the four -bar truss g =100 mm’ for all elements own in figure £4.21. tg trix for each element » Assemble the elemental stiffness Matrix ‘h° clsing the elimination Approach, solve for the nodal displacement t iy Calculate stresses in each element j i) Calculate the reaction forces Fig. 4.21 Suton : Nodal coordinate data [ Node-No_] No i a[ noma Se War *| Obamerehra one Node | Element 0) ; ; 5 40 1 0 FA Es 2 3 30 0 1 5 F ; 0 8} -06 4 3 4 - me ! where, ——— f pee) + (nat ~ Yn, For element 2, For element 1, 0 > 5 = 1 (iii) Elemental stiffness matrix ; The elemental stiffness matrix for the truss Pom -P ml AE, | ml m= -ml -m (kJ =z ja cement 1 0 Mm! _ 100%2x10°}0 9 9 4 soe oy iaaloor =~ 40 -1 0 1 | = 10) °Omomge 90 09 BS |, for element 2 ° 0 ola f0 000 = 4S 6€\Globat Dor y= Wox2x10"}0 1 0 a} a g 073 \ 30 0000 10° n a a - 4 0 -| Omg 0 -665 0 66616 for element 3 064 0.48 ~064 048 [k] = 100x2x10°| 048 036-048 -036 50 |-0.64 ~048 064 048 048 036 048 036 5 6 1-24 Global DOF 256 192 256 -192]5 192 144-192 -14416 56-192 256 192 | 144 192 144 J2 = 10° 7 8¢{Global def -5 o5 0 0/6 50h o of8Trea = d+ el + Ot + 192 (o+i44) 9 5 0 +0) (+0) 0 0 6.66 k= 0 0 0 (666+0) HIGIGI se 192 0 (0425645) (0419240) eee CS 192 (666+1.44+0) 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GLOBAL DISPLACEMENT VECTOR fo) =[n m % % I % % as) G1opat FORCE VECTOR fi 0 fe 0 f 20000 4 0 walle] 9 So 25000) f 0 Se. 0 Equilibrium equation forthe entire truss is given by * (kl (0) = {F) Substituting values of (kJ, {Q} & (F}, we getigelimination method of handling boundary condition ep, BC are 4, = 4,=0(~ node 1 Hinged) / 44 = 0 (at node 2 Roller support) 9 = 4,=0(-+ node 4 Hinged) alle matrix reduces to (i.e., eliminating corresponding row and column where ever nodall iglxement are zero) 5 0 0 ]{4, 20000 10}0 7.56 192]}9,} = 0 0 192 81} la, ~25000, tag above equation we get 9, = 0.04 mm ; 4g, = 0.00834 mm ; g, = 0.03284 mm. ‘Tetodal displacement vector for the entire structure is given by 2-10 0 004 0 0.00834 -0.03284 0 0)" Answer AOSV exc ELesewt inaclement is given byFor element 2 . 0.04 | q, 0 Ws 0.00834 (4, 0.03284) a, Answer For element 3 { 0.00834 4% $ }-0.03284 _ 2x10 (9g 06 -08 -06]) 4 fe oy 50 a o Ja o, = 52.112 Nimm? Answer For element 4 (0.00834 | 4s -0,03284| « 0 -1 0}; We 0 fa Lo Ja ©, = 41.7 Nim? ~ Answer Surrorr REACT The reaction forces at the supports in given by {R} = [kl (Q} - {F) Gee 12-5 0 255 -192 9 EEO 197 144 6 RESON 60. -o 19 0 0 66 0 666 0 OR 97.56 199. 5 192 81 0 Rs a F 218714 =) "a i. 0 e aie pA 0 > Feample 22 For the two bar each element am 300mm Solution :two bar truss shown in figure E4.22(a) determine the nodal displacement, stresses is “gieement and reaction at the support. Take E = 2 x 10° N/mm’, A, = 200 mm? 12kN Fig. E4.22(a) dhe1 = V(t ~ int) +(¥u— Yt) (Gi) Elemental stiffness matrix : The elemental stiffness matrix for the truss element: Pmt é AE,| ml om? mlm? tl = 7) "pe -ml PO oml -ml -m mlm? 064 ~0.48 200x2x105 |-0.48 0.36 5 @ei500 | 0.644.048 0.48 036fk) = 500 gaat stifness matrix: (RK) = 0 384 288 384 -288 0 4] 5.12 3.84 13.12 -384 -8 0 8 0 (k] = 10) 584 288 -384 288 ecooc([“ Aun Gotu Force VECTOR § (l= ABA Fyr={0 0 0 -12x10" 0 o} ‘aulibrium equation for entire truss is given by (kK) (q) =F) Sositing values of [&], (q} and (F}, we Bet sree [S12 -384 -512 384 {7384 288 384-288 y-512 384 1312-38410*| 1312-384] fas] _ f{ 0 | -384 288 ||q,J — |-1210° On simplification, we get g, = -0.2mm ; q,=-0.683 mm ‘The nodal displacement vector for the entire structure is given by 4 i} q =[0. 