PROTEGO® Technology

Volume 1

• Flame Arresters
• Valves
• Tank Accessories
 How to use this catalogue

The current PROTEGO® catalogue has a modular structure.

In Volume 1 the company is introduced and with the
“Technical Fundamentals” and the “Safe Systems in Practice” a
basic explanation of operation and use of PROTEGO®
devices is provided allowing a pre-selection of the correct
devices.
Following this pre-selection the user is guided to the Volumes
2 through 8 in which the devices are described in detail.

Typical Applications Exotic Applications

• Storage Tanks and Loading Facilities
• Vapour-return at Petrol Stations
• Combustion Systems
• Chemical and Pharmaceutical
Processing Systems
• Landll and Biogas Systems
• Wastewater Treatment Systems

• Nitrous Oxide Supply in Clinical Applications

• Explosionproof Surface Drain at Heliports
• Storage of Whisky Barrels
• Production of Brandy

Special Applications

• Food Sterilization under Vacuum

• Wafer Production in IT Industry
• Methane Extraction Fan of Mines
• Vitamine Production
• Production of Tooth Paste and Mouthwash

2 KA / 1 / 0807 / GB
 Contents

PROTEGO® – about us 4

Technical Fundamentals 6
Flame Arresters.................................................................................................................................................................... 6

Pressure and Vacuum Relief Valves...................................................................................................................................11

Pressure and Vacuum Relief Valves with Flame Arresters.................................................................................................16
Venting Requirements of Aboveground Storage Tanks - Sizing and Calculation Formulas............................................... 18

Safe Systems in Practice 26

Storage Tanks in Tank Farms for Reneries and Chemical Processing Plants.................................................................. 27
Chemical and Pharmaceutical Processing Facilities.......................................................................................................... 28
Vapour Combustion Systems and Flares........................................................................................................................... 29
Ship Building, Offshore Platforms, and Loading Systems.................................................................................................. 30
Biogas Systems, Wastewater Treatment, and Landll Gas Systems................................................................................. 31
Flame Arresters as integrated Equipment Components.....................................................................................................32

Overview of Products and Services 33

Deagration Flame Arresters, end-of-line and Vent Caps.................................................................................................. 33
Deagration Flame Arresters.............................................................................................................................................. 33
Detonation Flame Arresters................................................................................................................................................ 33
Pressure and Vacuum Relief Valves, end-of-line................................................................................................................34
Pressure and Vacuum Relief Valves, in-line....................................................................................................................... 34
Pressure and Vacuum Relief Valves with Flame Arrester, end-of-line................................................................................ 34
Tank Accessories and Special Equipment..........................................................................................................................34
Services and Spare Parts...................................................................................................................................................35

Appendix 36
Regulations, Laws, Standards and Technical Literature.....................................................................................................36
Glossary..............................................................................................................................................................................38

Guidelines for selecting Flame Arresters............................................................................................................................47

Materials, Units and Conversion Factors........................................................................................................................... 48
Data Sheet for PROTEGO® Devices.................................................................................................................................. 49

KA / 1 / 0807 / GB 3
 PROTEGO® - about us

Braunschweiger Flammenlter is a family owned business with

tradition and has been involved with the development of ame
arresters, valves and tank accessories for industrial process
engineering for more than 50 years. Over this period, the inter-
nationally registered trademarks PROTEGO®, FLAMEFILTER®
and FLAMMENFILTER® have become a synonym for quality
and functionality.

The products are developed in close collaboration with end-

users, technical laboratories and testing authorities. The
PROTEGO® research and development center - the largest of
its kind - not only develops our products but is also available for
general research projects and customer-related special deve-
lopments. Nominal sizes up to DN 1000 (40“) are possible as
well as higher pressures and temperatures.

PROTEGO® offers a comprehensive line of ame arresters,

valves, and tank accessories that are tailored to meet market
demands. The products are installed by industrial users for a
wide range of applications: in tank farms for ammable liquids
in industrial and military applications; in chemical and pharma-
ceutical processing facilities; in vapour combustion plants; in
biogas, landll gas and wastewater treatment facilities; in ship
building; on oil platforms and in loading and unloading facilities.
PROTEGO® products are autonomous Protective Systems or
integrated in equipment. They are used in IT clean rooms, food
sterilization, painting systems, aerospace industry and wherever
explosive vapours can form, or where particularly sensitive low-
pressure reducing valves are required.

PROTEGO® - for safety and environmental protection: We offer

support during the planning phase by our trained engineers and
provide with our worldwide network of partners safely operating
systems starting from the design phase up to implementation.

Product-oriented seminars and training sessions are

provided at Braunschweig to reinforce theoretical knowledge
with practical experiments. Of course, seminars are offered near
the customer to provide current information on safety engineering
on the actual state-of-the-art.

4 KA / 1 / 0807 / GB
Product quality is assured according to international standards.
DIN ISO 9001/2000 and DIN ISO 14001 have been implemen-
ted for quite a while and have become a part of everydays
practice.
The quality derived from producing in accordance with ATEX is
the quality seal of reliability. To this we add the steering wheel
symbol for supplies to the ship-building industry and the Factory
Mutual symbol indicating compliance with international require-
ments. The international testing and approval institutions know
us as a competent and reliable partner in their daily dealings
with us and have issued over 5000 approvals.

Today, PROTEGO® is considered one of the leading companies

in its eld of business and operates worldwide with a network
of subsidiaries, branches and representatives. The PROTEGO®
group includes 11 distribution and service companies and over
50 representatives in the most important markets in every corner
of the globe. Customers are promptly supplied with products,
replacement parts and services by means of regional support
centers.

PROTEGO®, FLAMEFILTER® and FLAMMENFILTER ®

are international registered trademarks of
Braunschweiger Flammenlter GmbH.

In the elds of safety and environmental protection, PROTEGO® is well known internationally for:

• product innovation
• technological leadership
• technical advice and service
• problem solving
• product quality
• product availability and on-time delivery
• integrity and solidity

PRO safety - PRO tection - PROTEGO®

PROTEGO® WORLD TEAM

KA / 1 / 0807 / GB 5
 Technical Fundamentals
Flame Arresters

Development
Flame arresters protect systems subject to explosion
hazards from the effects of explosions. Ever since methane gas
explosions were successfully suppressed in the mining industry
in the mid-19th century by the development of the mine shaft
lamp with a Davy screen, solutions have been found for making
systems safer in modern hydrocarbon chemistry, where much
more hazardous gases are used.
In addition, lling stations became necessary with the introduc-
tion of the automobile. With lling station tanks, the problem
of explosive vapours arose, consisting of hydrocarbons and
air that form around the tanks and loading equipment, which
can ignite. Given the need for safe handling in dangerous
atmospheres, the large oil companies advanced the deve-
lopment of protective devices for both industrial and military
applications.
Initial successes were achieved with gravel pots that were used
on fuel tanks. The entrance of an explosion in the atmosphere
into the storage tank or into the connected line was stopped by
the gravel, and the ame was extinguished. The tank remained
protected. The problem with loose gravel, however, is the not Figure 1a: FLAMEFILTER® wound out of corrugated metal strips
reproducible ame arresting capability and the high pressure
losses. In 1929, a new development was patented that replaced
the loose gravel with wound corrugated strips of metal (Fig. 1a).
Together with the patented shock-absorber, a protective device
was developed that stopped detonative combustion processes
in the pipe at minimum pressure loss. The PROTEGO® deto-
nation ame arrester – developed by Robert Leinemann – was
born (Fig. 1b). It was given its name many years later in 1954
when Robert Leinemann founded his company Braunschweiger
Flammenlter.
As chemical processes developed, the requirements on protec-
tive devices became increasingly complex. To this the require-
ments of environmental protection were added. Vapours from
processes needed to be disposed in an environmentally friendly
manner and supplied to combustion systems according to clean-
air regulations. The continuously or only occasionally explosive
mixture was sent to an ignition source during operation. These
particular hazards had to be countered with special measures.
PROTEGO® ame arresters offer reliable protection in plant
systems; these ame arresters always correspond to the state-
of-the-art as a result of continuous research and development.

Figure 1b: Detonation Flame Arrester with Shock-Absorber

6 KA / 1 / 0807 / GB
Combustion Processes
Explosive mixtures can burn in various ways. The following,
among other things, can inuence the combustion process: the
chemical composition of the mixture, possible pressure waves,
pre-compression, the geometric shape of the combustion cham-
ber, and the ame propagation speed.
The relevant combustion processes for ame arresters are
dened by international standards:

Explosion is the generic term for abrupt oxidation or decompo-

sition reaction producing an increase in temperature, pressure
or both simultaneously [also see EN 1127-1:1997].
Deagration is an explosion that propagates at subsonic velo- Figure 2: Atmospheric de agration
city [EN 1127-1:1997]. Depending on the geometric shape of the
combustion area, a distinction is drawn between atmospheric
deagration, pre-volume deagration and in-line deagration.
Atmospheric deagration (Fig. 2) is an explosion that occurs
in open air without a noticeable increase in pressure.
Pre-volume deagration (Fig. 3) is an explosion in a conned
volume (such as within a vessel) initiated by an internal ignition
source.
In-line deagration (Fig. 5) is an accelerated explosion within
Figure 3: Pre-volume deagration
a pipe that moves along the axis of the pipe at the ame propa-
gation speed.
Stabilized burning is the even, steady burning of a ame,
stabilized at or close to the ame arrester element. A distinction
is drawn between short time burning (stabilized burning for a
specic period) and endurance burning (stabilized burning for
an unlimited period) (Fig. 4).
Detonation is an explosion propagating at supersonic velo-
city and is characterised by a shock wave [EN 1127-1:1997].
A distinction is drawn between stable detonations and unstab-
le detonations (Fig. 5).
A detonation is stable when it progresses through a conned Figure 4: Stabilized burning
system without a signicant variation of velocity and pressure
characteristic (for atmospheric conditions, test mixtures and
test procedures typical velocities are between 1,600 and 2,200 accelerating
deagration
unstable
detonation L
stable
detonation
meter/second). A detonation is unstable during the transition Transition zone
(DDT)
of the combustion process from a deagration into a stable
detonation. The transition occurs in a spatially limited area in
which the velocity of the combustion wave is not constant and
where the explosion pressure is signicantly higher than in a
stable detonation. NOTE: The position of this transition zone
depends, among others, on the operating pressure and operating
V

temperature, on the pipe diameter, the pipe conguration, the Velocity of the ame front
Pressure built-up caused by volume-
test gas and the explosion group and must be predetermined by expansion of the burnt mixture

experiments in each case.

