Dissertation on

POST DISASTER STRUCTURES

BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE

By:
KRITIKA JUYAL
ROLL No.: 1432781059

Under the Supervision of:

Prof. Rakesh Sapra
Assoc. Prof. Zita Patnaik
Asst. Prof. Saloni Bandhu

SUNDER DEEP COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

SUNDER DEEP GROUP OF INSTITUTION
NH-24, Delhi - Hapur Road, Dasna,
Ghaziabad – 201015

January - May, 2018

 DATE:

CERTIFICATE

Certified that KRITIKA JUYAL (ROLL NO. 1432781059) has carried out the research
work presented in this dissertation entitled “POST DISASTER STRUCTURES” for the
award of Bachelor of Architecture from Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University,
Lucknow under our supervision. The dissertation embodies results of original work, and
studies are carried out by the student himself/herself.

Ar. Zita Patnaik Ar. Saloni Bandhu

Assoc. Professor - SDCA Asst. Professor - SDCA

Prof. Rakesh Sapra

Director – SDCA

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to acknowledge all those who have helped me in getting this study
to a successful present status.

I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to my guide, Ar. Saloni Bandhu for her
valuable suggestions and criticism. She made this possible.

I extend my sincere thanks to my parents and especially my batch mates for their
extended help and support, SDCA and all the other authorities which helped me in this
study. I dedicate this work to my parents, friends, faculty etc.

Once again, I take this opportunity to thank all those who have directly or indirectly
helped me and sincere apologies if I have forgotten to mention any one in particular.

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 Table of contents
Certificate.......................................................................................................................................... i

Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................................... ii

List of Figures ................................................................................................................................... v

List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. viii

Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... ix

1. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1

1.1. General .............................................................................................................................. 1
1.1.1.What are relief houses? ............................................................................................ 1
1.1.2.Categories of relief shelters/ houses ......................................................................... 2
1.1.3. Organizations/ Architect involved with Disaster relief construction........................ 4
1.2. Aim..................................................................................................................................... 5
1.3. Objectives .......................................................................................................................... 5
1.4. Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 6
1.5. Scope and Limitation ......................................................................................................... 6
2. CHAPTER 2: POST DISASTER PRACTICES IN INDIA ..................................................................... 7
2.1. What are disasters? .......................................................................................................... 7
2.2. Types of disasters .............................................................................................................. 7
2.2.1.Earthquake................................................................................................................. 9
2.2.2.Tsunami.................................................................................................................... 11
2.2.3.Landslides and avalanche ........................................................................................ 12
2.2.4.Floods....................................................................................................................... 14
2.2.5.Cyclone .................................................................................................................... 14
2.3. Disaster management strategies ..................................................................................... 16
2.4. Method of approach in providing relief in India ............................................................. 16
2.4.1.Minimum standards in respect of shelter in relief camps ....................................... 16
2.4.2.Minimum standards in respect of sanitation in relief camps .................................. 17
2.5. Indian organizations/ authorities associated with disaster management ...................... 17
3. CHAPTER 3: CASE STUDIES ...................................................................................................... 19
3.1. Case 1: Kirinda Houses, Sri Lanka .................................................................................... 19

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 3.1.1.Introduction ............................................................................................................. 19
3.1.2.Challenges associated with rehabilitation in Sri Lanka............................................ 20
3.1.3.Housing for Muslim community .............................................................................. 21
3.1.3.1. Design Consideration for planning ................................................................ 21
3.1.3.2. Material used for construction ..................................................................... 31
3.1.3.3. Issues related to design ................................................................................. 32
3.2. Case 2: Paper Log Houses (India & Japan) ...................................................................... 34
3.2.1.Introduction ............................................................................................................. 34
3.2.2.Kobe, Japan .............................................................................................................. 36
3.2.2.1. After effects of earthquake ............................................................................ 36
3.2.2.2. Method of Construction in Kobe .................................................................... 37
3.2.3.Bhuj, India ................................................................................................................ 39
3.2.3.1. After effects of earthquake ........................................................................... 39
3.2.3.2. Method of construction ................................................................................ 40
3.2.4.Environmental effects.............................................................................................. 40
3.3. Case 3: Onagawa container housing, Japan .................................................................... 46
3.3.1.Introduction ............................................................................................................. 46
3.3.2.Design Consideration ............................................................................................... 47
3.3.3.Design process and concept .................................................................................... 47
4. CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION .............................................................................. 57
4.1. Findings ............................................................................................................................ 57
4.1.1.Kirinda Houses ......................................................................................................... 57
4.1.2.Paper Log Houses..................................................................................................... 57
4.1.3.Onagawa Container Houses .................................................................................... 58
4.2. Data Analysis ................................................................................................................... 58
4.3. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 60

References ..................................................................................................................................... 61

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 List of Figures
1. Categorization of disasters ........................................................................................... 7
2. Seismic zone map of India (IS: 1893, 2002) ............................................................... 10
3. Two geographical plates sliding against each other causing earthquake .................. 10
4. Japan tsunami (2004) ................................................................................................. 11

5. ..................................................................................................................................... 12
6. Landslide zonal map of India ...................................................................................... 13
7. Disaster management cycle ........................................................................................ 16
8. Map of Sri Lanka ......................................................................................................... 19
9. Location of Kirinda ...................................................................................................... 19
10. Demographic status .................................................................................................... 19
11. Condition of Sri Lanka after tsunami .......................................................................... 20
12. View of village after rehabilitation ............................................................................. 20
13. Plan showing separation of spaces ............................................................................. 22
14. Section-ZZ.................................................................................................................... 23
15. Front Elevation ............................................................................................................ 24
16. Entrance door step detail ........................................................................................... 24
17. Side elevation of door step ......................................................................................... 24
18. Side elevation 1 ........................................................................................................... 25
19. Side elevation 2 ........................................................................................................... 25
20. Roof detail 1 ................................................................................................................ 25
21. Roof detail 2 ................................................................................................................ 25
22. Roof frame .................................................................................................................. 26
23. Detail of timber louvers on roof frame ....................................................................... 26

24. Exploded view of house .............................................................................................. 27

25. Model of house ........................................................................................................... 28
26. View from street ......................................................................................................... 28
27. Night view ................................................................................................................... 29
28. Foldable partition system ........................................................................................... 29

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29. View 1 of courtyard..................................................................................................... 30
30. View 2 of courtyard..................................................................................................... 30
31. Compressed earth blocks allow for easy construction. This image shows the ease of
interlocking of blocks. ................................................................................................. 31
32. CEB block ..................................................................................................................... 31

