International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 49 (2013) 110–114

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International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ichmt

Effect of particle concentration, temperature and surfactant on surface tension

of nanofluids☆
S.S. Khaleduzzaman, I.M. Mahbubul ⁎, I.M. Shahrul, R. Saidur
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Available online 5 November 2013 Heat transfer performance with nanofluids depends on the thermo physical properties of the suspension. Surface
tension is an important property for heat transfer calculation. In this paper, various parameters that effect on the
Keywords: surface tension of nanofluids such as nanofluid preparation method, effect of volume fraction, temperature, and
Nanofluids surfactants on nanofluids have been studied. Additionally, precise assessments on the theoretical correlations re-
Surface tension lated to the surface tension of nanofluids have also been included. Based on the existing experimental results, sur-
Volume fraction
face tension augments respectively with volume fraction intensification. Surface tension of nanofluids decreases
Temperature
Surfactant
accordingly with the increase of temperature and surfactant concentration. Nevertheless, there have been some
contradictory results on the effect of volume fraction and surfactant on surface tension of nanofluids.
© 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Nanofluids are the solid–liquid mixture of nanoparticles into base
fluid [1]. Nanofluids are prepared by dispersing nanometer-sized parti-
cles, generally less than 100 nm, in a base fluid such as water, ethylene
glycol, propylene glycol, oil and other conventional heat transfer fluids.
Addition of high thermal conductivity nanoparticles (e.g., copper, alu-
minum, silver, CNT) to the base fluid increases the thermal conductivity
of such mixtures, thus enhancing their overall heat transfer capability.
During the last decade, abundant experimental as well as numerical
studies have been done to explore the advantages of nanofluids under
a wide variety of conditions [2]. Most of these studies are related with
the heat transfer performance [3–5], thermal conductivity [6,7], and vis-
cosity of nanofluids [8–10]. Few review papers [11,12] have emphasized
only on thermal conductivity and certain efforts have also been made in
the review of viscosity of nanofluid [13].
Surface tension is also an important property when analyzing the
performance of a thermal system. The competency of manipulating sur-
face tension of a liquid has a wide range of useful applications, including
enhanced boiling heat transfer, oil recovery efficiency, and the capabil-
ity of cleaning oil spills [14,15]. Studies on surface tension of nanofluids
are limited in the literature [16]. Surface tension of a liquid can be re-
duced by adding either surface active agents or nanoparticles [17].
Murshed et al. [18] and Kumar and Milanova [19] both showed that sur-
face tension of carbon nanotube-based nanofluids was higher than that
of water base fluid. Moosavi et al. [20] demonstrated that the surface
tension of base fluid (ethylene glycol) increased by a little over 7%
☆ Communicated by Dr. W.J. Minkowycz
⁎ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: mahbub_ipe@yahoo.com (I.M. Mahbubul).
with the addition of 3.0 vol.% of ZnO nanoparticles. The opposite trend
as decrement of surface tension for nanofluid has also been reported
in literature. Murshed et al. [15] measured the surface tension of TiO2/
water nanofluid using a surface tensiometer. They found that the addi-
tion of TiO2 nanoparticles to water reduced the surface tension of the
resulting nanofluid at room temperature. Vafaei et al. [21] measured
the surface tension of Bi2Te3/water nanofluids and found that the sur-
face tension decreased with the increase of particle concentration
until it reached a minimum level and then increased with the increase
of particle concentration [22]. In addition, the authors reported that,
the nanofluid with 10.4 nm nanoparticle has a bigger value of surface
tension than the nanofluid having 2.5 nm size particles at similar mass
concentration [21].
Material burnout and critical heat transfer flux of the nanofluids
surface tension were also affected by surfactants [19,22]. Kumar and
Milanova [19] and Murshed et al. [18] showed that the addition of
NaBDS (sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate) surfactant reduces the sur-
face tension of DI water and DI water based nanofluids with the addition
of carbon nanotubes. However, Chen et al. [14] showed that the addition
of PVP (Poly vinyl pyrrolidone) surfactants does not affect the surface
tension of the nanofluid. They reported that, the addition of silver nano-
particles reduced the surface tension rather than the PVP surfactant in
their experiment. Available literature confirms that, control of gas–liq-
uid surface tension of nanofluids depends on concentration of nanopar-
ticle as well as temperature and surfactants [21].
Based on the literature survey it is found that, most of the researches
done mainly considering the effect of volume concentration on surface
tension and some about effects of surfactants, yet along with some con-
tradictions. No authors have discussed the effect of volume fraction, sur-
factants, and temperature over surface tension of nanofluid all together
in one paper as a wide range of study. Only, Tanvir and Qiao [22]