Figure 5: De agration – unstable detonation – stable detonation.
L= distance to ignition-source
D= Diameter of the pipeline
v= velocity of the ame front
p= pressure
DDT = Deagration to Detonation Transition

KA / 1 / 0807 / GB 7
 Technical Fundamentals
Flame Arresters

Master Types
Flame arresters are subdivided into different types depending
upon the combustion process (Endurance burning, Deagration,
Energy dissipation
Detonation and the various sub-groups) and in accordance to into the
the installation (in-line, end-of-line, in equipment). boundary layer

Master types are

Flame Front unburnt mixture
a) static dry ame arresters
Energieuss in die Wand
b) static liquid seal ame arresters
c) dynamic ame arresters
Energy dissipation
Working principle into the
boundary layer
a) Static dry ame arresters
Flame arrester elements made of wound corrugated metal strips
burnt mixture Flame Front unburnt mixture
can be manufactured with consistantly reproducible ame quen-
ching gaps. The gap-size can be adjusted in accordance to the
ash-back capability of the explosive mixture. Total energy dissipation

The FLAMEFILTER® is made of wound corrugated metal strips

and forms the ame arrester element. The principle of ame Energy dissipation
into the
quenching in small gaps is applied in PROTEGO® end-of-line boundary layer
ame arresters and PROTEGO® in-line ame arresters (volume
2,3,4,5 and 6).
burnt mixture Flame Front unburnt mixture
When a mixture ignites in a gap between two walls, the ame
spreads towards the non-combusted mixture. The expansion in
volume of the combusted mixture pre-compresses the non-com- Total energy dissipation
busted mixture and accelerates the ame.
The ame is extinguished by heat dissipation in the boundary Energy dissipation
layer “s”, transferring it to the large surface of the gap-length into the
boundary layer
compared to the gap-width “D” and cooling-down the product
below its ignition temperature (Fig. 6).
The gap width and the gap length of the ame arrester element burnt mixture unburnt mixture

determines its extinguishing ability.

Figure 6:
The narrower and longer the gap, the greater the extinguishing Extinguishing the  ame in the narrow gap ( ame quenching)
by heat transfer
effectiveness. The wider and shorter the gap, the lower the
pressure loss. The optimum solution between the two conditions
is determined by experiments. 7a 7b

Original PROTEGO® technology

To protect against all of the previously mentioned combustion
processes, PROTEGO® developed static dry ame arresters
and optimized their design and had them undergo national and Spacer
Corrugated steel strip
international certications in prototype tests (Fig. 7a and b). Corrugated steel strip
Flat steel strip

All static dry PROTEGO® ame arresters are based on the Flat steel strip
Enclosing cage

working principle of FLAMEFILTER®.

Gap length Gap length

Plan view Plan view

Gap width of the FLAMEFILTER® Gap width of the FLAMEFILTER®

Figure 7:
FLAMEFILTER® (a) with gap widths and gap lengths and
PROTEGO® ame arrester unit (b) with FLAMEFILTER®,
spacer and enclosing cage

8 KA / 1 / 0807 / GB
Denitions
1. Flame arresters (Fig. 8a) are devices that are installed
at the opening of an enclosure or to the connecting pipe
of a system of enclosures and whose intended function
is to allow ow but prevent the transmission of ame.
8a
8b
c) Dynamic ame arresters
High velocity ame arresters are designed to produce ow
velocities under operating conditions which exceed the ame
velocity of the explosive mixture thus preventing ame trans-
mission. This principle is applied in PROTEGO® Pressure Relief
Diaphragm Valves (Vol. 7) and in PROTEGO® High Velocity
Valves (Vol. 7) with appropriate high set pressure. These valves
must be closed before the ow velocity achieves critical values.
Safety margins must be included.
Flame arresters are type-examined Protective Systems in
accordance with 94/9/EC and are marked with CE. They
are tested according to DIN EN 12874 in general. They are
certied in accordance with the specic requirements of the
standard. Any certication according to other international
standards is shown by marking with the appropriate indication.

Figure 8: PROTEGO®  ame arrester (a) and Explosion groups

PROTEGO®  ame arrester unit (b - modular design)
Given their chemical composition, different gases have different
2. The PROTEGO ame arrester unit (Fig. 8b and 7b) is that
® ame propagation capacities and are therefore categorized
part of a ame arrester whose main task is to prevent the into explosion groups corresponding to their hazard level. The
transmission of ames. yardstick for this is the MESG = Maximum Experimental Safe
Gap, a characteristic number measured in the laboratory for the
3. Several FLAMEFILTER® (Fig. 7a) form the ame propagation ability of the product. The MESG or standard
PROTEGO® ame arrester unit (Fig. 7b and 8b) gap width is the largest gap width between the two parts of
together with the spacers and enclosing cage. the interior chamber of a test setup which, when the internal
4. Deagration ame arresters or detonation ame arresters gas mixture is ignited and under specied conditions, prevents
are required depending on installation and operating con- ignition of the external gas mixture through a 25 mm long
ditions. Depending on the mode of operation, resistance gap, for all concentrations of the tested gas or vapour in
against stabilized burning (short burning, endurance air. The MESG is a property of the respective gas mixture
burning) may be necessary. [EN 1127-1:1997]. NOTE: The test setup and methods are
specied in IEC 60079-1 A. The most explosive compo-
b) Static liquid seal ame arrester sition is close to the stoichiometric mixture of the gas/vapour-air
mixture.
Liquid seal ame arresters are liquid barriers following the prin-
ciple of a siphon where the liquid stops the entering deagra- The following table shows the categorization of substances into
tion and/or detonation and extinguishes the ame. Two different the respective explosion group corresponding to their MESG
types exist. (IEC 79-1, EN 12874).
1. The liquid product ame arrester: the liquid product is used Explosion Maximum Experimental NEC/ Reference
to form a liquid seal as a barrier for ame transmission. The group Safe Gap [mm] NFPA Substances
PROTEGO® liquid product ame arrester is an in-line or end-of-
I 1,14 = MESG Methane
line detonation ame arrester (Vol. 4).
IIA 0,9 < MESG D Propane
2. The hydraulic ame arrester: it is designed to break the ow of IIB 0,5 < MESG < 0,9 C Ethene /
an explosive mixture into discrete bubbles in a water column and Hydrogen
thus preventing ame transmission. The PROTEGO® hydraulic subcategorized as

ame arrester is designed and certied to stop deagrations, IIB1 0,85 < MESG < 0,9 C Ethene
detonations and endurance burning combustions. It is tailor-
IIB2 0,75 < MESG < 0,85 C Ethene
made with regard to the specic customers requirements (Vol.
IIB3 0,65 < MESG < 0,75 C Ethene
8).
IIC MESG < 0,5 B Hydrogen
When installing the PROTEGO® hydraulic ame arrester as in-
line ame arrester, as vent header collection drum and back
ow preventer in vapour collecting lines close to the incinerator,
important safety measures have to be taken into consideration
to assure the required explosion safety.

KA / 1 / 0807 / GB 9
 Technical Fundamentals
Flame Arresters

Please refer to more specic literature (especially technical
information concerning safety ratings) for the MESG of
individual substances, additional ratings and characteristic
substance quantities. This information is provided by
PROTEGO® upon special request.
As the pressure and temperature increase, the load on the ame
arresters generally increases. Flame arresters that have been
tested under atmospheric conditions are approved and can be
used up to 60°C (140°F) and 1.1 bar (15.9 psi). If the operating
temperature and/or the operating pressure is higher, the ame
arrester must undergo a special examination for the higher ope-
rating parameters.
PROTEGO® offers ame arresters for the above mentioned ex-
plosion groups for higher pressures (>1.1bar abs, 15.9 psi) and
higher temperatures (>60°C, 140°F) as required by the
operating parameters.
Location of installation
Depending on the location of installation, the ame arresters
must fulll various protective tasks:
At the opening of a system part to the atmosphere
End-of-line ame arrester
At the opening of an equipment onto a connecting pipe
Pre-volume ame arrester
In the pipe
In-line ame arrester
PROTEGO® End-of-line ame arresters protect against at-
mospheric deagrations and stabilised burning — either short
time burning or endurance burning. They can only be connected
on one side and can not be installed in the pipe. PROTEGO®
Location of End-of-line
Installation
end-of-line ame arresters can however be combined with val-
ves (see page 16: Pressure and Vacuum Relief Valves with a-
me arresters).
PROTEGO® Pre-volume ame arresters are ame arresters
integrated into the equipment (belong to the equipment) and are
tested together with the equipment.
PROTEGO® In-line ame arresters protect against deagration
and/or stable and/or unstable detonations in pipes. They are in-
stalled in pipes and are not to be used as end-of-line arresters.
The ame arresters should be located according to their
specied use. In the case of in-line deagration ame arresters,
make sure that the allowable L/D (L = distance between the
ignition source and the installation location of the ame arrester,
D = pipe diameter) is not exceeded and that the in-line dea-
gration ame arresters are not installed too far from the ignition
source, so that they are not subject to a detonation because the
path is too long. The allowable L/D is stated in the manufactur-
ers manual of the ame arrester.
Selection
The effectiveness of ame arresters must be tested and
approved. Flame arresters are categorized according to the
combustion process and the installation site.
The selection criteria are described in the appropriate volumes.
The different variations and wide range of types arises from the
tailored solutions for different applications. PROTEGO® ame
arresters are generally service-friendly due to the modular design
of the ame arrester unit. Special details of the design (patented
Shock Wave Guide Tube Effect SWGTE® or Shock-absorber)
enable a superior ow due to the minimum pressure loss.
On- In-line
equipment