33. Modification in original housing design ...................................................................... 33

34. Usage of Paper log houses in different parts of the world ......................................... 35
35. Paper Log House ......................................................................................................... 37
36. Location of Bhuj in Gujarat ......................................................................................... 39
37. Map of India ................................................................................................................ 39
38. Cracked road ............................................................................................................... 39
39. Collapsed buildings ..................................................................................................... 39
40. View of Paper log houses in Bhuj................................................................................ 40
41. Plan ............................................................................................................................. 41
42. Section A ..................................................................................................................... 41
43. Section B ..................................................................................................................... 42
44. Front Elevation ............................................................................................................ 42
45. Explode view ............................................................................................................... 43
46. Exploded view of roof ................................................................................................. 44
47. Placement of walls over plywood pegs ...................................................................... 44
48. Back axonometric view ............................................................................................... 45
49. View of arrangement of Paper log houses ................................................................. 45
50. Image showing the level of destruction in Onagawa ................................................. 46
51. Community center perimeter formed with shipping containers and capped with

gabled roof .................................................................................................................. 48

52. Food market with tensile roof .................................................................................... 49
53. Residential units surround the market ....................................................................... 49
54. Ariel view of the complex ........................................................................................... 50
55. Paper tube columns and beams ................................................................................. 50

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56. Living spaces of container unit ................................................................................... 51
57. Dining + living divided with panel door ...................................................................... 51
58. View of complex at night ............................................................................................ 52
59. Installation of container units ..................................................................................... 52
60. Installation of container units via cranes .................................................................... 53

61. Installation of shelves ................................................................................................. 53

62. Plans showing the variations in building units ........................................................... 54
63. Axonometric view ....................................................................................................... 55
64. Axonometric view of site ............................................................................................ 56

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 List of Tables
1. Grouping of geophysical disasters ................................................................................ 8
2. Grouping of meteorological disasters .......................................................................... 8
3. Grouping of biological disasters.................................................................................... 8
4. Grouping of hydrological disasters ............................................................................... 9
5. Grouping of climatological disasters............................................................................. 9
6. Stages of recovery ....................................................................................................... 15
7. Comparative data analysis .......................................................................................... 59

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 ABSTRACT
Disaster relief shelters play a vital role in coping with disasters. They are an important
part of disaster response and recovery. Disaster shelters provide private and secure place
for people who have lost their accommodation as a result of disaster. These dwellings
provide immediate and temporary shelters for short term, or even long-term if
constructed properly. A review of case studies, literature studies and reports show the
efficiency of the construction and performance. A disaster relief shelter must be made
lightweight but sturdy enough, so that they can be transported to other safe places. They
must readily withstand tough conditions for which their prototypes must undergo
vigorous testing. A lack of consideration with regard to climate, locally available material,
workmanship, culture, cost restraints and poor site location each contribute to poor
performance and unacceptable standard of living. Moreover, there is a lack of
consideration regarding their re-use and disposal. Through this dissertation the principle
aim is to recognize the ways of provision, design and construction of post-disaster
structures and what factors are taken into account in decision-making and designing of
such shelters. While evaluating the efficiency of the aid given after the disaster, “speed”
is considered as the main factor. As people are living in the temporary shelters, delay in
the reconstruction and rehabilitation can be equally as terrifying as the disaster itself.

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POST DISASTER CONSTRCTION

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 General

Disaster is something a person cannot defy. The human state in the aftermath is
most vulnerable. After the disaster, the people are concerned about their safety
and security. Architecture has the ability to provide comfort through dwellings,
which provide shelter, privacy and security. Once safety and stability are
established, healing process can begin. Because of this government around the
world are looking at building resilience to ensure communities can recover quickly
and have minimal impact from the disaster. Part of building resilience is to plan
for disaster management and recovery. Be it a natural disaster (tsunami,
hurricane, earthquake etc.) or man-made (wars, explosions due to gas leaks etc.)
their occurrence sets the society back by decades and leave them vulnerable due
to sociological, economical and physical hardships. With proper mitigation and
rehabilitation strategies these issues can be resolved to some extent.

India is traditionally vulnerable to natural disasters- floods, earthquakes,

landslides, droughts and cyclone are a recurrent phenomenon.

1.1.1. What are disaster relief shelters/ houses?

Adequate shelter has a significant impact on human survival in the initial stages of
a disaster. It provides a private and secure place to live. Through these shelters
people can start to recover from the trauma caused by the disaster. A shelter
requires more than just a roof for being habitable. People living in a shelter must
have enough clothing, blankets, mattresses, stoves, fuel, and access to services such
as water and sanitation. Many DR shelters are designed and planned so that they
can be erected, dismantled, and stored for future use. DR shelters include plastic

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POST DISASTER CONSTRCTION

sheets, tents, prefabricated housing, and public community buildings such as leisure
centres, university halls of residence, places of worship, sports venues, and private
rentals. Size: 18 sq.m. covered living space for a family of 5. Timeframe: 12-18
months.

1.1.2. Categories of relief shelters/ housing

Individuals tend to move between different DR shelter setups before they either
return to their previous permanent residencies, upgrade shelters to permanent
house, or build new houses.

Shelters can be divided into four categories: emergency shelters, temporary

shelters, temporary housing, and permanent housing. However, the International
Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (2013) have added
additional categories to these, such as: transitional shelters, progressive shelters,
and core shelters/one-room shelters.

• Emergency shelters

This type of shelter is used for brief periods of time to deliver life-saving
support and is the most basic kind of shelter support aside from staying in
another permanent building (to be used for a temporary period) for a
single night to a few days during an emergency. This kind of shelter
commonly does not allow for the extensive preparation of food or
prolonged medical services.

• Temporary shelters

This type of shelter is meant for short-term use. A simple tent or a public mass
shelter used for a few weeks following a disaster constitute a temporary
shelter. According to the IFRC/RCS (2013), the duration of stay in such shelters
may be limited, and therefore, prioritizing speed and limiting costs should be
taken into account when constructing this kind of shelter.

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POST DISASTER CONSTRCTION

• Temporary housing

This type of shelter is often distributed for long-term periods such as six months
to three years. Temporary housing such as rental houses and prefabricated
unit allow people affected by a disaster to return to their normal daily
activities. In many cases, temporary houses are installed on temporary land.

