Assessment Cover Sheet

Assessment Title Assignment 2

Programme Title: BILM

Course No.: TL7303

Course Title: Urban Public Transport

Student Name: Hadeel Ali

Student ID: 201400606

Tutor: Kym Channell

Due Date: 9/12/2017 Date submitted: 11/12/2017

By submitting this assessment for marking, either electronically or as hard copy, I confirm the
following:
 This assignment is my own work
 Any information used has been properly referenced.
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Grade/Mark:

Comments:

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TL7303 Urban Public Transport

Assignment 2

Marks available: 100 (Final mark awarded as %)

Course weighting: 35%
Learning outcomes 1. Analyse the relationship of urban form and public transport in terms
assessed: of financing, revenue, selection, function, organization and ownership.
2. Compare the principal roles of urban public transport by different
modes (road, rail and water)

Submission deadline: Saturday 9th December, 2017 before 23:59 (Moodle –Word Document)

Assignment.

2000 words

(A) Construct a comparative index in table form, using multiple criteria for comparing urban public
transport systems. Be sure to provide the list of criteria you use for your comparative index and
explain why you chose those criteria. (25 marks)

(B) Apply your comparative index to compare 3 cities worldwide with over 5 million inhabitants
from 3 different continents. (25 Marks)

(C) Apply your comparative index to compare 3 cities worldwide with under 2 million inhabitants
from at least 3 different continents. (25 Marks)

(D) Provide a short summary that compares what types of urban public transport appear to work
best in the two groups (B and C) above, and suggest why this is the case. (15 Marks)

Note:

This assignment should be written on this document (a Word document - do not PDF the file) and appropriately
formatted; headings and subheadings should be used, you should use either Calibri or Arial font (size 11 –
excluding headings and subheadings), your work should be double-spaced and pages should be numbered.
Remember to reference your work (including in-text referencing) at all times using the APA format.

Submissions – Use this document as the template for your submission! Please submit the whole document
including cover page, instructions, your report and the rubric via Moodle. All assignments will be checked for
plagiarism and originality using Turnitin. All submissions must be saved using the following naming convention
(failure to do this may result in your assignment not being marked):

 First Name_ID number_ Assignment 1

 E.g. Ahmed_20109090_Assignment 1

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BILM Assignments – Rules & Guidelines

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adhered to Bahrain Polytechnic’s policy on academic integrity and honesty including using APA referencing
appropriately. Any violation of this will be dealt with as stipulated in the policy.

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WORD LIMIT: All assignments have a required word limit which we permit a variation of +/-10%. For example
an assignment with a 2000 word limit means that you can submit between 1800 to 2200 words. These words
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Submissions which are substantially under the word limit will receive a low mark for failing to answer the
question fully. If a submission is over the word limit, the tutor will simply stop marking at that point where it is
10% over (e.g. 2200 words for an assignment with a 2000 word limit). You will not receive any marks for work
that is submitted outside of the maximum word limit.

Marking will be as per marking rubric

Please refer to the generic Course Guide or your tutor is you require further clarification of the above points.

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Contents

.............................................................................. 1
Introduction:- ............................................................................................................................................. 5
Criteria selected:- ...................................................................................................................................... 5
Table A:-.................................................................................................................................................... 7
Table B:- .................................................................................................................................................. 10
Conclusion:- ............................................................................................................................................ 13
Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................ 14

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 TL 7303 – Urban Public Transport - Assignment 2

Introduction:-
The aim of this report is to create a comparative index by selecting multiple criteria to compare urban public

transport systems and apply a comprehensive explanation about the reasons for choosing these criteria. The

comparative index will compare three cities with more than five million population (group A) and three cities

with less than two million populations (group B) from different continents. Additionally, after describing the

comparative indexes for the six cities, a short summery will be included to explain the best city from group A

and group B.

Criteria selected:-

1. Subsidies: it is essential to reduce the public transport costs by implementing the subsidization scheme

to boost the common welfare and to provide efficient mobility for people (European Environment

Agency, 2007). Cheap Urban public transport will increase the demand and the amount of travel that

will reflect large benefit to the community (Centre for International Economics , 2001). Subsidization

will attract people with low income, individuals without driving license, old people, and people with

special needs in order to facilitate their movement in the city. Furthermore, having subsidized public

transport will reduce the amount of car usage which will minimize the congestion (Anonymous,

Advantages Of Government Subsidies, 2015).