0, -02, -0683, 0, O]” Answer Stress IN rac ELEMENT For element 1 n 0 i E. q2| _ 2x10% 0 Bier: [-1 -m 1 mj i = Fqp [08 06 -08 06]; 9, . 4. 0.683, Is ©, = -99.992 N/mm? Answer Answer Support reaction : The reaction forces at the supports in given by (R} = [1 (0) - (Fy-15987.2.N 1199040 =0 =0 16000 0 ‘N B Tae gtk? cuss shown in figure F4.23(a), determine the nodal displacements and the ihe two Dar sin each mel ber. Also find the support reaction. Take E = 200GPa248. —Finite Element Method = 1000 mm? Rompe cienmerss = me Solution : (@ Nodal coordinate data Node. No | * y T 0 0 2 750. 500 3 0 500 (ii) Element connecting data Direction | Element | Initial | Final length of the Node | Node | Element () 1 m 1 1 2 901.387 0.832 2 B 3 750 -1 0 Where, +(¥ pat — Yiniiat ) +: The elemental stiffness matrix for the truss element is givealt (iii) Elemental stiffness ma PO ml ole ited mlm? ml -m? | -P -ml Pm | =m =m? mlm? For element 1 069 0.46 1200x2x10°| 0.46 0.306 ik) = 901387 |-0.69 -0.46 0.46 03060 (kK) = [kj] + 1k) sual stiffness matriX 1 2 a 4 5 6 194 122. 184 122) ORO} 122 0815 -122 —O815 0 o|2 ll = 104 -184 -122 45 122-266 0/3 os 122 -O815 122 0815 oO o|4 0 0 2.66 0 266 O|5 0 0 0 0 0 0j6 Gnu. roxce vector (F) = (Sy fifa facta) i OO Runs rquarioy FOR THE ENTIRE TRUSS (K) (q) = (FD 122-184 -122 0 0815 -122 0815 0 7122 45 «122 2.66 0815 122 0815 0fim onl] * {se} 122 0.815]|q,J ~ |-s0000 q, = 0.279 mm ; g, =~ 1.03 mm ++ The nodal displacement vector for the entire structure is given by \ {Q} = {0 0 0.279 -1.03 0 0)’ Answer } Stmess 1n each ELEMENT H For element 1 ; 2x10° | [-0832 0554 0832 0554] | = ooiae7! ] Fe —1.03} i = 221.88 [0 +0 + (- 0.85696) + 0.1545] o, = -75.32N/mm* Answer | For element 2 % aut , | o, = Eft -m 1 mY} Aft o 10 4 Is 4, ©, = 74.64N/mm? Answer Support reaction : The reaction forces at the supports is given by {R} = [kK] {Q) — (F}pe tree bar truss shown is figure E4.24a) Its given that E = 2 x 10°MPa, nga displacement and stress is each member. Find the support reaction 1S0KN)Final length of the [Direction cosin Node | Element (/,) B 800 i 565.68 | 3 1 3 565.68 0.707 | Pmt -P =i AE] mlm =m —m? ar Pp For element 1 } 0.8 1500x2x10°]} 0 0 0 [k= 300 0 0 i: 005 3535 3.535 os 0S -05 = = 108 3535 3535 -3535 -05 -OS 0S 05) ~ ~3535 -3535 3.535 3.535 |5 05 -05 05 05 -3535 -3535 3535 3535 |6 pi stifness matrix : [A] = (h,] + Ok) + tk) 1 2 3 4 a 6 [7.285 3535 3.15 0 3535 -3535]1 3535 3am 0 0 -3.535 -3.535|2 [k] = 10° 376 0 7.285 -3535 -3535 3535 |3 7s 0 0 -3535 3535 3.535 -3.535)4 -3.535 3535 -3535 3535 7.071 0 |5 3.535 -3.535 3535 -3.535 0 7.071 \6 Giomat Force VECTOR (Fh =U, ff Sa Sy GAT=(O 0 0 0 0 -150x 105)" Haunium Equation FOR THE ENTIRE TRUSS (kK) (q} = {F) 71285 3535 -375 0 -3535 -3535](a 3535 0 cv) -3535 -3535||42 0 7285 -3535 -3535 3535 ||4s 3535 3535 3535 3535 3535 3535-3535ce ae as} = 0 %. -150x10° gy = 0.2 mm ; g,= 0.1 mm ; q, =-0.312 mm The Nodal displacement vector for the entire structure is given by {Q) = {0 0 0.2 0 0.1 -0.312}" Ans 0 7.071 On simplification, ‘Stress 1N EACH ELEMENT : For element 1 % E %| _ 210% ra om tla, s00 4s = 50 N/mm? Answer For element 2 % _ 2x108 * 565.68 a= -m 1 ml 7 {0.707 -0.707 -0.707 0.707} % 6, = 53 N/mm? Answer a E 9, = FL -m 1 ml bs I, 2x10° Sesqg60707 -0.707 07077285 -3535 3535 3535 -3535 3535 3535-3535 bample 25 oasder the three bar truss shown in figure E4.25. Determine the nodal displacements and iesses in each member. Find the support reaction also. A, = 1500 mm? ; A, =A, = 2000 mm? ai E= 200 GPa. 1S0kNF 3iste Je ting at 10d ume ar Example tz where as1008 261° cos 45 ve paso xs ‘ata: Nodal 0 ‘+. Global force vector A ir re hb fe & Fd F fo. 0, 15000. 