• Transitional shelters

This type of shelter is usually developed by displaced individuals themselves

following a disaster, and such resourcefulness and self-management should
be supported. Transitional shelters are commonly relocated from a temporary
site to a permanent location, upgraded into part of a permanent house, resold
to generate income to aid with recovery, recycled for reconstruction, and
reused for other purposes. Such transitional shelters are expected to serve for
many months or years.

• Progressive shelters

This type of shelter is designed and built to be more permanent and upgradeable
in the future through alterable structural components.

• Core/ one room shelters

This type of shelter is designed and built with the intent of being permanent
housing in the future, including a foundation and all or some of the key
services, such as plumbing and various utilities. The goal with this type of
shelter is to build at least one or two rooms to meet permanent housing
standards and facilitate improvement. However, these shelters are not
intended to be a full permanent house (IFRC/RCS, 2013).

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POST DISASTER CONSTRCTION

• Permanent housing

Permanent housing may be upgraded from a transitional shelter, a progressive

shelter, a core shelter, or even a new house. Such houses should be resistant
and resilient to future hazards and disasters.

Of this range of shelter types, it is best for authorities to understand which type
of shelter is most appropriate for a group of survivors’ needs and conditions. It is
also thought that phases of sheltering and houses are unlikely to work in a neat
linear fashion. For instance, in certain disaster cases, it is recommended to use
emergency shelters if damages can be repaired quickly (within weeks) before
returning back to one’s home, or if one cannot return to his or her own home due
to it being too damaged. However, in such a case it would be better to build
transitional shelters on one’s own land if possible. The earlier the reconstruction
process begins, the lower the social and economic costs of a disaster.

1.1.3. Organizations/ Architect associated with Disaster relief construction

• Architects Sans Frontiers (ASF)

Architects without Frontiers is a not-for-profit organization that works on

post-disaster reconstruction around the world. It focuses on projects with
a social purpose and finding solutions as to how people can best be housed
during a crisis and how long-term housing can be built to withstand future
disasters. It brings together architects with a social conscience and has
members in countries around the world, including India, Benin and the
Congo.

• Shelter global

Shelter Global aims to spread awareness about the lack of adequate

shelter throughout the world and bring together architects, designers,
engineers and educators to change this. They organize an annual Dencity
architectural competition to tackle this issue and uncover

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POST DISASTER CONSTRCTION

innovative solutions in providing safe and clean-living conditions for

everyone.

• Alejandro Aravena from Elemental

Chilean based company Elemental is led by Pritzker Prize-winning architect

Alejandro Aravena and focuses on social impact projects that include
housing, public infrastructure and transportation initiatives. They played
an influential role in the reconstruction of Constitución following the
devastating earthquake that impacted Chile in 2010, creating a city design
that tackled inherent social and political issues.

• Shigeru Ban

Pritzker-winning architect Shigeru Ban is the founder of the Voluntary

Architects Network and renowned for his innovative use of recyclable
materials to create high-quality and low-cost shelters for disaster victims
across the globe. His compassionate approach to design has impacted the
lives of people from Rwanda to Haiti, India and Japan, inspiring a dedicated
following.

1.2 Aim

To study the fundamentals of provision, design and construction of post disaster

structures.

1.3 Objective
• To study the need for post-disaster dwellings.
• To study the materials available for construction.
• To study the methods of construction.
• To study the approach of architects through case studies.
• Analysis and drawing conclusions.

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POST DISASTER CONSTRCTION

1.4 Methodology
• Literature study
• Online study
• Analysis
• Drawing conclusions after comparing case studies
1.5 Scope and Limitation
For my research studies, I would like to define the importance of post disaster
shelter in the construction industry. Also discuss the different types of materials
and construction techniques on site. To discuss what are the architectural factors
that contribute to and effect the life of victims. In order to come out the factors,
I would access to the internet to search some related information and go to the
library to borrow some references, book and find the related articles form
journal. Furthermore, I would like to discuss the previous work plan and it
benefits applying on the construction industry. Moreover, I would like to talk
about what are the role and responsibilities of the associated organizations and
authorities in India.

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POST DISASTER CONSTRCTION

CHAPTER 2

POST DISASTER PRACTICES IN INDIA

2.1 What are disasters

A disaster is a sudden, calamitous event that seriously disrupts the functioning of a

community or society and causes human, material, and economic or environmental
losses that exceed the community’s or society’s ability to cope using its own
resources. Though often caused by nature, disasters can have human origins.

2.2 Types of disasters

Floods

Earthqauke

Natural Landslide
Types of Disasters

Tsunami

Cyclone

Terrorist attacks

Manmade Nuclear spill

Chemical & oil spill

Figure 1: Categorization of disasters

Figure 2: Categorization of disasters

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POST DISASTER CONSTRCTION

Table 1: Grouping of Geophysical disasters

Table 1: Grouping of Geophysical disasters

Table 2: Grouping of meteorological disasters

Table 2: Grouping of meteorological disasters

Table 3: Grouping of biological disasters

Table 1: Grouping of biological disasters

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POST DISASTER CONSTRCTION

Table 4: Grouping of hydrological disasters

Table 5: Grouping of climatological disasters

2.2.1. Earthquake

Earthquakes are the result of forces deep within the earth's interior. Sudden break
within the upper layers of the earth, sometimes breaking the surface, resulting in
the vibration of the ground, which where strong enough will cause the collapse of
buildings and destruction of life and property.

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POST DISASTER CONSTRCTION

Earthquakes often trigger landslides, tidal waves and tsunamis. Powerful

aftershocks frequently occur, causing further damage and increasing
psychological stress.

Figure 2: Seismic zone map of India (IS: 1893, 2002)

Figure 3: Two geographical plates sliding against each other

causing earthquake

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POST DISASTER CONSTRCTION

2.2.2. Tsunami

Figure 4: Japan tsunami (2004)

A tsunami is a series of waves caused by a rapid displacement of a body of water

(ocean, lake). The waves are characterized by a very long wavelength and their
amplitude is much smaller offshore.

The impact in coastal areas can be very destructive as the waves advance
inland and can extend over thousands of kilometers. Triggers of a tsunami can
be: earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, mass movements, meteorite impacts or
underwater explosions.