2. Integrated system: Non-integrated public transportation systems results in a massive reduction in the

ridership numbers due to the numerous tariffs, not reconciled timetables and lack in the public

transport connectivity (Anonymous, Public Transport Integration, N.D). In this case, the travellers will

face serious delay because they will need to pay extra fares for each transfer (Anonymous, Integrated

Public Transport Systems, 2015). However, the integrated public transportation system reduces cost

and makes the public transport system run in an efficient way. This will result in, customer satisfaction

because the timetables will be connected, the commuters will use only one ticket for all modes, the

transfer time will be minimized, and integrated fares will be introduced as well (Anonymous, Public

Transport Integration, N.D).

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 3. Ticketing systems: e-ticketing system and integrated ticketing system have been introduced recently.

The e-ticketing system is smart-card that could be used as a payment method or to share a sufficient

amount of information (Mezghani, 2008). Moreover, smart-cards have a huge benefit on individuals as

it gives them the ability to save more money because the trip price will be calculated automatically

(CIVITAS, N.D) as well as the boarding time will be reduced by almost 75% because the ticket vending

machines will be available at the stations or inside the transportation modes (CIVITAS, N.D). On the

other hand, integrated ticketing system will allow the passengers to use only one ticket for all modes

(Nottinghamshire county council, N.D). This will result in facilitating the passenger’s mobility.

4. Environmental issues: public transportation considered as a solution to reduce the environmental

issues because it could carry as many people as the transportation mode can handle. Therefore,

replacing private vehicles with public transportation will reduce the carbon dioxide emission by 10%

which can create good air quality. What is more, Heavy rails and Light rails could produce between 76%

and 62% of the greenhouse gas emission because they are electrically powered. The transit buses

produce an average of 33% of the greenhouse gas emission because they are motorized with

alternative fuel such as compressed natural gas or hybrid diesel. Additionally, these modes produce

less emission than the private vehicles (Federal Transit Administration, N.D).

5. Ridership: many people use public transportation systems to travel from their residential areas to their

workplace, schools and universities, hospitals, and shopping centres. However, whenever the public

transportation cost is low, people will move from their private cars to the public transportation to save

fuel money. But, if the public transportation cost is high, people will depend more on their private

vehicles. Moreover, some people find using their own cars saves more time unlike depending on public

transportation because it takes longer time to reach their destination. Consequently, the public

transportation agencies increased the operation hours, created faster routes, and increased the

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 services’ frequency which made people shift from their private cars to public transportation

(Armbruster, 2010).

Table A:-

New York London Singapore

Population - 8.538 million. - 8.788 million - 5.607 million
Modes of transport - Subway. - Buses. - Buses
- Buses. - Overground. - MRT
- Underground. - LRT
- Light Railway.
- Local Train.
- Trams.
Subsidies - De-subsidization - Subsidized bus - $26 billion
low income services with subsidization.
citizens. £2,727m.

- Subsidization for - Subsidized

students, old railway services
people, and with £5,060m.
disabilities.
Integrated system - Unintegrated. - Unintegrated. - Integrated.

Ticketing system - Automated. - Automated. - Automated.

- Unintegrated. - Unintegrated. - Integrated.

Environmental issues - Noise barriers. - Buses with - Noise barriers.

Ultra-Low
- CNG buses. Emission
engines.
- Electrical Subway.
- Diesel-electric
hybrid buses.

- Noise barriers.

Ridership - 1,756,814,800, - 1.3 billion, - 3,095,000, MRT

subway ridership. underground ridership.
ridership.
- 638,413,113, buses - 180,000, LRT
ridership. - 140 million, ridership.
over-ground
ridership. - 3,939,000, buses
ridership.
- 30.9 million,
tram ridership.

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Subsidies:-
Almost 58% of low-income people in New York depend on public transportation but they cannot afford the

ticket prices due to the lack in subsidization and the dramatic increase in fares by 45% in 2015. However, New

York provides a free limited-use MetroCard for students whereas disabled and old people receive a half-price

discount (David R. Jones, 2017). In contrast, London provides £2,727m bus subsidization and a total of

£5,060m railway subsidization in 2013 (Bayliss, 2014). Moreover, Pensioners in London could often travel in

free. However, Singapore government spent almost S$26 billion on public transport subsidization. As a result,

Singapore government provided 15% fare discount for the low-income workers and in 2016 the government

reduced the Smart card fares by 25% (TAY, 2015).