0 106066, —106066] Node. = [0 % 7 evious Example 4 after applying Bg NOTE : Global stiffness matrix Is taken from the previous Example 4 al plying: 3 condition, ie, ¢, 0, we get ’ 5 7285-3535 3535) (a) | 15000 iss 7.0710 a} = |-106.06x10° 4 Besse, 0 rant 106.06 x10" (i) Elemen Solving we get fel 4g, = 0.04 mm q, = -0.13 mm _ gq, = 0.17 mm Answer STRESSES IN EACH ELEMENT 7} fe 210° o | 1 For element 1 6,=——[-1 01 0 i (ili) Eleme ea N}o.o4f = 10 oJ 6, = 10N/mm Answer | For element 2 o, = 2x10° 4 2 = 56565 (40-707, ~0.707, ~0.707 ‘or elem 0 Answer 15 Nim?stress im ‘and A= 4x10%m? ies he ou 1 ol Dam GY 3 4m 3x sindS? see . 1 4 F =2.121 10kN 3 cr, F is ait 0 ee) Oey, 20kN ity data Fig, E426 [Giement | Initial | Final | length of the [Direction cosines Node | Node | Element) [7 m 1 1 2 3 0 1 2 1 3 3 0.707 | 0.707 3 1 4 3 i 0 fiBlemental stiffness matrix : 13 1 7) i 0 0 X201x10°/0 1} 0.499 0.499 -0.499 -0.499 -0.499 0.499 0.499 0.499 -0.499 0.499 0.499 1 _ > 6 0.499 0.499 -0.499 -0.499] 1 268x105 0.499 0.499 -0.499 -0.499| 2 | —0.499 -0.499 0.499 0.499 | 5 0.499 -0.499 0.499 0.499 | 6 For element 3 10-16 4x10 x201x10?| 0 0 0 0 Deh 3 -10 10 0000 1278 10-1 0] 4 | = 268x105] 9 9 0 Of 2 -10 1 o]7 0 0 0 o}s Gv) Global stiffness matrix : [k] = [k,] + (k) +k] 1 2a Sida Io 6ipan 1499 0499 0 0 0499 -o499 —1 0499 1499 0 -1 ~0499 —9499 0 0 0 [k] = 268x10°] 0 =i 00) 0499 -0.499 0 0 0 0equation for the entire truss is given by r fe (0) = (F) soising values of (KJ, (Q) and (F}, we get 0.499 0.499 1499 0.499 0499 0 > -l Hl 0 0 0 0 0499 0.499 0 0499 -0499 0 0 0 ing boundary conditions q, =4, = 4, =44=4) = 4,= 0 and using elimination method| Condition; thereby eliminating rows and columns corresponding t0.4y.4y. 4p 4 4y- dy. WE 1 {2} ama 4g, = -9.379 x 10%=9.379x10"] = 4.66x10" | 0 0 _ 21x10") -1 0 1) 3 = 31.22x10°N/m* For element 2 = 9.379107} ofitc10° 7 4 4 20,10" -0.707 0.107 0.707 0.707] 4 74 °Ox19 = 26.52x10°N/m* For element 3shown in figure E4.27, determine the bat GPa, A= 6% 10 my. Fig. E427 ‘ition: ‘Nodal coordinate data | | | Node. No 1 2 3 fiBement connectivity data(dy Elemental stifiess matrix : The elemental stiffness matrix for the truss el po oml Pam AE,| ml m2 -ml —m fhl= ae -P ml Pom —mi -m? ml m* For element 1 0.64 048 0.64 04g) 0.48 036 0.48 -036) (kl = 0.64 0.48 0.64 0.48 9.48 -0.36 048 036 3 4 1 2 € Global a 1536 1.152 -1.536 -1.152]3 = 7] 152 0.864 1.152 -0.864|4 -1.536 -1.152 1.536 1.152 | 1.152 0.864 1.152 0.864 J2 For element 2 1 10-10 3 2x10!'x6x104]0 0 0 0 0 fclpepeern ane |= 01 0] ~ 10" |_3 0000 0 Global stiffness matrix: — (K] = [k,] + [k,] l 2 a 4 4536 1.152 1.536 -1.152 3 1.152 0864 -1.152 -0.864 0 [k] = 107 -1536 -1.152 1536 1.152 0 -1.152 0.864 1.152 0.864 0 3 0 0 og 0 0 0 o 0“a (F) = (7, F, FF, F, ion for entire truss is given by (kl {q) = (F} ‘ag values of (Al, (q} and {F}, we get yaoi ys 1152, 1536-1152 -3 01 /4,) foo 1152 0.864 -1.152 -0.864 0 0 op 0 a 536-1152 1536 1.152 0 ol] g, 0 z iH] 52 0.864 1.152 0.864 0 0})g,f=) 0 7 ; Bo 0 o 50am 0 - ° ‘ mei) |. nan BOUNDARY CONDITION : fom figure 4s = 44> 45= 9, = O and g, = 50 x 107 biag