Combustion Atmospheric Atmospheric Atmospheric Pre-volume In-line Stable Unstable and

process deagration deagration deagration and deagration deagration detonation Stable
and short time short time burning and in-line detonation
burning and endurance deagration and in-line
burning deagration

Application Tank, page 27 Blower For vent header, page 27

example Reactor, page 28 Vacuum Combustion system, page 28
Free venting, page 29 pump (p. 32) Vapour return, page 29
Products Volume 2 Volume 2 Volume 2 Volume 3 Volume 3 Volume 4 Volume 4
PROTEGO has the right ame arrester for
®
Pre-volume ame arresters on equipment: PROTEGO®
all applications Deagration Flame Arrester units on equipment, Volume 3
End-of-line ame arresters for atmospheric deagrations: In-line ame arresters for deagrations:
PROTEGO® Deagration Flame Arresters, end-of-line, PROTEGO® Deagration Flame Arresters, in-line, Volume 3
Volume 2
In-line ame arresters for deagrations and stable detonations:
End-of-line ame arresters for atmospheric deagrations and PROTEGO® Detonation Flame Arresters, in-line, Volume 4
short time burning: PROTEGO® Deagration Flame
In-line ame arresters for deagrations, stable and unstable
Arresters, short time burning proof, end-of-line, Volume 2
detonations: PROTEGO® Detonation Flame Arresters,
End-of-line ame arresters for atmospheric deagrations and in-line, Volume 4
short time and endurance burning: PROTEGO® Deagration
Flame Arresters, endurance burning proof, end-of-line, Vol. 2

10 KA / 1 / 0807 / GB
 Technical Fundamentals
Pressure and Vacuum Relief Valves

Development Valve Technology

Closed vessels or tanks lled with liquid products must have
an opening through which the accumulated pressure can be
released so that the vessel does not explode. Along the same
lines, a vacuum has to be compensated for when the tank
or vessel is drained so that it does not implode. Unallowable
overpressure and negative overpressure (in the following also
termed vacuum) will accumulate with loading and unloading
procedure, steam cleaning processes, blanketing and ther-
mal effects. Free openings enable a free exchange with the
atmosphere or with connected pipe systems that are uncontrol-
led and unmonitored. Vent caps are used in this case (Fig. 1).
PROTEGO® pressure and vacuum relief valves have weight-
loaded or spring-loaded valve pallets. When there is excess
pressure in the tank, the pressure valve pallet guided in the
housing lifts and thereby releases the ow into the atmosphere
(Fig. 3a) until the pressure falls below the set pressure. The
valve then recloses. The vacuum side of the valve is tightly
sealed by the additional overpressure load. When there is a
vacuum in the tank, the overpressure of the atmosphere lifts the
vacuum disc and the tank is vented (Fig. 3b).

Figure 1: Free venting of the storage tank with PROTEGO® EH/0S

Figure 3a: Operation of the valve under pressure in the tank
The vented product vapours can be poisonous, odorous,
ammable, or simply represent the loss of product. They pollute
the atmosphere.
The local concentration of chemical and processing plants and
the associated environmental pollution have increased so much
over the last 50 years, that valves are now to be used, especially
in industrially developed countries, to keep the free opening
cross-sections closed during operation and only permit
emergency venting or relief.
The ventilation devices, which are in the form of pressure and
vacuum relief valves, must not be shut off (Fig. 2).
Figure 3b: Operation of the valve under vacuum
(negative pressure) in the tank

Figure 2: Venting of the storage tank with pressure and

vacuum relief valve PROTEGO® VD/SV
Figure 4: PROTEGO® full-lift pallet with air cushion seal

These valves need to be simple and robust valves that do not
require remote control, are trouble-free and reliably fulll
expected tasks: Maintaining and compensating pressure and
vacuum.
In principle, the diaphragm valve, which is loaded with liquid (as
a weight), and the pilot-valve, which is self-controlled, operate in
the same manner.
The weight-loaded valve pallets have different designs.
A distinction is made between the full-lift pallet (Fig. 4 and Fig. 5
a, b) and the normal pallet (Fig. 6).

KA / 1 / 0807 / GB 11
 Technical Fundamentals
Pressure and Vacuum Relief Valves
The sealing between valve pallet and valve seat is provided by
an FEP air cushion seal, a metal to metal sealing, or PTFE at
sealing depending on the set pressure or on the application. The
best sealing is obtained with a metal valve disc lapped to be
seated on the metal valve seat (metal to metal). When the set
pressures are low, an FEP air cushion seal provides a tight seal.
The tightness of the PROTEGO® valves is far above the normal
standard (DIN 3230 leakage rate B0 or API 2526) and hence
meets the stringent demands of emission control regulations.
PROTEGO® pressure and vacuum relief valves with full-lift
pallet discharge the ow within 10% overpressure from the set
pressure to a fully opened valve (full-lift).
closed Discharge with full-lift
Figure 5a: Discharge with full-lift pallet and air-cushioned seal
closed Discharge with full-lift
Figure 5b: Discharge with full-lift pallet and metal seal
This is attained by precisely harmonizing the diameter and height
of the valve pallet rim with the adapted, machined and lapped
valve seat. In addition, the ow-enhancing design reinforces the
overall effect on the outow side. These valve pallets are used
in end-of-line and in-line valves.
PROTEGO® pressure and vacuum relief valves with
conventional pallets discharge the ow within a 40% pressure
rise with a proportional response.
closed Discharge with full lift
Figure 6: Discharge with normal pallet ( at with metal seal)
12
After the initial response, the rise in pressure is proportional to
the discharged ow up to a full lift. When the back pressure in
the connected pipeline is high or the valve is installed in com-
bination with a pressure control valve, this method provides
greater stability for the overall system. However, the overall ow
performance is not as good as that of valves with full-lift valve
pallets. These valve pallets (Fig. 6) are primarily used in in-line
valves when required by operating conditions.
Depending on the design of the valve and the valve pallets,
the design pressure and design vacuum (negative pressure) is
achieved with different overpressure (Fig. 7).
Unless otherwise agreed, the standard PROTEGO ® valve
design is for 10% technology.
Advantages of PROTEGO® 10% technology:
Pressure conservation very close to the maximum
allowable tank pressure
Minimization of product losses
Reduction of vapour emissions
Tank pressure
Design point
Design ow
Overpressure 10%: valve is closed up to 18 mbar
Overpressure 100%: valve opens at 10 mbar already
Figure 7: Opening characteristics of valves with different
overpressure levels
The PROTEGO® diaphragm valve (Fig. 8) has a liquid load
above the diaphragm.
The static liquid column is an indication of the set pressure. The
exible liquid-loaded diaphragm adjusts tightly to the metallic
valve seat to provide an excellent seal. If the set pressure is
exceeded, the diaphragm lifts and releases the cross-section
for the ow to discharge. Due to the exible diaphragm, these
valves are used in weather-related low temperatures and with
FEP diaphragms for sticky, polymerizing media. PROTEGO®
diaphragm valves are the only valves worldwide which are frost-
proof down to temperatures of -40°C (-40°F).
KA / 1 / 0807 / GB
 the pressure can be maintained with safety valves that are
not subject to the regulations of Pressure Equipment Directive
(PED). They need to meet other criteria however: Provide a
good seal, be frostproof, trouble-free and easy to maintain.
PROTEGO® pressure and vacuum conservation valves meet
these requirements while being highly efcient, operate stable
and offer safe function even at very low pressures due to the
10% technology. In addition emissions of the products are
reduced.

National and international technical regulations for maintaining

Figure 8: Diaphragm Valve PROTEGO® UB/SF-0
The self-controlled PROTEGO® pilot operated valve
(Fig. 9) discharges the ow without requiring additional overpres-
sure. Up to the set pressure until the pilot reacts, the valve remains
sealed; it immediately opens in a full-lift after the set pressure
is reached without overpressure and releases the cross-section
of the valve (set pressure = opening pressure). As the pressure
increases, the seal increases up to the set pressure. Once the
ow is discharged and the pressure falls below the opening
pressure, the valve recloses. PROTEGO® pilot valves are
generally used as safety relief valves for low-temperature
storage tanks or wherever the valve must be very tightly sealed
up to the set pressure.
clean air serve as the basis for calculating savings (such as
VDI 3479: “Emission Control - Marketing Installation Tank
Farms”, VOC Directive 1999/13/EC and 94/63/EC or API 2518:
“Evaporation Losses from Fixed-Roof Storage Tanks”).
The design of the tank, the paint, the insulation, and pressure
maintenance via the valves inuence - among others - the re-
duction of emissions.
The effect that pressure maintenance has on the reduction
of product (vapour) loss improves as the set pressure of the
valve approaches the maximum allowable tank pressure. The
ow needs to be reliably discharged without the tank rupturing.
A comparison of product loss at different overpressures clearly
reveals the advantages of the 10% technology over the 40%
overpressure and especially in contrast to a 100% overpressure:
The specially developed design yields measurable savings by
decreasing the accumulation up to the required performance
(Fig. 10). Emission reduction at a petrol storage tank with 20 mbar
max. allowable tank pressure and different valve technologies
80