SHELTERS FOR STORM SURGES AND TSUNAMIS

• In recent years, Multi-purpose cyclone- cum-tsunami shelters have been

designed and are being constructed in storm surge prone areas. Such
multi-purpose shelters can be used as schools, community halls, places of
worship and other social gathering places
• Cyclone-cum-tsunami shelters should be designed in such a way that they
address multi-purpose uses

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POST DISASTER CONSTRCTION

• Cyclone-cum-tsunami shelters should be so designed so as to take care of

the livestock of the communities, wherever possible, while protecting the
local people.
• In tsunami prone areas, the DDMAs will ensure that a bank of designs of
temporary shelters, intermediate shelters and disaster-resilient houses
shall be prepared, with the flexibility to use traditional and local
knowledge, coping capacities and locally available shelter materials.
2.2.3. Landslides and Snow Avalanche

Downhill sliding or falling movement of cry soil and rock. Landslides are difficult
to estimate as an independent phenomenon. It seems appropriate, therefore, to
associate landslides with other hazards such as tropical cyclones, severe local
storms and river floods. The term landslide is used in its broad sense to include
downward and outward movement of slope forming materials (natural rock and
soil). It is caused by heavy rain, soil erosion and earth tremors and may also
happen in areas under heavy snow.

Avalanches- Slide of snow mass down a mountainside. This is a rapid downslope

movement of a large detached mass of snow, ice, and associated debris such as
rocks and vegetation.

Shelters-

• Combination of flat and

pitched roofs
• louvered balconies
• Use of thermal insulators

Figure 5:

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POST DISASTER CONSTRCTION

Figure 6: Landslide zonal map of India

2.2.4. Floods

General floods can be predicted in advance, except in the case of flash floods. The
impact of flooding can include destruction of housing, crops, cattle and people.

Flash floods are sudden and extreme volume of water that flow rapidly and
cause inundation. Because of its rapid nature flash floods are difficult to forecast
and give people little time to escape or to take food and other essentials with
them. There are usually two phases following flood disasters.

During the first phase, people crowd on patches of high, safe ground, together
with cattle and other animals, even snakes and scorpions. Drinking water is often
very difficult to find and sanitation is terrible.

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POST DISASTER CONSTRCTION

During the second phase, people start to move back to their homes as soon as
possible. This is often a prolonged process (certain areas dry up quicker than
others) and once home, people face new challenges including destroyed water
systems, wells and bore holes that need cleaning up and disinfecting. A couple of
weeks after the flood, high risks for epidemics like cholera, malaria and dengue
emerge. 12% of Indian land, is considered prone to floods.

Floods are a perennial phenomenon in at least 5 states – Assam, Bihar, Orissa,

Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.

Flood shelters

• The setting up of relief camps for the people whose houses have been
damaged by floods and the provision of basic amenities in such camps
involves complex logistics of mobilizing relief supplies, tents, water supply
and sanitation systems, transport and communication systems, and
medical supplies.
• Areas will be made flood proof as by raising their plinth level at least 0.6 m
above the drainage/flood submergence line and making them at least
double storeyed or constructing ring bunds around them
2.2.5. Cyclones

Tropical storms, cyclones, hurricanes and typhoons, although named

differently, describe the same disaster type. Cyclones, hurricanes and
typhoons can be predicted several days in advance. The onset is extensive and
often very destructive. These disasters are usually more destructive than
floods.

First, in a sudden, brief onslaught, high winds cause major damage to

infrastructure and housing, in particular fragile constructions. They are
generally followed by heavy rains and floods and, in flat coastal areas, by tidal

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POST DISASTER CONSTRCTION

waves. About 8% of the land is vulnerable to cyclones of which coastal areas

experience two or three tropical cyclones of varying intensity each year.

The Indian continent is considered to be the worst cyclone-affected part of the

world, as a result of low-depth ocean bed topography and coastal
configuration. The principal threats from a cyclone are in the form of gales
and strong winds; torrential rain and high tidal waves/storm surges.

Cyclones typically strike the East Coast of India, along the Bay of Bengal, i.e.
the states of West Bengal, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, but also
parts of Maharashtra and Gujarat at the Arabian Sea West Coast.

Cyclone shelters-

• Cyclone shelters will be located preferably about 1.5 km away from the
coast.
• The cyclone shelter will be designed with RCC frame and laterally
supported filler walls
• Rainwater harvesting techniques will be adopted to augment water supply
to the shelter.
• The shelter will have a rectangular or polygonal plan depending on the
functional aspect with curved corners for better aerodynamic features and
the non-erosion of walls.

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POST DISASTER CONSTRCTION

2.3 Disaster Management Strategies

Figure 7: Disaster management cycle

Table 6: Stages of recovery

2.4 Method of approach in providing relief in India

2.4.1 Minimum standards in respect of shelter in relief camps
o After a disaster, large covered space shall be required to accommodate the
affected people. in order to avoid last minute arrangement and high cost,
state/ UTs can explore the option of advance MoUs with manufacturers/
suppliers for supply of factory made fast track pre-fabricated shelters/
tents/toilets/mobile toilets and urinals etc. which can be dismantled and

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POST DISASTER CONSTRCTION

taken back by the supplier after the closure of the camp. This arrangement
shall avoid delay in setting up of camp and exorbitant billing of essential
supplies.
o In the relief center, 3.5 Sq.m. of the covered area per person with basic
lighting facilities shall be catered to accommodate the victims. In
mountainous areas, minimum covered area shall be relaxed due to lack of
available flat land/ built up area. Special care shall be taken for safety and
privacy of inmates, especially for women, widows and children. Special
arrangements should be made for differently-abled persons, old and
medically serious patients.
o In the Relief centers shall be temporary in nature and be closed as soon as
normalcy returns in the area.
o Sufficient number of sites based on population density shall be identified
as relief center and earmarked well in advance at the time of planning and
development of a metro/ city/ town.
2.4.2 Minimum standards in respect of sanitation in relief camps
• Number of toilets: 1 toilet for 30 persons may be arranged/ built. Separate
toilet and bath area be catered for women and children. At least 15 liters
of water per person needs to be arranged for toilets/ bathing purposes.
Hand wash facility in toilets should be ensured. Steps may be taken for
control of spread of diseases.
• Toilets shall not be more than 50m away from the relief camps. Pit latrines
and soak ways shall be at least 30m from any ground water source and the
bottom of any latrine has to be at least 1.5m above the water level.
• Drainage or spillage from defecation system shall not run towards any
surface water source or shallow ground water source.
2.5 Indian organizations/ authorities associated with disaster management
• NDRF – National Disaster Response Force.

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POST DISASTER CONSTRCTION

At present, National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) is about

constituted of battalions from the BSF, CRPF, CISF and ITBP.