Integrated system:-

New York has unintegrated ticketing system, limited land space, and insufficient funds. These factors reflected

in making the city’s public transportation system unintegrated. However, New York has transportation

infrastructure but it need to be integrated (Anonymous, NEW YORK TODAY, N.D). Likewise, currently London

has unintegrated public transportation system but the mayor is focusing on improving the transportation

interchange hub. The inter-modal public transport interchange will allow passengers to transfer between the

different transportation modes to complete their journeys (Transport for London, N.D). However, Singapore

has the Bukit Panjang Integrated Hub that provides a seamless transfer between the transportation modes and

it allows people to choose the best route to complete their journeys (ITA, 2013).

Ticketing system:-

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New York’s MetroCard cost $2.75 for buses and subway, and it offers a free transfer between them (MTA, N.D).

However, the express bus card cost $6.50 (MTA, N.D) and the transfer cost between local buses and express

buses is $3.00. Similarly, in London, people use Oyster-card for underground and buses services. The Oyster-

card fare is £2.30 for underground and for the buses is £1.50. Whereas, to use the railway services, people

should purchase the TravelCard (Anonymous, London, N.D). In contrast, Singapore has an integrated EZLink

card that allows people to travel between MRT, LRT, and Buses (Anonymous, Singapore, N.D). The card fares

are based on the distance travelled and it cost between SGD 5 – SGD 15 (AQUINO, 2017).

Environmental issues:-

New York provided buses that operate by CNG (Federal Transit Administration, 2010) as well as the city’s

subway are electrically powered which result in lowering the emissions (THE ENVIRONMENTAL LITERACY

COUNCIL, N.D). Moreover, New York installed Resilient Rail Fasteners and Low Vibration Track to reduce the

noise level (MTA, N.D). However, London provided bus fleet equipped with Ultra Low Emission Engines and

hybrid buses are being operated inside the city. These buses reduced the emissions by 30%-40% (Transport for

London, N.D). London implemented track lubrication and track monitoring to reduce noise level (David

Banister, 2013). Conversely, Singapore implemented MRT and LRT noise barriers to reduce the noise level

especially near the residential areas and schools. 8km of barriers installed along the eastern and western

sections in 2016 (ITA, 2013).

Ridership:-
All the people in New York, London and Singapore use the public transportation for mobility. New York subway

ridership estimated by 1,640,434,672 in 2011 whereas in 2016 the number of buses ridership is 1,756,814,800

approximately (MTA, N.D). Nevertheless, the total ridership in London underground estimated by 1.3 billion

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and London Overground ridership reached 140 million approximately in 2014-2015. Moreover, the number of

ridership made by Tram estimated by 30.9 million (Transport for London, N.D). However, Singapore MRT

ridership is 3,095,000 and LRT ridership is 180,000 in 2016 whereas the total bus ridership estimated by

3,939,000 in 2016 (Anonymous, Public Transport Utilisation, N.D).

Table B:-

Adelaide Barcelona Calgary

Population - 1.198 million. - 1.609 million. - 1.266 million.
Modes of transport - Buses - Buses - Buses
- Tram - Tram - C-train
- Metro - Metro - LRT
- O-Bahn bus way - Local trains
Subsidies - Students and - Subsidization rate - $35.28 million
seniors’ is 50%. subsidization.
concession fares.

- Seniors
MetroCard.
Integrated system - Integrated. - Integrated. - Unintegrated.
Ticketing system - Automated. - Automated. - Unautomated.

- Integrated. - Integrated. - Integrated.

Environmental issues - Tindo solar - Electrical-Buses. - Clean-burning
electric bus. buses.
- Buses run on
- Top of Rail natural gas. - Wind-powered C-
Friction Modifier. Train.
- Low emission
Buses and Tram.
Ridership - 70 million in - 426,500,000 in - 107.5 million In
2012. 2015. 2013.

Subsidies:-
Adelaide provides public transport subsidization for seniors as they will have Seniors-MetroCard that offers free

travelling in certain times from Monday to Friday whereas other timings will be for $1.79. Moreover, students

will have concession fares if they have the South Australian Government approved student ID card (Adelaide

Metro, N.D). Likewise, Barcelona provides 50% public transport subsidization. As a result, the subsidization

made the ticketing fares affordable for all citizens (EMTA, N.D). Same as Adelaide and Barcelona, Calgary

provide a total subsidies of $35.28 million for low-income and senior citizens (Calgary Transit, 2011).