elimination method of handling boundary conditions, eliminating corresponding rows and sis Je matrix reduces to 4.536 10° g, = 1000 {hsmplification, we get 4, = 2.2045 x 10° m = 0.022045 mm. Tetodal displacement vector for the entire structure is given by q = (0.022045, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0] Answer Sport reaction : The reaction forces at the supports in given by {R} = [k] (Q} - (F) 4536 1.152 -1.536 -1.152 -3 1152 0.864 -1.152 0.864 =lo|~'536 -1.152 1.536 1.152 ~1.152 0,864 1.152 0.864 3) 0 0 0 0 bwocoe264 —Finite Element Method R,{ — |-25395 R 661.35 Re 0 Example 28 For the two-bar truss shown in the figure E4.28. Determine the nodal displacement, element stresses. A force of P = 1000 KN is applied at node 1. on = 210 Ga 00mm? for each element. Dec’ 2013/Jan! 2014 Qh, Solution : (i Nodal coordinate data Node. No 1 2 3 0 eolola ly 0 i) Element connectivity data Element | Initial | Final | tength of the | Direction cosines Node | Node | Element (1) 7 -m 1 2 1 5 08 | 66 2 1 3 4 1a Z0.64 _ 2.1x10° x600| 0.48 5000 ‘| -0.64 0.48 3 4 1613 121 1.613 = yo] 122 0.907 =1.21 -1.613 -1.21 1.613 =1.21 0.907 1.21 1 ik) = 2.110° x600 | 0 4000 matrix: — [k] = [k] +4763 1.21 1.613 1.21 0.907 -1.21 1.613) -1.21 1.613 1.21 -0.907 1.21 3.15 0 0 0 0 oO [k] = 10° Goma. rorce vector {F) = (F, F, Fy F, F, FJ" = {-1000 0 0 Equilibrium equation for entire truss is given by (dl (q) = {F} ‘Substituting values of [A], (q} and {F}, we get 4.763 1.21 1.613) -1.21 -3.15 0]/ 4% 1000 1.21 0.907 -1.21 -0.907 0 O}} 42 o 10* -1.613 -1.21 1.613 1.21 0 O}) as 2 0 10? i -1.21 0.907) 1.21 0.907 0 O}] 4s 0 | ESnst 0 0 0 3.15 0] | 4s 0 0 0 0 0 0 oflas 0 AppLyING BOUNDARY CONDITION : From figure 97% = W= = I= Using elimination method of handling boundary conditions, eliminating co columns ‘Above matrix reduces to 4,536 x 10 g, = -1000 x 10° (On simplification, we get q, = -20.995 mm The nodal displacement vector for the entire structure is given by a = [-20995, 0, 0, 0, 0 Of= 705.41 Nimm? Answer % E % =[-1 -m 1 iL a Is I, —1102.30 N/mm? Answer6.1 INTRODUCTION Truss is an engineering structure considered to ad-joint member at their ends only by means of closed geometrical configuration. A typical pl be consisting of slender members, conn welded joints or by bolts, rivets and jane truss (Types of trusses) is shown Nected tothe Pins: having n figure 6, 4 » ll trough Pratt truss Warren truss deck Pratt truss parker truss (Pratt truss with curved chord) Howe truss baltimore truss K truss ha A plane truss is defined as a truss wh usually made in the analysis of truss, 1. Members of the truss are conne + 6.1 : Types of trusses lose Members lie in a single plane. Common assumpll are ted at their ends by frictionless pins. 4 2. Truss is loaded and supported only at its joints 3-Forees developed within the members of the truss are purely axial, i.e.,no bending ise aeassumed to be applied at the joi joints of the member. Te Seg atis. itis loaded by two equal and opposite collinear forces). with entre t -a group of pins and two-force members as shown in figure 6.2. Fini eto statically determinate as well as indeterminate nee ea iljoin displacerients, member forces and member suesses, Analysis OF ruses ce as they offer practical solutions to many structural problems in engineering Be roofs of buildings, cranes, transmi : Two force member under tension or pull E kr Two force member in compression or push