70

60
% Emmission reduction

50

40

30
71 65 51 35
20

10
Figure 9: pilot operated pressure relief valve PROTEGO® PM/DS 20 18 14 10
0
0%=71% 10% PROTEGO® 40% Technology 100% Technology
maximum Technology (full- (normal disc, (set pressure 10
The operating requirements regarding the amount of outbrea- theoretical saving lift disc, set pressure mbar)
thing and inbreathing capacity determine whether separate set pressure 14 mbar) = 35% saving
18 mbar) = 51% saving
pressure valves and vacuum valves or combined pressure and = 65% saving
Figure 10:
vacuum relief valves are used.
Stored product Petrol: Comparison of product savings at different
overpressure levels versus the free vented storage tank: Example of
Pressure and vacuum relief valves for maintaining
product loss at 20 mbar allowable tank pressure savings in % at
pressure (vapour conservation) different overpressure
0% = up to 20 mbar (8 in WC) the valve is closed (theoretical):
Process-dependent pressure maintenance in systems is
more than 70% saving,
ensured by valves that take pressure vessel related para- 10%= only at a valve set pressure 18 mbar (7.2 in WC) the valve opens,
meters into consideration. Conventional safety valves are 65% saving,
used for pressures above 0.5 barg (7.25 psig) according 40%= at a valve set pressure 14 mbar (5.6 in WC) the valve opens,
51% saving,
to EN-ISO 4126 and Pressure Equipment Directive
100%=already at a valve set pressure 10 mbar (4 in WC)
PED 97/23/EC, API 526 and ASME VIII, Div.1, or other inter-
the valve opens: only 35% saving.
national standards. For pressures below 0.5 barg (7.25 psig),

KA / 1 / 0807 / GB 13
 Technical Fundamentals
Pressure and Vacuum Relief Valves
Pressure and Vacuum Relief Valves for Pressure
Relief and Tank Breathing
Outdoor storage tanks and vessels are exposed to weather
conditions such as heating up and cooling down (the tank must
be able to breath). These inuences must be considered in
addition to lling and emptying capacities as well as inert-gas
supply. They can be calculated with good approximation (see
Venting Requirements of Aboveground Storage Tanks - Sizing
and Calculation Formulas, Page 20). The valve opening pressure
must not exceed the maximum allowable tank pressure which
also is called the tank design pressure. The construction and
design of the valve determines how this opening pressure is
reached. Safety valves with conventional construction designed
for pressure vessels with 0.5 bar (7.25 psi) overpressure require
an overpressure of 10% above the set pressure to attain the
opening pressure. Below 1 bar (14.5 psi) pressure, the maximum
overpressure may reach 100 mbar (4 in WC), which is clearly
above the 10% level. In contrast, PROTEGO® valves with the
relevant technology meet the requirements of conventional
safety valves with an overpressure of 10% even at low set
pressures down to 0.003 bar (1.2 in WC).
Under normal operating conditions, it must be impossible
to block off the venting system on the tank. The sizing of the
pressure and vacuum relief system must be such, that the
design pressure, i.e. the pressure and vacuum (negative
pressure) in the tank, can not be exceeded under any operating
conditions. The pressure and vacuum relief valve must
discharge the maximum ow arising from the pump capacity,
thermal and other inuences. This valve is frequently called the
vent valve.
When extremely high venting rates are required due to re on
the outside surface of the tank or malfunctions in special tank
equipment (such as tank blanketing gas systems), additional
emergency pressure relief valves must be used, especially
when the tank roof does not have a weak seam (Fig. 11).
When a blanket gas system fails, large amounts of gas can ow
into the tank. The excess gas must be discharged from the tank
through the pressure relief system without exceeding the tank
design pressure. c the tank internal negative pressure at which the required ow
b a
d Pressure loss = decrease in pressure within the valve at a
Figure 11: Venting of the storage tank with a pressure and vacuum
relief valve PROTEGO® VD/SV-PA (a), piped into the vent header
during operation (b), venting during operation via the nitrogen control
valve PROTEGO® ZM-R (c), relieving in a  re-case through the
emergency pressure relief valve PROTEGO® ER/V (d)
PROTEGO® valves fulll the above metioned functions
of maintaining and relieving pressure as pressure relief
valves, vacuum relief valves, or combined pressure and va-
14
cuum relief valves. In the EN standard 14015, these valves are
also termed pressure compensation valves, vacuum compensa-
tion valves, or combined pressure and vacuum compensation
valves.
Location of installation
In general, PROTEGO® end-of-line valves are used for storage
tanks, vessels or for ventilation lines. In pipes, PROTEGO® in-
line valves are used as overow valves, for backow prevention
and occasionally as (proportional) control valves. The great ad-
vantages are their simple design and large opening cross-sec-
tions. These valves operate trouble-free.
If the owing products are explosive, in-line valves must have
upstream detonation ame arresters to protect the system
against accelerated combustions. End-of-line valves in this
case of hazardous application, must be equipped with an end-
of-line ame arrester to protect the system against atmospheric
deagration (see also Vol. 7).
Sizing of the Valves
The maximum possible volumetric ow, the maximum
permissible pressures, and the operating data (process para-
meters) must be taken into account when sizing pressure/
vacuum relief valves.
Denitions:
Set pressure = the valve starts to open = adjusted set pressu-
re of the valve at 0 bar back pressure
Opening pressure = set pressure plus overpressure
Reseating Pressure = Closing pressure = the valve recloses
and is sealed
Overpressure = pressure increase over the set pressure
Accumulation (ISO) = pressure increase over the maximum
allowable tank pressure of the vessel allowed during discharge
through the pressure relief valve
Accumulation (EN) = differential pressure between the set
pressure of the valve and the tank pressure at which the re-
quired ow rate is reached or the set vacuum of the valve and
rate is reached (not used in this catalog)
given ow
Pressure loss curve (Flow Chart) = performance curve in the
ow chart = the characteristics of the valves as the pressure in
mbar (in WC) plotted against the ow in m3/h (CFH)
Back pressure = pressure in the system, that acts against the
ow out of the valve and that needs to be included as additio-
nal pressure on the valve pallet
The maximum allowable design pressure of an equipment,
storage tank or vessel may not be exceeded. The maximum
possible ow must be reliably discharged through the valve so
that the maximum allowable design pressure of the equipment is
not exceeded. Safety factors must be taken into account.
KA / 1 / 0807 / GB
Operating states of pressure and vacuum relief valves: The When the design ow is not being reached during discharge the
valve is optimally sized when the operating point lies on the valve does not open completely. The valve pallet only lifts briey,
performance curve, i.e., when the attained maximum ow is discharges the volume, and then recloses when the pressure
discharged with the valve completely open without requiring an falls below the set pressure. The reseating pressure depends
additional overpressure (with completely open valve) (full-load on the design of the valve pallet and the geometry of the valve.
operating range A, Fig. 12). There are partial-load operating ranges in which the full-lift is
not reached (over-sized valves) and overload ranges in which
an additional overpressure is required after a full lift to discharge
the ow (under-sized valves). Within the overload range, the
valve is stable; in the partial load range, the valve pallet can
utter due to instability. A proper sizing that takes possible
operating conditions into consideration is therefore essential.

Example (Fig. 12):

over-load operating range
Valve opening pressure Po = 20 mbar
Po Valve set pressure Pset = 18 mbar (20 mbar - 10%)
Partial-load operating range
A design ow design = 3.500 m3/h
B over-load >
Opening pressure resp. tank pressure

design
C partial-load < design

Selection
The valves are selected using the above selection criteria
depending on the location of installation and whether the
Flow
valve is to function as a pressure relief valve, vacuum relief
Figure 12: Design and operating points in the  ow chart valve, or combined pressure and vacuum relief valve.

Location of End-of-line Valves In-line Valves

Installation

Function Pressure Relief Vacuum Relief Pressure and Pressure Pressure or Pressure and Blanketing
Valves Valves Vacuum Relief Relief and Vacuum Relief Vacuum Relief Valves
Valves Vacuum Valves Valves
Valves, pilot
operated
Example of Storage tank, page 27 Vent header, page 27
Use

Product Volume 5 Volume 5 Volume 5 Volume 5 Volume 6 Volume 6 Volume 6

PROTEGO® has the right valve for all applications For venting of tanks storing products at low temperatures and
storing critical products
For venting of storage tanks and vessels
PROTEGO® Pressure and Vacuum Relief Valves, PROTEGO® Pressure / Vacuum Relief
end-of-line (Vol. 5) Diaphragm Valves, end-of-line (Vol. 5)
As overow valves or backow preventers
PROTEGO® Pressure or Vacuum Relief Valves,
in-line (Vol. 6)

KA / 1 / 0807 / GB 15
 Technical Fundamentals
Pressure and Vacuum Relief Valves with Flame Arresters
Development
When storing ammable products or processing chemical
products that can create explosive mixtures, the opening of the
storage tank or vessel must be additionally protected with ame
arresters. The task was to develop a device that combined the
properties of a ame arrester and a valve into one design.
PROTEGO® valves with integrated ame arrester units have the
unique advantage that the ame arrester units are external and
hence easily accessible (Fig. 1 and 2).
Figure 1:
Deagration-proof pressure and vacuum relief valve PROTEGO® VD/TS
Figure 2:
Pressure and vacuum relief valve protecting against de agration and
endurance burning PROTEGO® VD/SV-HR
The operating conditions must be carefully considered.
Depending on the possible combustion processes, protection
must be provided against atmospheric deagration, and/or short
time burning, and/or endurance burning.
Valve Technology
The valve technology and function of the pressure and
vacuum valves with integrated ame arrester units are equal to
those without ame arrester units. It must be realized that the
downstream ame arrester unit creates a certain back pressure
which has no impact on the set pressure but inuences the over-
pressure behaviour. This is considered in the ow charts.
16
Pressure and Vacuum Relief Valves
with Flame Arrester
Pressure and vacuum relief valves with integrated ame
arrester units have the same tasks and functions as valves
without ame arrester. They serve to maintain pressure (vapour
conservation), relief pressure and enable tank breathing.
For a detailed description, see page 11.
Flame Arrester
The valves also have an integrated ame arrester unit. The
explosion group of the chemical products to be protected needs
to be considered in the ame-transmission-proof selection of
the valve. The chemical products are categorized into explosion
groups IIA, IIB3, and IIC (NEC Group B, C, D) according to the
MESG of the mixtures. The valves with ame arrester units are
categorized in the same way. The valve is tested and approved
for the explosion group.
The PROTEGO® diaphragm valve (Fig. 3) has a liquid load
above the diaphragm. The static liquid column is proportional to
the set pressure. The exible liquid-loaded diaphragm adjusts
tightly to the metal valve seat to provide an excellent seal. If
the set pressure is exceeded, the diaphragm lifts and releases
the cross-section for the discharging ow. Due to the exible
diaphragm, these valves are used in weather-related low
temperatures and with FEP diaphragms for sticky, polymerizing
media.
The PROTEGO® diaphragm valve (Fig. 3a) offers dynamic
ame-transmission protection against endurance burning and
an installed static ame arrester unit with ame-transmission
protection against atmospheric deagrations.
Figure 3: Diaphragm valve PROTEGO® UB/SF protecting
against deagration and endurance burning
KA / 1 / 0807 / GB
 Location of installation
Valves with ame arrester units are always end-of-line valves
since the heat must be released to the environment with no
heat build-up to prevent transmission of ame. Otherwise the
unallowable heat build-up would effect a heat accumulation at
the ame arrester which nally results in a ash-back. They are
primarily used for storage tanks and containers in which ammable
liquids are stored or processed and for relief openings in
process containers in which the occurence of explosive mixtures
cannot be excluded.