Furthermore, senior citizens yearly pass is $135.00 whereas the low-income seniors’ yearly pass is $20.00

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(Calgary Transit , N.D). However, low-income citizens should apply for Low-Income Monthly Pass (Calgary

Transit, N.D).

Integrated system:-

Adelaide has an integrated public transportation and ticketing systems which provides suitable connection

between buses, tram, metro, and O-Bahn bus. The interchange hub between the transportation modes offers a

Park and Ride services to the passengers (Adelaide Metro, N.D). Just like Adelaide, Barcelona has an integrated

public transportation system operated by the TMB. In this case, people will use an integrated ticket for all

modes (Barcelona-University , N.D) as well as timetable between the transport services are well coordinated

(Anonymous, INTEGRATED PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN BARCELONA, N.D). In contrast, currently Calgary has

unintegrated transport system. However, the city’s implemented a future plan to integrate the different

modes. Additionally, Calgary will provide bus services to be integrated with the other transit modes to enable

convenient connection (Calgary Transit, N.D). But, the current ticketing system is mainly integrated.

Ticketing system:-

Commuters can use the automated MetroCard to access all the transportation modes in Adelaide. The

MetroCard fare is $5, and for Concession and Students is $3.50. Whereas, the two sections MetroCard will

allow passengers to travel two sections only and they will be unable to make any transfers (Adelaide Transport,

N.D). Similar to Adelaide, Barcelona automated travel card (Hola-BCN) allows passengers to travel throughout

the transportation modes with unlimited journeys. The fare for the two days Hola-BCN is €14.50 and for the

five days is €33.70 with a 10% discount for online purchase (TMB, N.D). On the contrary, Calgary unautomated

public transport tickets are valid for 90 minutes only. People can use the ticket for all transportation systems.

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Furthermore, the ticket fare for adults is $32.50, for youth is $22.50, and children can access all modes for free

(Calgary Transit, N.D).

Environmental issues:-

Adelaide provided clean and quite Tindo solar electric buses to reduce the carbon emissions. This type of buses

is motorized with 11 Zebra battery modules that provide large energy storage capacity. Moreover, the buses

stations are powered with the solar PV system that generate zero carbon emissions in order to recharge the

Tindo’s batteries (Anonymous, Tindo, N.D). Furthermore, the city used the Top of Rail Friction Modifier to

reduce friction. The modifier will be positioned on the rail top to reduce the curving resistance in order to

negotiate curves more easily (ARTC, N.D). In relation to Barcelona, recently the city introduced electrical buses

and 22.9% of the bus fleet runs on natural gas. Moreover, 34.3% of the buses and tram services are made up of

low-emission vehicles (European Green Capital , 2013). On the contrary, Calgary has clean-burning buses fleet

as they use low Sulphur diesel fuel. Additionally, the C-Train is wind powered which made Calgary the first city

that introduces this innovation (Calgary Transit, N.D).

Ridership:-
Only 8.7% of citizens in Adelaide use public transport (Australian bureau of statistics, 2009 ). However, in the

year of 2011-2012, 70 million passengers used the public transportation (Kelton, 2012). Nevertheless,

Barcelona has an annual ridership estimated by 426,500,000 in 2015 (ATM, N.D). In contrast, Public transit

ridership increased in Calgary due to the population growth. Furthermore, the total ridership in 2003 estimated

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by 76.5 million whereas in 2013 the number of ridership increased to 107.5 million a 12% growth (Calgary

Transit, 2014).

Conclusion:-
To sum up, all the countries in group A has a good public transportation system. Due to the fact that, they

provide an environment friendly public transport services to reduce the environmental issues as well as a

sufficient amount of commuters use the public transport to navigate in these countries. However, in my

opinion Singapore has the best public transport services in comparison to New York and London. In fact,

Singapore provides a total subsidization of $26 billion and it reduced the public transport ticket fares by 25%

whereas New York does not provide subsidization for the low-income citizens which make it difficult for them

to purchase the MetroCard. Moreover, Singapore’s public transport is totally integrated as well as the country’s

ticketing system which made the passenger’s mobility more efficient but New York and London did not apply

the integration scheme. On the other hand, group B has a good public transportation as all the countries

provide a sufficient amount of subsidization and they implement public transport solutions to reduce the

environmental issues. But, I believe that Barcelona has the best public transport system, this because the

country’s transportation system is integrated as it provides an integrated timetables and ticketing system

whereas the transport system in Calgary is unintegrated. Furthermore, the ticketing system in Barcelona and

Adelaide is automated and integrated, but in Calgary is unautomated.