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 S.S. Khaleduzzaman et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 49 (2013) 110–114 111

of nanofluids. In the subsequent sections, measurement methods used

Nomenclature by the researchers, experimental results concerning influence of volume
fraction, temperature, and surfactants on surface tension, as well as the-
CNT Carbon nanotube oretical models and correlations indicating surface tension in terms of
D Diameter (m) volume concentration, temperature and particle diameter have been
DI Deionized Water described consecutively.
DIW Distilled Water
EG Ethylene glycol 2. Measurement methods
g Acceleration of gravity (m/s2)
k Calibration factor Researchers have used different methods to measure the surface
MWCNTs Multi-walled carbon nanotubes tension of nanofluids. Most authors have determined the surface ten-
NaBDS Sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate sion of nanofluid by Pendant drop method [14,23]. A Rame-Hart
Q Flow rate (ml/h) Model 500 standard goniometer was used for real-time surface tension
T Temperature (K) measurements [22]. The Pendant drop method was adapted to deter-
Ro Radius of curvature at origin (m) mine the surface tension of the suspended droplet. This method utilizes
rd Radius of contact line (m) the Young–Laplace equation to determine the surface tension of the
r Outer radius of the capillary (m) droplet based on the shape of the droplet [24]. Bubble pressure method
SWNTs Single-walled carbon nanotubes [19,25] is also used for surface tension determination. Some authors
T Time (s) used some other methods for surface tension measurement, like Teflon
V Volume (m3) FEP strip [26], Wilhelmy method [27], Sigma 703 tensiometer [28], and
vol. Volume fraction Ring method [20]. Table 1 shows a list of experimental processes used
W Water by the researchers.
wt. Weight percentage of concentration
3. Experimental results and discussion

Greek symbols 3.1. Effect of volume fraction

Φ Constant
θ Contact angle (°) The effects of volumetric concentration of nanofluids on the surface
ρ Density (kg/m3) tension have been plotted in Fig. 1. The results indicate that surface ten-
σ Surface tension (mN/m) sion depends on nanoparticle volume concentration, and it almost in-
σg ln Effective gas–liquid–nanoparticle surface tension (N/m) creases with the increase of volumetric fraction. From Fig. 1, it is found
ζ Surface deformation that, the result from the studies of Kim et al. [28] and Godson [25]
showed that surface tension of nanofluid linearly increases with the in-
crease of volume concentration of nanofluid. Furthermore, Moosavi
Subscripts et al. [20] found that the surface tension enhancement ratio is linearly
L Liquid increased with the increase of nanoparticle volume concentration for
s Solid ZnO/EG nanofluids with the concentration of 0 to 3 vol.%. However,
v Vapor the results of Tanvir and Qiao [22] show the irregular trends as for the
Al2O3/DIW nanofluid, the surface tension initially increased and then
decreased and again began to increase and for MWCNTs/DIW nanofluid,
surface tension initially decreased with the increase of particle concen-
discussed the effects of diameter, concentration and surfactants over tration and then increased.
surface tension of nanofluids. Therefore, the need for a comprehensive Tanvir and Qiao [22] showed another trend of the effect of particle
criticism of all important parameters to provide researchers with suffi- concentration over the surface tension of nanofluids among different
cient information on surface tension of nanofluids is clearly felt. The ob- nanoparticles with ethalon as base fluid. Fig. 2 shows surface tension
jective of this paper is to provide adequate information about the effect of ethanol-based nanofluids (including Al, B, Al2O3, and MWCNTs
of volume fraction, temperature, and surfactant on the surface tension nanoparticles). In the case of ethanol, surface tension increased up to

Table 1
Different experimental process used in the literatures about surface tension of nanofluids.

Base fluid Particle name Particle fraction Experimental process Ref.