Design and operating states of valves

Figure 3a: Endurance-burning test with The sizing and operating states of the pressure and vacuum
®
diaphragm valve PROTEGO UB/SF relief valves are described on pages 14 and 15.

The high velocity valve (Fig. 4) has special ame-transmission
protection with a dynamic discharge between the valve cone
and valve seat starting at a set pressure of +60 mbar (24 in WC).
The high velocity valve is endurance burning proof.
Selection
Since PROTEGO® pressure/vacuum relief valves with ame
arrester units are always end-of-line valves, they are selected
taking into consideration their function as a pressure valve,
vacuum valve, or combined pressure and vacuum relief valve.
After the explosion group of the products and the possible
combustion process have been determined, the valve can be
selected regarding its ame-transmission protection. When
selecting PROTEGO® valves with a ame arrester unit, one must
establish whether ame-transmission protection is to be provided
against atmospheric deagrations or endurance burning.
Endurance burning ame arresters include protection against
atmospheric deagrations. Flame-transmission-proof vacuum
relief valves do not protect against endurance burning, but they
are always deagration-proof.

Figure 4: Endurance burning-proof high velocity valve

PROTEGO® DE/S with a connected de agration-proof vacuum valve
PROTEGO® SV/E-S

Location of End-of-line Valve

Installation

Function Pressure Relief Vacuum Relief Pressure and Pressure- / Vacuum High Velocity Valve
Valve with Flame Valve with Flame Vacuum Relief Relief Diaphragm Valve
Arrester Arrester Valve with Flame with Flame Arrester
Arrester
Example of Use Storage tank, Emergency venting / pressure relief, page 27 Storage tank,
Tank ships, page 30

Products Volume 7 Volume 7 Volume 7 Volume 7 Volume 7

PROTEGO® has the right valve for all applications.
For ame-transmission-proof pressure and vacuum relief of
storage tanks and containers
PROTEGO® Pressure and Vacuum Relief Valves with
Flame Arresters, end-of-line
For frost-proof application, for critical products, and for ame-
transmission-proof pressure and vacuum relief of tanks and
containers
PROTEGO® Pressure -/ Vacuum Relief Diaphragm
Valves
For ame-transmission-proof pressure and vacuum
relief of tank ships
PROTEGO® High Velocity Valves

KA / 1 / 0807 / GB 17
 Technical Fundamentals
Venting Requirements of Aboveground Storage Tanks - Sizing and Calculation Formulas

Pressure Terms and Denitions featuring the 10% overpressure technology with a set pressure
Tanks storing ammable and non-ammable liquids are adjusted only 10% below the opening pressure. In accordance
designed and manufactured in accordance to different standards: to EN 14015 and API 650 (Fig. 1A and 1B) the design
EN 14015, API 620 or API 650 are the most important standards pressure or MAWP = Maximum Allowable Working Pressure
worldwide. Depending on the standard different maximum tank of the tank must not be exceeded not even in re-case or
pressures are allowable to relief the required massow. system mal-function. Following API 620 (Fig. 1C) the valve
must relief the required regular massow out of thermal
Fig. 1 shows the most common terms for tanks and valves in inuences and pumping at 10% above the design pressure (in
accordance to EN 14015, API 620, API 650, API 2000. This general the MAWP) at the latest. For re-case or emergency an
comparison claries the sizing of end-of-line relief valves overpressure of 20% is allowable: after exceeding the MAWP
Figure 1: API 620
Comparison of pressure terms for storage tanks and vent valves designed and manufactured in
accordance to different standards (e.g. API 620 or API 650 or EN 14015) equipped with pressure Tank Valve
relief devices (illustration simpli ed and based on 10% overpressure technology of the valve).
The different de nition of the term accumulation is explained on Page 14. p

MAAP 120 opening

(Fire) pressure for re
EN 14015 API 650
Tank Valve Tank Valve

p p

testpressure 110 110 MAAP 110 opening

for tanks with (Operating) pressure
p>10mbar

overpressure

design pressure 100 opening Internal Design 100 opening MAWP 100 set pressure
= test pressure pressure Pressure pressure (Design)
for tanks with
p<10mbar
blow down
overpressure overpressure

OPP
operating 90 set pressure (< Internal 90 set pressure OPP 90 reseating
pressure Design (< MAWP) pressure
(< design Pressure)
pressure) blow down blow down

reseating reseating
pressure pressure

% of design pressure = p = % of opening pressure % of MAWP = p = % of opening pressure % of MAWP = p = % of set pressure

design pressure
= calculated pressure
= Maximum Allowab-
le Working Pressure
(MAWP) to be not
exceeded at all ope-
rating conditions. For
fire and emergency
conditions weak roof
to shell attachment or
emergency relief val-
ves to be provided.
opening pressure internal design
< design pressure; pressure
= max. relieving pres-
set pressure = 0,9 x sure under operating
opening pressure for condition, fire con-
10% overpressure dition or emergency
technology. (max. relieving pres-
sure for valve and
emergency valve).
OPP = Operating
Figure 1A Pressure
opening pressure MAAP Max. allowable set
< internal design = Maximum Allowable pressure
pressure Acumulated Pressure = MAWP for 10%
= max. relieving pres- overpressure
set pressure = 0,9 x sure under operating technology.
opening pressure for condition (max. re- MAWP = Maximum
10% overpressure lieving pressure for Allowable Working
technology. valve). Relief Pres- Pressure
sure for fire-case or
emergency condition
relief at 20% excess
Figure 1B overpressure. Figure 1C

18 KA / 1 / 0807 / GB
by maximum 20% the required emergency massow must be
relieved. Fig. 2 shows the procedure to determine the set pressure
for valves with different overpressure characteristics by considering
the specic tank design pressure. These examples are for end-of-
line relief valves only without a back-pressure originated by e.g.
connected pipe-away-line. If the tank is designed in accordance to
EN 14015 or API 650 the opening pressure must not exceed the
design pressure (=MAWP) of the tank (Fig. 2A). The set pressure
is a result of the opening pressure minus the overpressure of the
valve which is a characteristic of the specic valve. If the tank is
manufactured in accordance to API 620 the opening pressure may
exceed the tank design pressure by 10% for regular breathing and
20% for re-case (Fig. 2B). The set pressure again is the result of
the opening pressure minus the valve-characteristic overpressure.

Figure 2: API 620

Selection of the set pressure of the Pressure or Vacuum Relief Valve
considering the tank design pressure and the valves characteristic Tank Valve
overpressure (e.g. 10%, 40% or 100%). API 620 using the 20% over-
Pressure Relief Valve / Vacuum Relief Valve Emergency
pressure allowance for  re emergency. Relief Valve

% 10% 40% 100% 20%

MAAP 120 opening

(Fire) pressure
for re
EN 14015 / API 650
Tank Valve
MAAP 110 opening pressure
Pressure Relief Valve / Vacuum Relief Valve (Opera-
tion)
PROTEGO 10%
% 10% 40% 100% Technology

design
100 opening pressure MAWP 100 set pressure set
pressure (Design) for 10% pressure
overpressure overpressure
for re
PROTEGO
(conventional vent
10% Technology
valves)
overpressure
(conventional vent
90 set pressure max. 90 valves)
for 10% allowable
overpressure in
overpressure accordance to reseating
DIN/TRbF
pressure

80 80
set pressure
overpressure for 40%
reseating (conventional vent
valves)
overpressure
pressure

70 set pressure 70
for 40%
overpressure
reseating
pressure
60 60
set pressure
reseating for 100%
pressure overpressure

50 set pressure 50 reseating

for 100% pressure
overpressure

40 reseating 40
Figure 2A: Design in acc. to EN 14015 or API 650 pressure Figure 2B: Design in acc. to API 620

KA / 1 / 0807 / GB 19
 Technical Fundamentals
Venting Requirements of Aboveground Storage Tanks - Sizing and Calculation Formulas

Calculation of the Out- and Inbreathing venting
capacity in acc. to EN 14015:
The maximum required venting capacity is the total amount of
pump capacity and capacity out of thermal inuences:
out
= thermal out
+ pumping in
in
= thermal in
+ pumping out
The calculation of the maximum required capacity out of
the thermal inuences is based on EN 14015 Annex L with
regard to aboveground storage tanks with or without insulation,
designed in accordance to EN 14015 (following the former
TRbF 20 and DIN 4119 generally for aboveground tanks).
For insulated tanks and tanks with collecting basin reducing
factors are to be applied calculated in acc. to Annex L of EN
14015.
Particular inuences to be considered are e.g.:
Failure of the nitrogen blanketing valve – Installation of an
additional emergency relief valve to vent the non calculated
ow which was not foreseen under operation
Filling the empty hot tank with cold liquid product –
Considering the additional ow due to the sudden cooling
down when calculating the necessary vacuum capacity
Exceeding the maximum given pumping out capacity –
Considering a safety factor when calculating the required
inbreathing capacity