Fig. 6.2: Two force member 6.2ELEMENT STIFFNESS MATRIX [k] plane truss element in local and global coordinate system. The local y-axis which runs along the element from node 1 towards node 2 Note orientation of local coordinate axis changes with element orientation. Whereas the global coordinate system is fixed and does not depend on the orientation of the element. Letvand ‘ybe the global coordinates. In global coordinate system, every node has two degrees of treedom, hence a systematic numbering scheme should be adopted. For example. if the global node number is jits associated degrees of freedoms are q,, , and q,, inx and y direction respectively as shown is figure (6.3c). Figure (6.3) shows a typic: coordinate system consists of theSimilarly, in global coordinate system. let 4 q,ane q, and q, be the «and y displacement of node Thus, = Ag te ey ‘The relationship between q and q' is obtained by referring figure (6. Gg = 4, 6080+ q, Sin® 4h = 4, 0080+ q, sind Let 1 = cos0. and m = sinO i Where, / and m are the direction cosines. =lq, +mgy | Thus, gh =lqy + gy | In matrix form, {4 far fe mo | \as lash loot a 44 IMS q' = ILL tg} im 0 0) fin is called transformation matrix CRON | To find Direction cosines (J, m) and effective length of the element: Referring to figure 6.4, let (x,, v,) and (v,..y,) be the co-ordinates of no direction cosines (/, m) and effective length of the element (I .) are giv (i ¥)jae i one - dimensional bar element when viewed in the | tl iffness matrix in the local coordinate system is given | he elem cari ! elemental cross-sectional area and E, is the Young's modulus tal strain ener: a - ergy for a truss clement in local coordinate is given by U_ = l 3akG Note: Where single prime(’) represents local coordinate system need to find the ele aa awe hhe elemental stiffness matrix in global coordinate system. Hence, we know that q-= bg ---- (6.14) Substituting Eq.(6.14) into Eq.(6.13). we get ) ! r Uo, (La k (Lal La (pt pl =34 [eee Ger The strain energy in global coordinate can be written as I us za --- (6.16) Where, kis the elemental stiffness matrix in global coordinate. Comparing Eq.(6.15) and Eq.(6.16) k= URL eae Where, Lis the transformation matrix and is given by 10 pmo 0 ca ¥ ot ch PE Oy ‘ om A “ino are te diretion cosines and tifness matrix inthe oral coordinate‘Thus, stiffness matrix in Global coordinate is rim EA, | im ome lm oe Key [Po -lm Pim a) —im -m? im ome | x for the truss element in the global coortinie 1 stiffness mat Eg.(6.18) gives the el system. 6.3 ELEMENT STRESS MATRIX [o] We know that truss element in the local coordinate is equivalent to one - dimensional barelemat Hence, the stress matrix is given by o = EBy’ = EBLy = (Gull Where, B 1 Lis the strain displacement matrix and n E, fl m0 0 (a [= Lael : a | 4 [0 0 F mj (t ds cn Pe Satie et ai a 7 [ m 1 mj a 5 Stress in a element. o \ Eq.(6.21) represents the stress matrix for the truss element.element force vector (Column matrix) vet act sable aelement stiffness matrix (Square matrix) Ha 20) “ave isa element displacement vector (Column matrix) ml mm =m ml Ss —m ml §5REACTION FORCES {R} Reaction forces at the supports for entire truss is given by 1k} = IkHo}-{F} ‘Where, {R} isa global reaction vector (Column matrix) {kl isa global stiffness matrix (Square matrix) {Q) isa global displacement vector (Column matrix) {F} isa global force vector (Column matrix) = tem sniserrad oh (a8) Aw (6.23)