(diameter in nm) (vol./wt.) %

DIW Silver (b100) 0.3–1.2 Bubble pressure method [25]

DIW Al2O3 (25), MWCNTs (8–15) 0.1–10 Pendant drop method [22]
Ethanol Al2O3 (25), Al (18), B (80) 0.1–10 Pendant drop method [22]
n-decane Al2O3 (25), Al (18), B (80) 0.1–10 Pendant drop method [22]
W SWNTs Bubble pressure method [19]
DIW Laponite (25–30) 0.1– 2 Pendant droplet method [14]
DIW Silver (10–30) 0.04 – 0.05 Pendant droplet method [14]
DIW Fe2O3 (10–30) 0.05– 0.1 Pendant droplet method [14]
W Al2O3 (47) 0.5– 4 Teflon FEP strip [26]
W CuO (30) 2–8 Pendant drop method [23]
Air-W Silica (6–460) 0.0001– 0.1 Wilhelmy method [27]
W Al2O3 (110–210), Zirconia (110–250), SiO2 (20–40) 0.0001– 0.1 Sigma 703 tensiometer [28]
EG ZnO (67.17) 1–3 Ring method [20]
Gas–Liquid Bi2Te3 (2.5 and 10.4 nm) 4.5–14.5 Sessile drop method [21]
W TiO2 (15) 0.1 Tensiometer [15]
112 S.S. Khaleduzzaman et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 49 (2013) 110–114

Fig. 3. Surface tension decreases with the increase of nanoparticle concentration.

Fig. 1. Surface tension of nanofluids increases with the increase of volume fraction. 3.2. Effect of temperature

Although there are some contradictions that have been observed

0.3 wt.% with the augmentation of particle concentration of nanofluids.
The results clearly show that at high particle concentrations, surface
tension increased accordingly with particle concentration in all cases.
However, at low particle concentrations surface tension trend was
different according to the base fluid, particle type. Nevertheless, in a
nutshell, it could be concluded that surface tension of nanofluids in-
creases accordingly with the increase of nanoparticle concentration.
Some contradictory results were also found regarding the effect of
the volume fractions of nanofluids on surface tension. Fig. 3 shows the
opposite trend as surface tension of nanofluids is decreasing with the
increase of particle volume concentration. From Fig. 3, it is found that,
the result from Jeong et al. [26] indicated that the surface tension of
Al2O3/water nanofluid rapidly decreased up to 1 vol.% concentration,
and afterwards decreased slightly. They found that surface tension de-
creased almost 20% for 4 vol.% concentration of nanoparticles. Similarly,
Pantzali et al. [23] discovered that the surface tension of CuO/water
nanofluids steadily decreased up to 2 vol.% of particle concentration,
and remained unchanged for 3 vol.% to 4 vol.%. Furthermore, Chen
et al. [14] found that the surface tension of laponite and distilled water
constantly decreases with the increase of volume concentration.
Okubo [27] investigated the surface tension of aqueous suspension of
DIB76 (sphere d = 109 nm) and DIC27 (sphere d = 91 nm) and
found that, surface tension of these fluids also decreased with the in-
crease of particle concentration. Table 2 presents the surface tension in-
creasing and decreasing rate of nanofluids with particle volume fraction.
for the effect of the particle volume fractions on surface tension of
nanofluids, however, the researchers agreed upon the fact that surface
tension of nanofluids decreases with the increase of temperature. The
relationship between the surface tension of nanofluid as a function of
temperature has been plotted in Fig. 4. The results indicate that, surface
tension of nanofluids decreases with the increase of temperature. God-
son [25] found 10.29% and 8.55% decrement of surface tension for water
and 1.2 vol.% concentration of silver/water nanofluids, respectively for
the temperature range of 50 °C to 80 °C. Moreover, Murshed et al. [15]
observed that, surface tension of TiO2/water and TiO2/oil nanofluids
significantly decreases with the increase of temperature. Similarly,
Goncalves et al. [29] found the same decreasing trend of surface tension
with the increase of temperature for ethanol.
3.3. Effect of adding surfactant
Surfactants are used to stabilize nanofluids and influence the surface
tension of nanofluids. The effect of surfactant on the surface tension of
nanofluid has been shown in Fig. 5. From Fig. 5, surface tension de-
creases clearly with the increase of concentration of surfactant. Kumar
and Milanova [19] studied the effect of surfactant on surface tension
of nanofluids for SWNTs/Water nanofluid with NaBDS surfactant and
found that in the case of water and surfactants, surface tension initially
decreased gradually 0.62 vol.% and became constant for 0.62 vol.% to
1.30 vol.%. However, when the SWNTs was added to DI water with sur-
factant, the surface tension was the same for low volume fraction
(0.05 vol.% to 0.2 vol.%). After this range, it gradually decreased from
0.25 vol.% to 1.3 vol.% as most of the surfactant molecule was mixed
with DI water.
Similarly, in case of n-decane, 0.1 wt.% of Al/surfactant (Sorbitan
Oleate) mixture showed that with the increase of the volume fractions
of surfactant, the resulting surface tension of nanofluid would reduce
shown in Fig. 6. As the long-chain surfactant molecules attached to
the solid particle, they form a layer between the particle and the

