people 86 our
62 into 87 work
63 year 88 first
64 your 89 well
65 good 90 way
66 some 91 even
67 could 92 new
68 them 93 want
69 see 94 because
70 other 95 any
71 than 96 these
72 then 97 give
73 now 98 day
74 look 99 most
75 only 100 us
104

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Contributors: Denise Caissie, Commission scolaire des Premières-Seigneuries

Johanne Cyr, Commission scolaire des Premières-Seigneuries

Introducing yourself: Introducing another person: Response:

Greeting: Response: Leave-taking:

Asking for assistance: Expressing gratitude: Response:

Expressing Language capabilities:

Expressing wants and needs: Apologizing: Response:

PUNCTUATION AND SYMBOL NAMES

A upper case letter / capital letter _ underscore (barre en bas)

CARDINAL NUMBERS ORDINAL NUMBERS

MONTHS OF THE YEAR DAYS OF THE WEEK

MEALS (les repas)

SPECIAL DAYS / HOLIDAYS

9:00 IT’S NINE (A.M. / P.M.)

9:05 IT’S NINE O FIVE (A.M. / P.M.)

9:10 IT’S NINE TEN (A.M. / P.M.)

9:15 IT’S NINE FIFTEEN (A.M. / P.M.)

9:40 IT’S NINE FORTY (A.M. / P.M.)

9:45 IT’S NINE FORTY-FIVE (A.M. /

9:55 IT’S NINE FIFTY-FIVE (A.M. / P.M.)

forehead eyebrow wrist

chest / breast (woman)

TYPE DE VERBE EXPLICATION EXEMPLES

• le pronom personel “I” (je) That’s what I think

A est utilisé devant un nom singulier qui :

AN est utilisé devant un nom singulier qui :

THE n’est pas utilisé avant :

SUBJECT PRONOUNS OBJECT PRONOUNS

1st singular I (toujours une majuscule) je me moi, me, m’

2nd singular you tu you toi, te, t’

1st plural we nous us nous

2nd plural you vous you vous

RELATIVE PRONOUNS (Who, Which, That)

who réfère à une personne (singulier ou pluriel) qui, que

The book which is on the desk is mine.

SI LE MOT SE TERMINE DÉJÀ AVEC S placer tout simplement un apostrophe au bout.

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES and POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

Les POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES et les POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS :

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

Les REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS sont employés :

• lorsqu’une même personne est à la fois sujet et objet de l’action.

• pour donner de l’emphase à une phrase.

myself me, m’, moi-même

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS (This, That, These, Those)

Les DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS identifient spécifiquement un nom.

THIS ceci, cette-ci, ce…ci, cette...ci

COMMON ADJECTIVES OF QUALITY

ADJECTIVES OF PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION

COUNTABLE UNCOUNTABLE FRANÇAIS EXAMPLES

BEFORE Avant TODAY Aujourd’hui

YESTERDAY Hier TOMORROW Demain

ALWAYS Toujours NORMALLY Normalement

Ces adverbes sont placés en fin de phrase :

DAILY Quotidiennement MONTHLY Mensuellement

ALMOST Presque ENTIRELY Entièrement

ADJECTIVE ADVERB Adjectif Adverbe

Les COMPARATIVES et SUPERLATIVES sont utilisés pour comparer des choses :

ADJECTIVE TYPE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

ADVERB TYPE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

ANGLAIS MOT CLÉ FRANÇAIS EXEMPLE

WHAT Information Quoi / Que What is your name?

HOW + ADJECTIVE/ ADVERB

• en général, on utilise in pour un endroit fermé

• avant un mois, une saison, une année, un siècle