• NIDM- National Institute of Disaster Management

• NDMA- National Disaster Management Authority

The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), headed by the

Prime Minister of India, is the Apex Body for Disaster Management in India.
It lays down the policies, plans and guidelines for Disaster Management to
ensure timely and effective response to disasters. Towards this, it has the
following responsibilities: -

o Lay down policies on disaster management.

o Approve the National Plan.
o Coordinate the enforcement and implementation of the policy
and plan for disaster management.
o Recommend provision of funds for the purpose of mitigation.

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CHAPTER 3

CASE STUDIES

3.1. CASE 1: KIRINDA HOUSES, SRI LANKA

3.1.1. Introduction

Figure 8: Map of Sri Lanka Figure 9: Location of Kirinda

Figure 8: Map of Sri Lanka Figure 9: Location of Kirinda

Kirinda is a coastal village in Sri Lanka. It has an area of 39.0 km2. With a population
of 20,291 (as per 2012 census).

9606
10685

MALES FEMALES

Figure 10: DEMOGRAPHIC STATUS

Figure 10: DEMOGRAPHIC STATUS

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POST DISASTER CONSTRCTION

On December 26, 2004 the worst natural disaster occurred. A tsunami (Indian
ocean) resulting from an
earthquake(Sumatra) of
magnitude 9.0 struck Sri Lanka,
affecting over 800,000 people and
destroying over 90,000 buildings
and homes along the coast line.
Figure 11: Condition of Sri Lanka after Tsunami
The initial aid given was successful given the circumstances. However, the
reconstruction and rehabilitation of the island country posed problems: cost of
Figure 11: Condition of Sri Lanka after Tsunami
construction, time taken for reconstruction, shortage of construction material and
also the political and cultural aspects.

In Eastern Sri Lanka, the smart shelter foundation worked on houses for Hindus in
Kurukkalmadam while Shigeru Ban worked for the Muslim fishing village in
Southern Sri Lanka.

Figure 12: view of village after rehabilitation

Figure 13: Plan showing separation of spacesFigure 12: view

3.1.2. Challenges Associated with Rehabilitation in Sri Lanka
of village after rehabilitation

As a whole, rebuilding process in Sri Lanka was slow. Problems can be found at
every level of process. After a disaster, the goal is to bring ‘normalcy’ as fast as
possible. Speed is one of the main factors in evaluating the success or failure of

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the provided aid. For the victims, living in temporary shelters can as traumatizing
as the disaster itself. In addition, when the disaster struck the Southeast Asia, it
received an enormous attention from media and there was a huge flow of
donations and funds for the relief but as the rehabilitation program started it all
faded away. This is unfortunate as this was the time when the attention was
needed the most.

NGOs armed with funds mostly by private donors rushed to take part in
completion of the project. But due to their lack of coordination with the
organizations no tangible results were seen. As result, funds started depleting as
thoughtful usage wasn’t done and the rehabilitation process got more delayed.

3.1.3. Housing for Muslim Community

3.1.3.1. Design Consideration for planning

Following the 2004 tsunami, Philip Bay approached Shigeru Ban to be the
architect for the project. Ban’s reputation was such that immediately
following the tsunami he received calls from India, Indonesia and Sri Lanka
for the construction of disaster relief shelters.

Ban visited Sri Lanka in 2005, and since he had never designed a house
for a Muslim community, he sat down with the villagers to identify their
needs. He drew out three important principles of this community:

• According to Muslim lifestyle, men and women need sperate

spaces.
• Fishermen and divers required space for securely keeping their
tools.
• Villagers wanted a plan where wet spaces (kitchen, shower and
toilet) were contained within the house.

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POST DISASTER CONSTRCTION

Government of Sri Lanka technically wanted wet spaces to be located

outside the house. So, this was a challenge that Ban had to face in order to
satisfy both the community and the government.
Ban’s solution was to create a roofed court. This allowed the bathroom and the
kitchen to be contained under one unit while technically separating them from
the “house”. This space allows natural ventilation throughout the house, provides
shade and acts as gathering space for socializing.
In addition to building houses Ban ensured that 200 trees were planted around
the community as they played a vital role. Three small lakes present at the site of
Kirinda received a proper drainage system to mitigate the risk of floods during
rainy season.

Figure 13: Plan showing separation of spaces

Figure 14: detailed plan of the houseFigure 13: Plan showing separation of spaces

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Figure 14: Section-ZZ

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Figure 15: Front Elevation

Figure 16: Entrance door step detail

Figure 17: Side elevation of door step

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Figure 18: Side Elevation 1 Figure 19: Side Elevation 2

Figure 19: Side Elevation 1

Figure 20: Roof detail 1

Figure 19:Figure 21:

Figure 21: Roof detail 2

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Figure 22: Roof Frame

Figure 22 and 23: timber louvers

Figure 23: Detail of timber louvers on roof frame on roof frame- elevation and
section

Figure 24 and 25: timber louvers

on roof frame- elevation and
section
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POST DISASTER CONSTRCTION

Figure 24: Exploded view of house

Figure 27: Street ViewFigure 25: Exploded view of house

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Figure 25: Model of house

Figure 26: Street View

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Figure 27: Night view

Figure 28: Foldable partition system

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Figure 29: View 1 of courtyard

Figure 30 : View 2 of courtyard

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3.1.3.2. Material Used for Construction

Great thought was given to the material to be used for construction. The idea was
to use such material that were
available and cheap and also easy to
assemble.

The walls were constructed using

Compressed Earth Blocks (CEB)
joined by cement. The blocks were
made from mixture of cement and
clay which were readily available in
Figure 31: Compressed earth blocks allow for easy
Sri Lanka. The blocks were shaped construction. This image shows the ease of interlocking
of blocks.
with uneven surfaces so that they
could be interlocked like LEGO
Figure 34: Modification has been made to the original
blocks. Because of this interlocking, design with the addition of wall to the open-air
courtyard to provide more privacyFigure 32:
the construction is easy and skilled Compressed earth blocks allow for easy construction.
This image shows the ease of interlocking of blocks.
labor is not required.

Another material used was wood

from rubber trees. This is a not a
typical architecture material. The
Figure 32: CEB block
wood from this tree was used for
creating partitions and permanent furniture fixtures. Ban designed the furniture
to bring uniqueness in the character of houses as all the houses were identical.
These furniture’s could be fabricated on site and the construction technique could
also be an addition to their set of skills.

The structure of the roof of the house was comprised of timber trusses and was
topped with clay tiles. The central pillar that supports the roof trusses was made
of coconut wood. This wood was specifically chosen for its apparent strength. The
roof trusses are secured to walls and can stand up to high winds and earthquakes.