Table 2
The change in surface tension of nanofluids in terms of nanoparticle concentration.

Base Particle name Particle fraction Surface tension increase (+) Ref.
fluid (diameter in nm) (vol./wt.) % or decrease (−) %

DIW Silver (b 100) 0.3–1.2 vol. +1.4 to +12.0 [25]

W CuO (30) 2–8 vol. −29.167 to −47.22 [23]
EG ZnO (67.17) 1–3 vol. +1.015 to +1.07 [20]
W Al2O3 (110–210) 0.001–0.1 vol. +0.27 to +4.17 [28]
DIW Laponite (25–30) 0.1–2 vol. −1.03 to −44.33 [14]
DIW MWCNTs (8–15) 0.1–10 wt. −0.14 to +7.36 [22]
Fig. 2. Surface tension of nanofluids increases accordingly with the increase of nanoparticle
W Al2O3 (47) 0.5–4 vol. −9.46 to −20.22 [26]
concentration [22].
 S.S. Khaleduzzaman et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 49 (2013) 110–114
Fig. 4. Surface tension variation as a function of temperature.
surrounding fluid molecules. Such layers increase the potential between
particles and impart a repulsive force between them. This in turn causes
a reduction in surface tension [22].
4. Theoretical studies
The surface tension and interfacial tension among immiscible liquids
need to be calculated accurately. For this reason, surface tension and in-
terfacial tension are investigated and approximated through correla-
tions. There are some established correlations available about the
surface tension of mixtures.
Murshed et al. [15] developed a model to determine the surface ten-
sion of two phase fluid based on the theory of Girifalco [30] which can
be expressed as:
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
γ ab ¼ γ a þ γb −2Φ γ a γb
where γa and γb are the surface tensions of phases a and b, respectively,
and Φ is a constant, where the percentage of adhesion and cohesion en-
ergies is the same for both phases. The authors solved the Laplace–
Young equation by using known boundary conditions and droplet pa-
rameters to find out the nanofluid surface tension. Scientifically, the
Laplace–Young equation represents the equilibrium involving the sur-
face tension force and the external forces exerted on the liquid droplet,
Fig. 5. Surface tension of nanofluids decreases with the increase of surfactant concentra-
tion [19].
113
Fig. 6. Surface tension variation with surfactant concentration [22].
like gravity. Laplace–Young equation uses the separated interface in the
fluids to describe the equilibrium state. This equation indicates that the
pressure difference across the interface is equivalent to the product of
the curvature multiplied by the gas–liquid surface tension [31].
Additionally, in order to determine the nanofluid effective surface
tension of the gas–liquid, different droplet factors and conditions are
used for the solution of Laplace–Young equation [21,31]. The Laplace–
Young equation can be written as:
d2 z dz
dr2 dr 2 ρgz
h i
dz2 32 þ h dz2 i12 ¼ Rο þ σ g ln ð2Þ
1 þ dr r 1 þ dr
where σg ln is the effective gas–liquid nanofluid surface tension (Nm−1),
ð1Þ
ρ is the liquid density (kg m−3); Ro is the radius of curvature at origin
(m); g is the acceleration of gravity (m s−2); R is the radius of the contact
line (m); and z is the location point. In these calculations, the density of
the nanofluid was assumed to be the same as the base liquid since
even for the maximum particle concentration the density of the
nanofluid solution was only ∼0.3% larger than the density of water.
Based on the proof result, surface tensions of gas–liquid vary from ±
33% yields modify in the point of the peak between +3.6% and −5.4%.
These changes were bigger than the experimental uncertainty of the
top point (∼1%).
Chen et al. [14] observed that the wetting ability of a liquid manifests
itself through the equilibrium contact angle (h), which in turn can be re-
lated to surface tension through the Young's equation:
σ vs −σ ls ¼ σ vl cosθ ð3Þ