Thermal capacity for heating up thermal out

in m3/h
= 0.25 • 0.9
Tank • 0 Calculation of the Out- and Inbreathing venting
Thermal capacity for cooling down in m3/h capacity in acc. to TRbF 20:
thermal in
To calculate the in- and outbreathing capacity for storage tanks
= • 0.7
•
Tank 1 not designed to EN 14015, the calculation formulas of TRbF 20
are to be applied (e.g. tanks in acc. to DIN 4119 – aboveground
V is the volume of the tank in m3 storage tanks or DIN 6608 – horizontal underground or buried
VTank = 0,7854 • D2 • H tanks).
Calculation of the required capacity due to thermal inuences:
R0 and R1 are reducing factors for thermal breathing to be
set = 1 in general. Heating up H -0,52 0,89
= 0,17 x D x

Vpumping in is the lling rate to calculate the outbreathing Cooling down

capacity out of the maximum pump capacity in m3/h for
products stored below 40°C and vapour pressure pvp
< 50mbar. For blended products (e.g. methane-blended)
a factor of 1,7 must be considered. For products stored abo-
ve 40°C or with a vapour pressure pvp > 50 mbar the brea-
thing rate must be raised by the vaporisation rate.
Vpumping out is the emptying rate to calculate the inbreathing
capacity of the pump in m3/h.
C=3 for products with equal vapour pressure as hexane and
storage temperature < 25°C
0,71
= 4,8 x
H = Height of the Tank in m; D = Diameter in m
Calculation of the Out- and Inbreathing venting
capacity in acc. to API 2000:
If required and when the tanks are specied and designed in
accordance to API 650, the venting capacity is to be calculated
in accordance to API 2000 for in- and outbreathing as well as for
emergency re cases.

C=5 for products with vapour pressures higher than hexane
and/or storage temperature above 25°C
(if vapour pressure not known, then C=5)
The mentioned calculation formulas are valid for latitudes
58° to 42°; other latitudes see EN 14015.
When calculating the required capacities in accordance to API
2000, the ammable liquids must be veried with regard to
their ashpoint. Different formulas must be applied for liquids
with ashpoint < 100°F (< 37,8°C) and for liquids with ashpoint
> 100°F (> 37,8°C). The maximum required venting capacity is
the total amount of pump capacity plus capacity out of thermal
inuences. In contrast to the calculation acc. to EN 14015 and
TRbF 20, the pumping capacity must consider a factor for the
inbreathing rate and the different ashpoints for the outbreathing
rate.

Calculation of the inbreathing capacity:

= x 0,94 +

20 KA / 1 / 0807 / GB
The thermal capacity ThermalIn is rated in API 2000 Fig. 2A
(English Units) and 2B (Metric Units) depending on the tank-
volume. The maximum pumping capacity pumping out is rated in
accordance to the specied operating rates for emptying.
Calculation of the outbreathing capacity:
For liquids with ashpoint <100°F (<37,8°C)
= x 2,02 +
In case there is no weak roof-to-shell attachment, the venting
for re emergency case is to be realized through an emergency
pressure relief valve. The required capacity for re emergency
case Fire is rated in accordance to API 2000 Fig. 3A (English
Units) and Fig. 3B (Metric Units) depending on the wetted
surface area of the tank.
Simplied formula for estimating calculation:

For liquids with ashpoint >100°F (>37,8°C) = 208,2 x x 0,82

for Metric Units in Nm3/h
= 1107 x x 0,82
for English Units in SCFH
= x 1,01 +
Insulation is considered with a factor F in API 2000 Fig. 4A
The thermal capacity is rated in API 2000 Fig. 2A (Englisch Units) and 4B (Metric Units).
(English units) and 2B (Metric Units) depending on the tank-
volume and the ashpoint. The maximum pumping capacity
pumping in
is rated in accordance to the specied operating rates
for lling.

Requirements of Thermal Venting Capacity Requirements of Thermal Venting Capacity

(English Units) (Metric Units)

Tank Tank Inbreathing Outbreathing Tank Capacity Inbreathing Outbreathing

Capacity Capacity Thermal in Thermal Out Thermal in Thermal Out
Flashpoint Flashpoint Flashpoint Flashpoint
> 100°F < 100°F > 37,8°C < 37,8°C

Barrels Gallons SCFH Air SCFH Air SCFH Air m3 Nm3/h Nm3/h Nm3/h

100 4.200 100 60 100 10 1,69 1,01 1,69

500 21.000 500 300 500 20 3,37 2,02 3,37

1.000 42.000 1.000 600 1.000 100 16,90 10,10 16,90

2.000 84.000 2.000 1.200 2.000 200 33,70 20,20 33,70

4.000 168.000 4.000 2.400 4.000 300 50,60 30,30 50,60

5.000 210.000 5.000 3.000 5.000 500 84,30 50,60 84,30

10.000 420.000 10.000 6.000 10.000 1.000 169,00 101,00 169,00
20.000 840.000 20.000 12.000 20.000 2.000 337,00 202,00 337,00
30.000 1.260.000 28.000 17.000 28.000 3.000 506,00 303,00 506,00
40.000 1.680.000 34.000 21.000 34.000 4.000 647,00 388,00 647,00
50.000 2.100.000 40.000 24.000 40.000 5.000 787,00 472,00 787,00
100.000 4.200.000 60.000 36.000 60.000 10.000 1.210,00 726,00 1.210,00
140.000 5.880.000 75.000 45.000 75.000 20.000 1.877,00 1.126,00 1.877,00
160.000 6.720.000 82.000 50.000 82.000 25.000 2.179,00 1.307,00 2.179,00
180.000 7.560.000 90.000 54.000 90.000 30.000 2.495,00 1.497,00 2.495,00

Excerpt of API 2000 5th ed. Excerpt of API 2000 5th ed.

Figure 2A Figure 2B

KA / 1 / 0807 / GB 21
Technical Fundamentals
Venting Requirements of Aboveground Storage Tanks - Sizing and Calculation Formulas

Emergency Venting required for Fire Exposure Emergency Venting required for Fire Exposure
Versus Wetted Surface Area Versus Wetted Surface Area
(English Units) (Metric Units)

Wetted Area A Venting Requirement V Wetted Area A Venting Requirement V

square feet SCFH m2 Nm3/h

20 21.100 2 608
40 42.100 4 1.217

60 63.200 6 1.825

80 84.200 8 2.434

100 105.000 15 4.563

140 147.000 25 6.684

180 190.000 30 7.411

250 239.000 35 8.086

350 288.000 45 9.322

500 354.000 60 10.971

700 428.000 80 12.911

1400 587.000 150 16.532

2800 742.000 260 19.910

Excerpt of API 2000 5th ed. Excerpt of API 2000 5th ed.
Figure 3A Figure 3B

Environmental Factors for nonrefrigerated Environmental Factors for nonrefrigerated

Aboveground Tanks Aboveground Tanks
(English Units) (Metric Units)
Tank-conguration Insulation - Factor Tank-conguration Insulation - Factor
Thickness Thickness
inch cm

Bare metal tank 0 1.0 Bare metal tank 0 1,0

insulated tank 1 0.3 insulated tank 2,5 0,3
insulated tank 2 0.15 insulated tank 5 0,15
insulated tank 4 0.075 insulated tank 10 0,075
insulated tank 6 0.05 insulated tank 15 0,05
underground storage 0 underground storage 0
earth covered storage 0.03 earth covered storage 0,03
impoundment away 0.5 impoundment away 0,5
from tank from tank

Excerpt of API 2000 5th ed. Excerpt of API 2000 5th ed.
Figure 4A Figure 4B

22 KA / 1 / 0807 / GB
Conversion of operational ow into equivalent
diagram ow for use of ow charts
To use the ow charts (pressure vs. ow diagram) by conside-
ring the operational and product data, it is necessary to convert
the given operational ow B,Gas into the equivalent diagram-
ow Dia. This Dia then creates the same pressure loss as the
actual operational ow.
1) Conversion of the operational ow B,Gas into the standard
ow N,Gas:
p p 273,15
= * = *
p

2) Conversion of the standard ow N,Gas

into the equivalent
diagram ow Dia:

= *p *
*
p
* *

* * 1,013 barabs.
= * p * 1,2 kg
m * 273,15
3

3) Calculation of the average density N,Gas

of a gas-mixture
=( * + * +...+ * )

Terms
= Flow m3/h (CFH)
p = Pressure bar abs (psi abs)

T = Temperature K
= Specic density kg/m3 (lb / cu ft)
= Part of Volume
Indices
N = Standard condition (at 1,013 bar abs and 273,15 K)
B = Operational condition (pressure and temperature
in acc. to operation)
Gas = Actual product
Dia = Related to the Diagram, when using the ow chart for
sizing ( Dia=1,2 kg/m3 related density of air at 20 °C
and 1,013 bar abs.)
G = related to the outlet of the device ( p G back pressure)
for operating conditions

KA / 1 / 0807 / GB 23
Technical Fundamentals
Venting Requirements of Aboveground Storage Tanks - Sizing and Calculation Formulas

Safety Proceeding to Protect Hazardous Explosive Step 3

Areas in Third-Party-audited processing plants
Step 1
Assessment of the possible combustion process based on
Standards, e.g. EN 1127-1 General Explosion Protection
Methods and EN 12874 Flame Arresters
Deagration in the atmosphere, in a pre-volume
or in a pipeline
Detonation in a pipeline, stable or unstable
Endurance burning due to continous ow of vapours/gases
in the pipeline or at the opening of a tank
Step 2
Classication of the products based on literature and international
standards EN 12874, VbF, TRbF 20, NFPA, British Standard for
liquids, gases, vapours and multiple component mixtures
Consideration of the operational process parameters of the
unburnt mixtures with regard to the impact on the combustion
behaviour:
OperatingTemperature
< 60°C (< 140°F) Standard, no particular requirements
> 60°C (> 140°F) Special approvals necessary
Operating pressure
< 1,1 bar abs(< 15.95 psi) Standard, no particular
requirements
> 1,1 bar abs(> 15.95 psi) Special approvals necessary
Step 4
Assessment of the overall system and classication into
hazardous zones in accordance to frequency and duration of
explosive atmosphere based on national and international
regulations e.g. TRBS, IEC or NFPA/NEC.