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3.1.3.3. Issues related with the design

As the court is directly adjacent to hall and can be joined via folding partition. The
hall can be divided into half with another partition. This creates a plan which is
open and flexible and can be segmented to allow for privacy for women.

But this planning raised some problems:

• The upper part of walls and the gabled ends was slated for cross circulation
of air. Upon completion, it was found that the opening allowed dust to
enter the house and rain to enter the bedrooms. Many villagers decided
to cover the slats with plastic sheets or cardboard.
• Open court was enclosed within concrete walls for two reasons:
o One, it made the area cooler, despite the fact that it was designed
to cool the house through natural ventilation.
o Bathroom and kitchen were placed on the other side of the court.
Which meant if a guest arrived women could not access those
spaces.
o Court was open on either side. Hence, it did not provide privacy to
women.
• Only privacy provided to the women was from wooden partition. However,
if over the time, the partition break or fail, this privacy is lost and the only
place reserved for women would be the back bedrooms.
• Donor and recipient understood “privacy” differently.
• Construction was slow as only 65 houses were built instead of 100 that
were initially planned for.

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• Ban saw the project as two houses joined by a court. However, recipients
saw the court as a unit bisecting the house and isolating the units making
them inaccessible by the women.

Figure 33: Modification has been made to the original design with the addition of wall to the open-air
courtyard to provide more privacy

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3.2. CASE 2: PAPER LOG HOUSES (INDIA & JAPAN)

3.2.1. Introduction

Shigeru Ban first designed paper Log houses in 1965 in Kobe, as a part of relief
effort. These houses were cheap, sturdy and safely housed people in need. They
are both water and fire resistant and can work as both short-term and long-term
dwelling units. They were designed to replace the conventional tents that did not
provide much of a shelter. Design of paper log houses is one of a kind hence, no
one has tried to improve on its original design.

As a designer and inventor of paper log houses, Shigeru Ban made use of paper
for construction because he was interested in “weak materials”. Through his
exploration of the material he found that paper was easy to work with and build
cheap houses.

Paper logs/ Paper tubes

Paper tubes are generally used for industrial work like winding, transportation,
and finishing operations and not for exterior environments where they are
exposed to rain or high humidity. Paper strength is significantly reduced when it
is exposed to elevated humidity environments, so the use of large paperboard
tubes in structural engineering applications is uncommon. However, such
applications are well known due to the unique and pioneering work of 2014
Pritzker Prize-winning Japanese architect Shigeru Ban, who has designed and
constructed many temporary or semi- permanent paperboard tube structures for
exhibition spaces, humanitarian emergency shelters, single family houses, and
even bridges since 1989. Ban’s paperboard tube structures have been designed
using a rigorous structural engineering approach that has included special
treatments of the tubes to inhibit moisture penetration, material and structural
testing of the structural components and joints, and structural analysis and design
to ensure appropriate structural stability, safety and serviceability, and

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compliance with appropriate local permits. Much of the appeal of using

paperboard for structures comes from their aesthetics, inherent recyclability, and
potential for use as a sustainable building material. Paper and paperboard are
some of the most highly recycled materials in the world (60% to 70% according to
AFPA (1972)).

When paper board tubes are exposed to environment for a long duration of time,
they are coated with polyurethane or any other relatively impervious polymer
coating to protect the tube from ambient environmental condition.

Figure 34: Usage of Paper log houses in different parts of the world

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3.2.2. Kobe, Japan

3.2.2.1. After effects of earthquake

On 17th January 1995, an earthquake struck Kobe, a heavily populated urban

area in Japan. It measured 7.4 on the Richter Scale. The aftermath of the
quake was that it ruined most the buildings in Kobe. Seeing the immediate
needs of the situation, Shigeru Ban invented a new type of construction-
paper log house.

This new construction did not need any skilled labor for construction and
could be assembled with 10 people at max.

The paper log house in Kobe, Japan was a successful example of emergency
housing. Hence after the initial use the architecture was spread to other
countries around the world: India, Turkey and for those displaced by
genocide in Rwanda. The worth of the Paper Log House is not only the
innovation of material, but also the humanitarian concerns that it brought
to the world.

Primary Effects:

- 35000 people injured

- Buildings and bridges collapsed despite their earthquake

proof design.

Secondary Effects:

- Buildings destroyed by fire when gas mains ruptured.

- 316000 people were left homeless and refugees moved

into temporary housing.

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3.2.2.2. Method of Construction in Kobe

The Paper Log Houses are made out of cardboard tubes that are 106
millimeters in diameter and four millimeters thick, beer crates, sandbags,
wood, plywood, steel rods, tent material, and waterproof tape. A
requirement of the project was that all materials were to be prefabricated
and that each home was to be built on site. Each house takes around six
hours to assemble with anywhere
between one and twenty people
helping in the process. The assembly
of each building starts from the
ground and works up from there.
The base of each house is crates
filled with sand bags that help hold
the foundation in place. Next, a
plywood floor is lined long the edges
of the crates and plywood pegs are
placed around the outer perimeter.
The cardboard tubes that form the
walls are slipped onto the pegs and
sealed with waterproof sponge tape.
Steel rods that run horizontally for
extra support hold the tubes
together. Atop of the tubes are
plywood connections that hold the
header, which is the start of the Figure 35: Paper Log House

roofing system. Diagonal supports are added to the sides of the roofing
system. Finally, a thick double layered tent
Figure material
38: Map covers
of India.Figure the gabled
36: Paper Log
House
roof. Each unit is easily dismantled and all of the materials are recyclable:

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after dismantling each home, the materials are sent to a recycling plant
where the process begins again.

Paper log houses can be made out of any type of paper product. After the
earthquake in Japan in 1995, most people were left with nothing,
including money, and what is effective about this house is that it is cost
effective. For the families who could not go back to their homes the paper
log houses can be permanent houses with or without a kitchen and a
bathroom, even though it is made out of paper. The roof is made out of
tent material so that it can retain the heat of the houses during the winter
but allows air circulation in the summer. But for those families who don’t
want to live in these houses forever, the paper log house can be easily
dismantled and recycled, to help the environment.

Shigeru Ban’s Log house is quite unconventional in terms of materials and

physical characteristics. The structures are only one story tall and don not
need tremendous strength as they are only holding themselves and a small
roof of cardboard materials. Hence, Ban decided to use small diameter
cardboard tubes as main building material. The walls of house have a
diameter of four and a half inches. Because the ease of construction was the
main priority, the thickness of four millimeters was chosen. Also, to reduce
the cost of paints, the beer crates used made up for overall acceptable color
scheme. Contained within the foundation crates are, sandbags which
provide a heavy, stable mass to hold down the house to ground.