where, σ is the surface tension, subscripts v, s, and l stand for vapor,
solid, and liquid, respectively. Due to the uniqueness of surface temporal
and morphological characteristics, it is hard to find the values of σvs, and
σls. For instance, there may be impurity, and changeable coarseness,
etc. on the surface [32]. According to Eq. (3), if the value of θ decreases
(i.e. augmented wettability and absolute micro layer), σvl will be re-
duced. For applications in boiling heat transfer, σvl needs to be specified
to be able to obtain the surface tension.
Value of surface tension is needed to find out the various things like
as to learn about manners of magnetic liquids in plane layers. As recita-
tion, the manners of magnetic stripe systems in the structure of the
smectic correlation, curvature and compression flexibility constants
depend on the magnetic ground and so on. These elastic modules
can be determined from macroscopic experiments, and it is necessary
to identify for an evaluation with the theoretical predictions. The
114 S.S. Khaleduzzaman et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 49 (2013) 110–114
customized Laplace law in order to take into the explanation the mag-
netic phenomena [33] is:
 2 2
σ μ0 1 ∂ ζ ″ properties and heat transfer performance of Al2O3/R-134a nanorefrigerants, Int. J.
p1 −p2 ¼ − →:→ with ¼ − 2 ¼ −ζ ð4Þ
Rc 2 M n Rc ∂x
where, σ is the surface tension between the fluids.
Auge et al. [34] experimentally observed that it was possible to re-
place well-known flow rate Q by preset volume of a stalagmometer. In
addition, probably droplet growing time T can be determined by the cal-
ibrated droplet chamber. Finally, the fluids surface tension (σ) can be
find out from Eq. (5).
Vdrop 2πrkσ
T¼ ¼ ð5Þ
Q ρgQ
whereas ρ, V, g, and r mean the liquid density, volume of the droplet, ac-
celeration due to gravity and outer radius of the capillary, respectively.
The calibration factor k (0 b k b 1) is influenced especially by the con-
striction radius of the droplet before falling down.
Auge et al. [34] normalize the surface tension equation effect with
flow rate of non-ionic surfactants added with base fluid as water has
shown in Eq. (6).
−5 2 Phys. 41 (8) (2008) 085502.
σ ¼ 47:08097 þ 0:03661Q þ 7:84281E Q ð6Þ
However, no theoretical study has been reported on the interfacial
phenomena and temperature-dependent surface tension of nanofluids
[15].
5. Conclusion
Throughout this study, it could be summarized that volume fraction,
temperature, and additive surfactant have significant effects over sur-
face tension of nanofluids. The results indicate that surface tension of
nanofluids increases with the increase of nanoparticle concentration.
Besides this, there are some contradictory results indicating that, sur-
face tension of nanofluids decreases with the increase of nanoparticle
concentration. No existing model or correlation is capable of precise
prediction of the surface tension enhancement or detraction with re-
spect to volume fractions. In terms of temperature effect, researchers
agree that surface tension of nanofluids decreases with the increase of
temperature. Furthermore, surface tension of nanofluids decreases
with the increase of surfactant concentration. However, in one case,
an opposite result was found as surface tension of nanofluid increased
accordingly with the addition of surfactant. More studies are required
to confirm the effect of these parameters as there are ambiguities within
the available results.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to acknowledge the Ministry of Higher Edu-
cation Malaysia (MoHE) and the University of Malaya for the financial
support. This research was carried out under the UM MoHE High Impact
Research Grant (HIRG) scheme (Project No. UM.C/HIR/MOHE/ENG/40).
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