Liquids: subdividing in ammable, easy ammable and Zone 0

highly ammable due to the ash point of the liquid and A place in which an explosive atmosphere consisting of
verifying the ignition temperature. a mixture of air with ammable substances in the form
The classication is following the VbF (previously) and the of gas, vapour or mist is present continuously or for long
Ordinance on Hazardous Substances (Gef. Stoff VO): periods or frequently.
Zone 1
Non water soluble
A place in which an explosive atmosphere consisting of a
previous actual
mixture of air with ammable substances in the form of
(A I FP< 21 °C) FP < 0 °C (32°F) Extremely ammable gas, vapour or mist is likely to occur in normal operation
FP < 21 °C (70°F) Highly ammable occasionally.
(A II FP 21–55 °C) FP 21-55°C (70-131°F) Flammable
Zone 2
(A III FP 55–100 °C) -
A place in which an explosive atmosphere consisting of
a mixture of air with ammable substances in the form of
Water soluble
gas, vapour or mist is not likely to occur in normal
previous actual
operation but, if it does occur, will persist for a short
(B < FP 21 °C) FP < 0 °C (32°F) Extremely ammable period only.
FP < 21 °C (70°F) Highly ammable
FP 21–55 °C (70-131°F) Flammable To work out a risk assessment, the possible ignition sources
must be evaluated under normal operating conditions as well
FP = Flashpoint as under special operating conditions like cleaning and mainte-
nance work (see EN 1127-1):
Products with a ashpoint FP>55°C (>131°F) get ammable
when being heated close to the ashpoint ( T = 5 degree safety effective ignition source:
margin as a rule of thumb). Steady and continuously under normal operation
Vapours: classication of the gas/vapour-air-mixtures in Solely as a result of malfunctions
accordance to the MESG of the products or the mixture into Solely as a result of rare malfunctions
the Explosion Groups I, IIA, IIB1, IIB2, IIB3, IIB and IIC (page 9) Effective ignition sources are chemical reactions, ames and
(NEC Group D, C and B). hot gases, hot surfaces, mechanical generated sparks, static
electricity, lightning, electromagnetic waves, ultrasonics,
adiabatic compression, shock waves etc.
Effectiveness of the ignition source is to be compared to the
ammability of the ammable substance.

24 KA / 1 / 0807 / GB
Step 5
Selection, number and location of the suitable Equipment,
Protective System and Component must follow the requirements
of national and international regulations (e.g. 94/9/EC)
For equipment (blowers, agitators, containers etc.)

In Zone 0 equipment categorized in group II cat 1

In Zone 1 equipment categorized in group II cat 2
In Zone 2 equipment categorized in group II cat 3
Flame arresters are Protective Systems and are not
categorized. They must be type examination tested and
approved by a Notied Body. They can be installed in all
zones (zone 0,1 or 2) and are marked with CE to state
the conformity with all applicable requirements.
The procedure and the results of the risk assessment must
be veried in the “Explosion Protection Document“. The plant
operator (employer) has to conrm that Equipment, Protective
Systems and Components are in accordance with the law and
are in compliance with the actual state-of-the-art. Process
engineering, plant-layout, substances, zoning, risk assessment
etc. are part of the protection concept and are determined in
connection with the corresponding responsibilities.

KA / 1 / 0807 / GB 25
 Safe Systems in Practice
Overview

PROTEGO® safety devices are used in a wide range of industrial

applications. A safe process requires reliable protection for
every conceivable operating parameter. Practical examples
show how systems can be made safe and how PROTEGO®
devices can be incorporated into control loops. Engineers are
responsible for properly harmonizing the overall system.

PROTEGO® devices offer safety and environmental protection

1 In Storage Tank Farms for Reneries and Chemical Plants

2 In Processing Systems for Chemical and Pharmaceutical
Industries

3 In Vapour Combustion Systems and Flares

4 In Ship Building, Offshore Platforms and Loading Systems
5 In Vapour Recovery Units
6 As integrated Component of Equipment, Machines and
Vessels
Applications are found in other areas such as in biogas and
landll gas systems, medical technology, food processing, air-
plane construction, automobile construction, IT clean-rooms,
thin-layer manufacturing, etc. The process engineering is the
special challenge for PROTEGO® engineers and users.

26 KA / 1 / 0807 / GB
 Storage Tanks in Tank Farms for Reneries and Chemical Processing Plants

AL/DK P/EL P/EB

D/SR UB/SF DZ/T
DR/ES
DR/ES SV/E SV/E

SE/CK SA/S

LDA-F

LDA-W LDA-WF

VD/SV
PV/EBR DV/ZW DV/ZT UB/SF
DR/ES DR/ES

DR/ES DR/ES
LDA-W LDA-WF

LDA-F VD/SV
ER/V

1 Floating-roof storage tank with oating-roof drainage
system SE/CK ( Volume 8), roof valve D/SR ( Volume
8), stem-actuated valve AL/DK ( Volume 8) and rim vent
P/EL ( Volume 5)
2 Fixed-roof storage tank for ammable liquids with pressure
and vacuum diaphragm valve UB/SF ( Volume 7), liquid
detonation ame arrester LDA-F ( Volume 4), in the
protective gas blanket line DR/ES ( Volume 4) with D/ZT
( Volume 6)
3 Fixed-roof storage tank for ammable liquids with separate
pressure safety relief valve P/EB ( Volume 7) and vacuum
safety relief valve SV/E ( Volume 7), liquid detonation
ame arrester LDA-W ( Volume 4) and/or LDA-W-F
( Volume 4) in the lling and emptying line, oat-controlled
swing pipe system SA/S ( Volume 8), detonation-proof
gas displacement connection DR/ES ( Volume 4)
4 Fixed-roof storage tank for ammable liquids with pressure
and vacuum relief valve PV/EBR ( Volume 7), pressure
and vacuum relief diaphragm valve UB/SF ( Volume 7),
connection to gas vent header system with detonation a-
me arrester DR/ES ( Volume 4) and in-line pressure and
vacuum safety relief valve DV/ZT or DV/ZW ( Volume 6),
liquid detonation arrester in the lling line LDA-W and
emptying line LDA-WF ( Volume 4)
5 Fixed-roof storage tank for non-ammable liquids with
pressure and vacuum conservation valve VD/SV
( Volume 5) and emergency pressure relief valve ER/V
( Volume 5) instead of weak seam
6 Underground storage tank with safety devices in the lling
line LDA-F ( Volume 4), detonation ame arrester in the
drain line DR/ES ( Volume 4), and in the vent line DR/ES
( Volume 4) and VD/SV ( Volume 6)

KA / 1 / 0807 / GB 27
 Safe Systems in Practice
Chemical and Pharmaceutical Processing Facilities

DR/ES DR/ES

SD/BS-H
SV/T-0-H DR/SE-SH

DR/ES DR/ES

PM/DS

VD/SV

NBAP

1 Ventilation of industrial mixers and process vessels in a
common vapour vent header via detonation ame arresters
DR/ES ( Volume 4)
2 Venting of a storage tank for highly viscous liquids (such as
bitumen) with super-heated pressure relief valve SD/BS-H
( Volume 5) and ventilation with super-heated vacuum
valve SV/T-0-H ( Volume 5). Operational vacuum and
pressure relief through a heated detonation ame arrester
DR/ES-H (Vol. 4)
3 Low temperature storage tanks with pressure and
vacuum relief valve VD/SV ( Volume 5) for the insulation
layer and with pilot-operated pressure-relief valves PM/DS
( Volume 5) for the main tank. Pneumatically controlled
bottom drain valves NB/AP ( Volume 8) as a safety system
in case a line ruptures.
Not shown: pressure conservation valves VD/SV
( Volume 5) for silos with polyethylene granulate.

28 KA / 1 / 0807 / GB
 Vapour Combustion Systems and Flares

VD/SV-HRL

BE/HR

DA-SB
DR/SBW

FA-I-T

FA-I-T

FA-I-T

1 Flare pipes or ground ares with detonation ame 4 Temperature-monitored deagration ame arresters
arresters DA-SB ( Volume 4) FA-I-T ( Volume 3) in the feed line for vapour combustion
at the maximum allowable distance from the ignition source
2 Emergency pressure relief stack with endurance-
and in parallel for the sake of availability for servicing or
burning-proof pressure and vacuum relief valve
emergency switching in case of an endurance burning on
VD/SV-HRL ( Volume 7)
the arrester
3 Gasholder with detonation ame arrester DR/SBW
Vapour pipeline from plant to vapour combustion unit with
( Volume 4) in the gas supply and end-of-line
deagration ame arrester FA-I-T ( Volume 3) to protect
deagration ame arrester BE/HR ( Volume 2), which
the vent header collection line and the operating locations
protects against endurance burning, above the diaphragm
in the plant.