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story/325d317e002816fc1ffb5619ed4aa977
Mezghani, M. (2008, 5 N.D). Study on electronic ticketing in public transport. Retrieved from emta:
emta.com/IMG/pdf/EMTA-Ticketing.pdf
MTA. (N.D, N.D N.D). How to Ride the Bus. Retrieved from web.mta.info:
http://web.mta.info/nyct/bus/howto_bus.htm
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http://web.mta.info/nyct/facts/ridership/
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http://web.mta.info/nyct/facts/noise_reduction.htm
Nottinghamshire county council. (N.D, N.D N.D). Integrated Ticketing Strategy . Retrieved from
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http://www.todayonline.com/singapore/more-transport-subsidies-fund-rail-bus-networks-
josephine-teo
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for/urban-planning-and-construction/interchange

16
17
TL7303 2016/17 Assignment 2 Marking Rubric for Urban Public Transport

30% of final grade

Met criteria to an Met criteria to a very Met criteria to a Did not meet
excellent standard good standard satisfactory criteria
Report Mark standard
Writing A B C F
25 marks (21.25 - 25) 25 Marks (17.5 - 21) 25 Marks(15 – 17.25) 25 Marks(0 – 14.75)
15 Marks (12.75 -15) 15 Marks (10.5 -12.5) 15 marks (9 – 10.25) 15 marks(0 – 8.75)
10 marks (8.5- 10) 10 marks (7 -8.25) 10 Marks (6 – 6.75) 10 marks(0 – 5.75)

Constructed a You have comprehensively You have mostly You have somewhat You have provided little
comparative constructed a comparative constructed a constructed a or no comparative
index using index with a list of multiple comparative index with a comparative index index with a list of
multiple criteria criteria and provided list of some multiple with a list of some multiple criteria and
sufficient support for your criteria and provided multiple criteria and provided little or no
25 Marks criteria sufficient support for provided some support for your criteria
your criteria support for your
criteria
Applied You have comprehensively You have mostly You have somewhat You have provided little
comparative populated your populated your populated your or no population to
index three comparative index with 3 comparative index with comparative index your comparative index
cities over 5 cities with more than 5 the 3 cities with more with 3 cities with of the 3 cities
million million inhabitants and than 5 million inhabitants more than 5 million worldwide with more
inhabitants provided detailed and provided some inhabitants and than 5 million
justifications for their justifications for their provided few inhabitants and
25 Marks position. position. justifications for their provided no
position. justifications for their
position.
Applied You have comprehensively You have mostly You have somewhat You have provided little
comparative populated your populated your populated your or no population to
index three comparative index with 3 comparative index with 3 comparative index your comparative index
cities under 2 cities with less than 2 cities with less than 2 with 3 cities with less of 3 cities with less than
million million inhabitants and million inhabitants and than 2 million 2 million inhabitants
inhabitants provided detailed provided some inhabitants and and provided no
justifications for their justifications for their provided few justifications for their
25 Marks position. position. justifications for their position.
position.

18
Comparative You have comprehensively
summary for summarized and identified
cities over 5 the common public
million and transport systems that
under 2 million work best in cities over 5
million and cities under 2
15 Marks million inhabitants and
provided detailed
justifications as to why you
think so.
Fully complies with APA
Assignment reference guidelines.
clearly laid out Information is clearly
and follows APA presented, flows
reference appropriately and can be
guidelines clearly understood.
10 marks
19
You have mostly You have somewhat You have provided little
summarized and summarized and or no summary and not
identified the common identified the identified the common
public transport systems common public public transport
that work best in cities transport systems systems that work best
over 5 million and cities that work best in in cities over 5 million
under 2 million cities over 5 million and cities under 2
inhabitants and provided and cities under 2 million inhabitants and
some justifications as to million inhabitants provided no
why you think so. and provided few justifications as to why
justifications as to you think so.
why you think so.
Complies well with APA Adequately complies Little or no APA
reference guidelines. with APA reference referencing.
Information is well guidelines. Information is not well
presented, flows Information is presented, does not
appropriately and can be somewhat well flow appropriately
mostly understood. presented, flows and/or not easily
appropriately and understood.
can be mostly
understood.
Total