For the floors and window frames, strong and economical plywood was
chosen. Pegs were fixed at the edges of plywood floor, that held the
cardboard tubes which make up the walls, assisted by a small quantity of
quarter inch diameter steel rod to keep the tubes aligned. Waterproof tape
is applied at the building site in the seams to protect the inhabitants from
the elements. The gabled ends of the roof can be opened to let the effective
air flow and ventilation.

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3.2.3. Bhuj, India

3.2.3.1. After effects of earthquake

Figure 36: Location of Bhuj in Gujarat. Figure 37: Map of India.

Gujarat is a state in north western part of India. The epicenter of the

earthquake that occurred in 2001, was a small town called Bhuj. The
earthquake was measured of 7.9 on the Richter scale. It was one of the two
most deadly earthquakes in the recorded history of India, with almost 20,000
confirmed deaths and 1,66,000 injured. A 600,000 were left homeless,
around 350,000 houses destroyed. Even days after disaster it was difficult to
offer aid to the area as the transportation lines were disrupted. Roads were
cracked, lifted and wrapped, but most inconvenience was caused due to the
debris that fell on roads. General services like: gas, water, electricity and
sewerage provided through a network of underground pipes were also
damaged. Broken pipes and cables led to loss of fresh water, sewerage
discharges and no power in many areas. At the epicenter in Bhuj, 95% of the
town was left inhabitable, with no water, electricity or shelter.

Figure 38: Cracked road Figure 39: Collapsed buildings

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3.2.3.2. Method of Construction

Figure 40: View of Paper log houses in Bhuj

Rubble from destroyed building was used for the foundation instead of beer
crates. It was coated with traditional mud floor. For the roof split bamboo was
applied to the rib vaults and whole bamboo to the ridge. A locally woven cane
mat was placed over the bamboo ribs, followed by a clear plastic tarpaulin to
protect against rain, then another cane mat. Ventilation was provided through
the gables, where small holes in the mats allowed air to circulate. This
ventilation also allowed cooking to be done inside, with the added benefit of
repelling mosquitoes.

3.2.4. Environmental Effects

The emphasis of the project was: economical building material, comfortable,

functional, quick build and teardown, Shigeru Ban also strove for pleasant
appearance. A part of Log house’s functionality lies in its appearance. The
structure is excellent in yet another area: sustainability. With the chief building
material as paper, the houses have virtually no adverse effects on the
environment. The parts can be used again, therefore no net waste. Shigeru’s
design solves environmental and economic issues.

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Figure 41: Plan

Figure 42: Section A

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Figure 43: Section B

Figure 44: Front Elevation

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Figure 45: Exploded View

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Figure 46: Exploded View of roof

Figure 47: Placement of walls over plywood pegs

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Figure 48: Back axonometric view

Figure 49: View of arrangement of Paper log houses

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3.3. CASE 3: ONAGAWA CONTAINER HOUSING, JAPAN

3.3.1. Introduction

A powerful earthquake rocked northern

Japan, briefly disrupting cooling
functions at a nuclear plant and
generating a small tsunami that hit the
same Fukushima region devastated by a
2011 quake, tsunami and nuclear
disaster. Figure 50: On March 11, 2011, a tsunami
almost fifty feet high swept through the
Japanese town of Onagawa, destroying
Due to lack of flat land, the construction more than seventy per cent of its buildings
and killing one in twelve of its residents.
of paper log houses in Onagawa was
difficult. Paper log Houses were only single-story structures. Therefore, it was
proposed to provide 3 story temporary housing made from shipping containers.
By stacking the containers in checkboard manner, bright open living spaces were
developed. The standard housing provided by government were poorly made and
didn’t provide enough storage spaces. These units had built in shelves and closets
for storage. Offering families privacy during the recovery, the firm initially
embarked upon installing 1800 units of their 2 meter by 2-meter emergency
partition system within 50 evacuation facilities.

These buildings may be constructed in many disaster situations and continue to

be used as a long term residential solution due to their excellent seismic
performance. Three variations are formed by the placement of units:

• 19.8 square meter unit for 1 to 2 individuals

• 29.7 square meter for 3 to 4 inhabitants and
• 39.6 square meter residences accommodating more than 4 dwellers.

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3.3.2. Design Consideration

There was a lack of flat land for construction, hence Shigeru Ban proposed to
the government an idea of multi-story accommodation for people. The town
allocated a baseball field on the grounds of a municipal athletic facility for the
project. A total of nine buildings (three two-story structures and six three-story
structures) were erected to house 189 families.

Japan did not have examples of three-story temporary housing complexes, so

it took time to convince people to go ahead with the project.
In order to reduce sick-house syndrome, the Japanese government rates
houses according to the amount of certain chemicals, such as aldehydes, used
in construction. Ban wanted to make sure that the temporary houses received
the top rating (four stars), but because the containers were manufactured in
China on a very tight schedule, meeting the standards was difficult.
Finally, when it came to assembling the structures on-site, finding skilled
workers was a big task as there was a chronic shortage of carpenters in the
disaster area.

3.3.3. Design process and concept

The emergency housing units are made from shipping containers stacked in a
multistory checkerboard pattern. Kitchens, baths, and children’s rooms are
located inside the containers, and open spaces like living rooms are located in
the gaps between them. Other temporary housing units were often crowded
with furnitures the residents had purchased. For this reason, built-in wall
storage was installed. The cabinets were built using donations to Voluntary
Architects Network (VAN), an organization run by Shigeru ban, and installed
by volunteers.

Because the number of carpenters and other skilled workers in the disaster
area available for hire was limited, such structures were designed that could

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be assembled by simply stacking pre-made units. Window installation and

other carpentry work was completed off site, at the same time the containers
were manufactured.

In an ideal situation, people who were neighbors before the disaster

would still live close to one another after moving to temporary housing. This
temporary housing was designed in a way that allowed the residents to form
a new community. Spaces like: meeting area, a workshop for children to read
or study in, and a market where residents could do some basic shopping were
included.

A community center and market are centrally located in the complex, offering
a gathering space for community members. The center’s walls are formed with
white shipping containers and are capped with a plywood gable roof.
Triangulated clerestory windows introduce natural daylight into the interior.
The area for the food market is formed with a ring of containers and a tensile
roof protects from changing weather.

