Heat Exchanger Designs

 Heat exchanger: used to transfer thermal energy

from one fluid to another

 Assumptions:
 Steady-state conditions for heat transfer.

 Constant overall heat-transfer coefficient

throughout the pipe length.

 No axial heat conduction in the metal pipe.

 Well-insulated heat exchanger  negligible heat

loss to the surroundings.

Problem 1: Determine the required heat
transfer area for a given application

Given/known inlet and exit temperatures

 Using log mean temperature difference
(LMTD)
 𝑇𝐻,𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 : inlet hot temperature
𝑇𝐻,𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 : exit hot temperature

𝑇𝐶,𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 : inlet cold temperature

𝑇𝐶,𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 : exit cold temperature

A concurrent flow (cùng chiều) heat

exchanger and temperature plots
 Let:
𝑇𝐻,𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 − 𝑇𝐶,𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 = ∆𝑇1
𝑇𝐻,𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 − 𝑇𝐶,𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 = ∆𝑇2

We also have:
𝑞 = 𝑈𝐴(∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 ) (*)
Where:

∆𝑇2 − ∆𝑇1
∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 =
∆𝑇
𝑙𝑛 2
∆𝑇1
ΔTlm : log mean temperature
difference (LMTD)

Equation (*) is the same for counter-current flow

 Change in heat energy in
a fluid stream, if its
temperature changes from
T1 to T2

𝑞 = 𝑚𝑐
ሶ 𝑃 (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )

ṁ: mass flow rate (kg/s)

cp: specific heat (kJ/kgoC)
T: fluid temperature (oC)
q: heat transfer rate (kW)

Energy balance equation:

𝑞 = 𝑚ሶ 𝐻 𝑐𝑝𝐻 𝑇𝐻,𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 − 𝑇𝐻,𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 = 𝑚ሶ 𝐶 𝑐𝑝𝐶 𝑇𝐶,𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 − 𝑇𝐶,𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡

 Let’s draw the temp plot for a counter-current
flow heat exchanger

𝑇𝐻,𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 − 𝑇𝐶,𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 = ∆𝑇1

𝑇𝐻,𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 − 𝑇𝐶,𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 = ∆𝑇2

A counter-current flow (ngược chiều)

heat exchanger with unknown exit
temperature
In a counter-current flow heat exchanger:

With the same inlet and exit temperature of hot and

cold fluid, ΔTlm of a counter-current flow heat
exchanger always is greater than ΔTlm of a
concurrent flow heat exchanger

 Counter-current flow heat exchanger has a higher

heat transfer efficiency in comparison with
concurrent flow heat exchanger of the same size and
operating conditions
Energy balance equation:
𝒒 = 𝒎ሶ 𝑯 𝒄𝒑𝑯 𝑻𝑯,𝒊𝒏𝒍𝒆𝒕 − 𝑻𝑯,𝒆𝒙𝒊𝒕
= 𝒎ሶ 𝑪 𝒄𝒑𝑪 𝑻𝑪,𝒆𝒙𝒊𝒕 − 𝑻𝑪,𝒊𝒏𝒍𝒆𝒕

In case: 𝑚ሶ 𝐻 𝑐𝑝𝐻 = 𝑚ሶ 𝐶 𝑐𝑝𝐶

𝑇𝐻,𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 − 𝑇𝐻,𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 = 𝑇𝐶,𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 − 𝑇𝐶,𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡

 𝑇𝐻,𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 − 𝑇𝐶,𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 = 𝑇𝐻,𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 − 𝑇𝐶,𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡

Then ∆𝑇1 = ∆𝑇2  ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 = ???

In this case: ∆𝑇1 = ∆𝑇2 = ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚

In other types of heat exchanger
∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 = F*∆𝑇𝑙𝑚,𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟−𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡

Where F(≤1) is determined using 2 temp ratios

𝑡2 −𝑡1 𝑇1 −𝑇2
𝑃= 𝑅=
𝑇1 −𝑡1 𝑡2 −𝑡1

with t1, t2: temperature in tube

T1, T2: temperature in shell
Problem 2: Calculate exit temperatures of hot and
cold fluids

Given/known size of the heat exchanger, and inlet

temperatures of the product and heating/cooling
streams
 Using effective – NTU (Number of Transfer
Units) Method
Heat capacity rate C = Mass flow rate * Specific heat capacity
CH = 𝑚ሶ 𝐻 𝑐𝑝𝐻
CC = 𝑚ሶ 𝐶 𝑐𝑝𝐶

The heat capacity ratio, C*, is defined as:

∗ 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛
C =
𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥

The smaller of the two quantities: Cmin and the lager: Cmax
Heat Exchanger Effectiveness, ɛE
𝑞𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟
𝜀𝐸 = =
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟

The actual rate of heat transfer:

𝑞𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 𝑚ሶ 𝐻 𝑐𝑝𝐻 𝑇𝐻,𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 − 𝑇𝐻,𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 = 𝑚ሶ 𝐶 𝑐𝑝𝐶 𝑇𝐶,𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 − 𝑇𝐶,𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡

The maximum rate of attainable heat transfer

𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑇𝐻,𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 − 𝑇𝐶,𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡

Thus:
𝑞𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 𝜀𝐸 𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜀𝐸 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑇𝐻,𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 − 𝑇𝐶,𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 )
From:
𝑞𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 𝜀𝐸 𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜀𝐸 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑇𝐻,𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 − 𝑇𝐶,𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 )

 If ɛE could be found  q actual can be calculated without

exit fluids temperatures
 Once q actual determined  exit fluids temperatures can be
calculated using energy balance equations
 ɛE : determined using plots or formula
Effectiveness-NTU Relations for Heat Exchangers
Number of Transfer Units, NTU

𝑈𝐴
𝑁𝑇𝑈 =
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛

A heat transfer area (m2)

U overall heat transfer coefficient (W/m2 oC)
based on selected area
Cmin minimum heat capacity rate (W/oC)
NTU-Effectiveness Relations for Heat Exchangers
Double-pipe Heat Exchanger
 Noncontact-type heat
exchanger.

 Two fluids flow in the

annular space and in the
inner pipe, respectively.

 The streams may flow in

the same direction
(parallel flow =
concurrent flow) or in
the opposite direction
(countercurrent flow)
Plate-type Heat Exchanger

Hot fluid enters the upper left pipe, flows downward

between plates and exits through the lower left pipe. The
cold fluid enters the pipe at lower right and exits through the
pipe at upper right
Fin-fan Heat Exchanger

In fin-fan heat exchangers, air force in cross-flow across

tubes carrying process fluid
Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger

The first fluid (water) is passed through the tubes, while

the second fluid (air) circulates within the shell of the heat
exchanger but outside of the tubes.
Scraped-surface Heat Exchanger
• The product enters the
cylinder at the bottom in
a corkscrew pattern and
flows upwards.

• The heating or cooling

medium travels in a
counter-current flow
through a narrow
annular channel.

• The food product finally

leaves the cylinder at
the top
Steam-infusion Heat Exchanger
• Providing the direct contact
between steam and the product.

• The product is pumped to the

top of the heat exchanger and
allowed to flow within the
sheets in the heating chamber

• The heated product with

condensed steam are released
from the chamber at the bottom
THANK YOU !!!