Figure 51: Community Centre perimeter formed with shipping containers and capped with
gabled roof

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Figure 52: Food Market with tensile roof

Figure 53: Residential units surround the market

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Figure 54: Ariel view of the complex

Figure 55: Paper tube columns and beams

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Figure 56: Living spaces of container unit

Figure 57: Dining + Living divided with panel door

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Figure 58: View of complex at night

Figure 59: Installation of container units

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Figure 60: Installation of container units via cranes

Figure 61: Installation of shelves

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Figure 62: Plans showing the variations in building units

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Figure 63: Axonometric view

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Figure 64: Axonometric view of site

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CHAPTER 4

FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

4.1. FINDINGS
4.1.1. Kirinda Houses
• They were a means of rehabilitation post disaster, but the construction
process was too slow. A proposal of constructing 100 houses was passed only
65 were constructed.
• There was a problem between the receiver and the donor in terms of
understanding the design needs.
• The size of the house was predetermined in order to guarantee sufficient
natural ventilation. the roofed court along with keeping the house small
ensured that air could flow easily through the building.
• but this design was not appreciated by many, as the open court did not provide
much of the privacy and was cooler than what they wanted.

4.1.2. Paper log Houses

• Paper tubes are available from many suppliers but for nonstructural purposes
like: rolling yarn, textile etc.
• They are not intended for nor optimized for structural applications and
designers should proceed with caution. A close coordination with tube
manufacturer is required for quality control and durability of the tube.
• A highly engineered paper tube can last up to 20 years in outdoor
environmental condition.
o They are environment friendly and can be reused.
o They are light weight and easy to build with and can be easily
transported.

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POST DISASTER CONSTRCTION

o The basic method of construction is the same, but is also different in

terms of certain locally available material for the construction, e.g.,
• In Bhuj, India for the foundation, rubble from destruction was used which was
later coated with mud floor. While in Kobe, Japan, beer crates filled with sand
bags were used.
• Roofing in Bhuj was done using split bamboo and locally woven cane mats
were placed over it. While in Kobe, Japan the roof is made out of tent material

4.1.3. Onagawa container housing

• Provided a permanent and comfortable housing solution to the people.
• It is environment friendly and can be easily reused and transported.
• It provides for quick housing solution in less amount of money.
• Construction time was less.
• Excellent seismic performance.
4.2. DATA ANALYSIS

The data analysis has been conducted on the basis of following factors:

• Type of disaster
• Material used
• Design consideration
• Planning concept

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Table 7: Comparative data analysis

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4.3. CONCLUSION

In the event of a disaster, shelters need to be provided as quickly as possible for

displaced populations, as losing a house means more than just physical
deprivation. Losing a house also implies losing one’s dignity, identity, and privacy,
which in turn increase illness and pollution. It appears that certain guidelines for
DR shelters need to better deal with environmental, economic, technical, and
sociocultural issues related to such shelters in order to improve the living quality
and needs of displaced people. Therefore, before considering providing shelters
for survivors, stakeholders should consider and analyze the design factors of DR
shelters to ensure that they are fit for their intended purpose keeping in mind the
environmental factors. Also, none of the projects studies in detail involved specific
consideration of the needs of disabled people, whether physically or mentally
disabled. Design consideration for elderly wasn’t involved.

It is widely accepted that shelter projects will not be successful without addressing
settlement wide, cultural and issues. Temporary shelters are almost never
temporary and no building is ever entirely permanent, double construction of
buildings i.e. general and shelter, maximizes the construction costs. It is not
appropriate to deliver ‘temporary’ buildings to vulnerable people without their
understanding and without a viable plan to replace them.

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REFERENCES

1. https://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Furbanquotient.com%
2Fwp%2Fwp-
content%2Fuploads%2F2010%2F07%2FSL_p01.jpg&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2F
urbanquotient.com%2Fprojects%2Fkirinda-sri-
lanka%2F&docid=DYDV2klYOqKqoM&tbnid=KoqRHte7ROspxM%3A&vet=10ahU
KEwi4_8LPk63ZAhXEpo8KHZpgBhoQMwg-
KAAwAA..i&w=639&h=403&bih=734&biw=1536&q=kirinda%20tsunami%20pict
ures&ved=0ahUKEwi4_8LPk63ZAhXEpo8KHZpgBhoQMwg-
KAAwAA&iact=mrc&uact=8
2. https://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Furbanquotient.com%
2Fwp%2Fwp-
content%2Fuploads%2F2010%2F07%2FSL_p01.jpg&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2F
urbanquotient.com%2Fprojects%2Fkirinda-sri-
lanka%2F&docid=DYDV2klYOqKqoM&tbnid=KoqRHte7ROspxM%3A&vet=10ahU
KEwi4_8LPk63ZAhXEpo8KHZpgBhoQMwg-
KAAwAA..i&w=639&h=403&bih=734&biw=1536&q=kirinda%20tsunami%20pict
ures&ved=0ahUKEwi4_8LPk63ZAhXEpo8KHZpgBhoQMwg-
KAAwAA&iact=mrc&uact=8#h=403&imgdii=bDTPojdFqaI8cM:&vet=10ahUKEwi
4_8LPk63ZAhXEpo8KHZpgBhoQMwg-KAAwAA..i&w=639
3. https://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/2241/original/FLS2618.pdf?1
384758194
4. Information about climate and construction method [19 feb, 6.07 am]
http://www.architectureindevelopment.org/project.php?id=43
5. Figure 8 & 10 [ 19 March, 6.22 am]

http://www.architectureindevelopment.org/project.php?id=43

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6. Information and pictures on paper log houses [25 march, 5.35pm]

https://anstuesday6.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/tuesday06_assign2_said1
27_09a.pdf
7. Information source 2: paper log houses

https://thursdaygroup6.wordpress.com/2010/11/16/61/

8. Information source 3: paper log, India

http://www.architectmagazine.com/project-gallery/paper-log-house-india

https://archnet.org/sites/5102

9. all plans, sections, elevations and exploded and intact views

https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B5lUyC1iHRY4WFVrTmxxYlZRZWc/edit

http://indayear2studio-1314s1.blogspot.in/2013/09/pins-case-study-shigeru-
bans-paper-log.html#.Wrg-7ExuJPb

10. Onagawa container housing

https://www.designboom.com/architecture/shigeru-ban-onagawa-
temporary-container-housing-community-center/

11. About paper board tubes (1/4/2018, 6.43 pm)

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/298064463_Paperboard_tubes_in_st
ructural_and_construction_engineering

12. Kirinda houses plans, elevation, section, roof details

http://arqa.com/en/architecture/casa-kirinda-en-hambantota-sri-lanka.html

62