KA / 1 / 0807 / GB 29
 Safe Systems in Practice
Ship Building, Offshore Platforms and Loading Systems

DA-SB

DE/S + SV/E-S

BR/TS

DA-SB DA-SB
DA-SB

1 Tank ships for ammable products/chemical tankers with Not shown: Offshore platforms/drilling platforms with
detonation ame arresters BR/TS ( Volume 4) on the detonation ame arresters DA-SB ( Volume 4) and
individual tank, endurance-burning-proof high-velocity vent deagration ame arresters FA-CN ( Volume 3), FPSOs
valves DE/S ( Volume 7), and explosion-proof vacuum (Floating Production Storage and Ofoading) with IMO-
ame arrester SV/E-S ( Volume 7) approved detonation ame arresters DA-SB ( Volume 4)
and pressure and vacuum relief valves VD/TS ( Volume 7),
2 Detonation-proof connection of the gas return line at the
hydraulic control boxes with deagration ame arresters
loading terminal for ammable liquids with a detonation
BE-AD ( Volume 2)
ame arrester DA-SB ( Volume 4)
3 Detonation ame arresters DA-SB ( Volume 4) in the gas
displacement/gas return line from the loading stations for
tank waggons and tank trucks

30 KA / 1 / 0807 / GB
 Biogas Systems, Wastewater Treatment and Landll Gas Systems

UB/SF DR/ES

P/EBR

SV/E BE/HR

FA-CN FA-CN

FA-CN-T FA-CN-T
FA-CN

FA-CN

1 Protecting the sewage tower and storage tank with a 4 Ground ares, block-type thermal power stations, and diesel
frost-proof pressure and vacuum relief valve UB/SF engine aggregates are potential sources of ignition for
( Volume 7) and with detonation ame arresters DR/ES biogas (methane) air mixture. Suitable ame arresters must
( Volume 4) in the gas collection line be installed in the pipe toward the system that consider
temperature and pressure. Either temperature-monitored
2 Protecting the desulphurization system with deagration
deagration ame arresters FA-CN-T or FA-E-T ( Volume
ame arresters suitable for temperature and pressure
3) or - at a great distance from the potential ignition source
FA-CN, FA-CN-T alternatively FA-E ( Volume 3)
- detonation ame arresters DA-SB or DR/ES
3 Protecting the intermediate gasholder in the pressure and ( Volume 4) are used.
vacuum relief line with endurance burning proof deagration
ame arrester, end-of-line BE/HR ( Volume 2), equipping
the emergency vent stack with deagration and endurance
burning proof pressure relief valve P/EBR ( Volume 7) and
deagration proof vacuum relief valve SV/E ( Volume 7)

KA / 1 / 0807 / GB 31
 Safe Systems in Practice
Flame Arresters as integrated Equipment Components

FA-I-P

FA-I-V-T

Blower
EV/VD

EV/VS-T

dry running vacuum pump

FLAMEFILTER®, ame arrester units or ame arrester as Not shown: FLAMEFILTER® are used in gas analyzers to
OEM components are product varieties, that are integrated protect the explosive environment from explosions arising
by qualied manufacturers in their brand-name products. in the device from the ignition of the gases or vapours to be
measured or analyzed. FLAMEFILTER® are installed in the
pressure and vacuum relief openings of airplane fuel tanks
1 Protecting pressure-resistant radial blowers as type-
to protect from external explosions.
examined zone-0 blowers with integrated ame arresters
FA-I-V-T and FA-I-P ( Volume 3)
2 Protecting dry-running vacuum pumps with ame arresters
EV/VS-T and EV/VD ( Volume 3) at the inlet and at the
outlet, which are tested and certied together with the
vacuum pump. Other forms of protection with DR/ES and
DR/ES-T ( Volume 4) are possible.

32 KA / 1 / 0807 / GB
 Overview of Products and Services

Flame Arresters
Deagration Flame Arresters, end-of-line and Vent Caps.................................................................Volume 2
Deagration ame arresters, deagration proof, short time burning proof, endurance burning proof
Vent caps without ame arresters
Explosion groups IIA, IIB1 to IB3 and IIC (NEC groups B, C, D)
Nominal sizes 15 to 800 mm (½“ to 32“)

Materials: ductile iron, carbon steel, stainless steel, Hastelloy, ECTFE-coated

Special designs according to customer specications
Services and spare parts

Deagration Flame Arresters...............................................................................................................Volume 3

Deagration ame arresters, in-line, deagration ame arrester units on equipment
Explosion groups IIA, IIB1 to IIB3 and IIC (NEC groups B, C, D)
Nominal sizes 10 to 1000 mm (¼“ to 40“)
Materials: ductile iron, carbon steel, stainless steel, Hastelloy, ECTFE-coated
Special designs according to customer specications
Services and spare parts

Detonation Flame Arresters................................................................................................................. Volume 4

Detonation ame arresters for stable detonations, for unstable detonations
Explosion groups IIA, IIB1-IIB3 and IIC (NEC groups B, C, D)
Nominal sizes 15 to 800 mm (½“ to 32“)
Materials: ductile iron, carbon steel, stainless steel, Hastelloy, ECTFE-coated
Special designs according to customer specications
Services and spare parts

KA / 1 / 0807 / GB 33
Overview of Products and Services

Valves
Pressure and Vacuum Relief Valves, end-of-line ...................................................................................Volume 5
Pressure relief valves, vacuum relief valves, pressure and vacuum relief valves,
pressure relief and vacuum valves, pilot operated, pressure-/vacuum relief diaphragm valves
Pressure settings: 2 to 200 mbar (0.08 to 8 in WC)

Nominal sizes: 50 to 700 mm (2“ to 28“)

Materials: cast iron, carbon steel, stainless steel, Hastelloy, aluminum, PP, PE, PVDF, PTFE,
ECTFE-coated
Special designs according to customer specications
Services and spare parts

Pressure and Vacuum Relief Valves, in-line............................................................................................Volume 6

Pressure or vacuum relief valves, pressure and vacuum relief valves, blanketing valves
Pressure settings: 2 to 500 mbar (0.08 to 20 in WC)
Nominal sizes: 25 to 300 mm (1“ to 12“)
Materials: carbon steel, stainless steel, Hastelloy, PP, PE, PVDF, ECTFE-coated
Special designs according to customer specications
Services and spare parts

Pressure and Vacuum Relief Valves with Flame Arresters, end-of-line..................................................Volume 7

Pressure relief valves, vacuum relief valves, pressure and vacuum relief valves,
pressure-/vacuum relief diaphragm valves, pressure relief valves, high velocity valves
Deagration-proof and endurance-burning-proof or deagration-proof only
Explosion groups IIA, IIB1 to IIB3 and IIC (NEC groups B, C, D)
Pressure settings: 2 to 200 mbar (0.08 to 8 in WC)
Nominal sizes: 50 to 300 mm (2“ to 12“)
Materials: ductile iron, carbon steel, stainless steel, Hastelloy, ECTFE-coated
Special designs according to customer specications
Services and spare parts

Tank Accessories and Special Equipment

Safety bottom outlet valves, bottom drain valves.............................................................................Volume 8
Level-gauging and sampling equipment
Swing-arm system, oating-roof drainage system
Floating-roof vacuum relief valves, skimming system, hydraulic ame arrester
Air-drying aggregates, sampling and draining valves
Services and spare parts

34 KA / 1 / 0807 / GB
 Services and Spare Parts

Safety devices are installed to prevent damage. The Technical advice

requirements need to be dened as early as the engineering
Experienced PROTEGO® professionals are available to answer
stage so that a suitable device can be specied. After
the many and complex questions regarding application. They
delivery and startup, function must be ensured at all times. The
are trained to consider issues relating to process engineering
comprehensive PROTEGO® program range requires services,
from a safety perspective. Standard and tailored solutions are
assistance during startup, and qualied maintenance for long-
generated based on current regulations and state-of-the-art
term trouble-free operations.
information.

Training
By offering continuing education and regular training for the
employees of our domestic and foreign customers, we make
sure that state-of-the-art knowledge is incorporated into system
engineering. We regularly conduct training seminars that cover
theory of technical fundamentals, examples of applications, and
practice in installing and servicing PROTEGO® devices. The
seminars can be offered either at our works or at the custo-
mers.

Installation and servicing

We value service and maintenance just as highly as
product quality. Qualied operating and service instructions are
sufcient for trained professionals to perform maintenance
tasks. We can provide our trained eld service technicians
for installation and servicing, or you may use our authorized
partners. The key is trained personnel who is sufciently
prepared for their tasks in our manufacturing plant. Trained
qualied professional shops are given a certicate and are
authorized to perform maintenance on PROTEGO® devices.
We will provide you with contacts in your region upon request.

Research and development

Our R&D center continuously reviews and develops our devices
and incorporates product features relevant to safety engineering.
In addition, we develop devices jointly with the customer for
customer-specic requirements. The result: Continuous
improvement of the performance and quality of ame arresters
and valves as well as superior knowledge from basic research,
which is incorporated into the design of process engineering
systems.

Spare parts service

We keep original spare parts ready in our headquarter as
well as in support centers worldwide. Original spare parts and
regular servicing tailored to the respective operating conditions
guarantee trouble-free operation.

KA / 1 / 0807 / GB 35
 Appendix
Regulations, Laws, Standards and Technical Literature
Regulations and Laws
94/9/EC (ATEX 95) Directive of the European Parliament and
the Council of March 23, 1994 on the approximate of the laws
of the Member States concerning equipment and Protective
Systems intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres
99/92/EC (ATEX 137) Directive of the Council on minimum
requirements for improving the safety and health of workers
potentially at risk from explosive atmospheres (individual
directive according to article 16 of Directive 89/391/EEC)
94/63/EC Control of VOC emissions resulting from storage and
distribution of petrol
97/23/EC Pressure equipment directive
1999/31/EC Directive on landlls
91/271/ EEC Directive on urban wastewater treatment
Ordinance on the use of equipment and protective
systems intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres –
Ordinance on explosion protection, Federal Law Gazette I,
1996, No. 65 - German
Ordinance on equipment for the storage, lling, and transport
of ammable liquids over land (VbF) in the version of 12/13/96
(Federal Law Gazette I, p. 1937) - German
Guidelines for avoiding hazards due to explosive atmosphere
with collection of examples - Explosion ame arrester guidelines
(EX-RL). German Trade Association of the Chemical Industry.
Winter Pub. Co., Heidelberg - German
Law on technical equipment (equipment safety law) Beuth-Ver-
lag, 1996 - German
Standards
EN 1127-1 Explosive Atmospheres. Explosion Prevention and
Protection. Part 1: Basic Concepts and Methodology (October
1997)
EN 1012-2 Compressors and Vacuum Pumps. Part 2: Vacuum
pumps, July 1996
EN 746-2 Industrial Thermo-Processing Equipment. Safety
Requirements, May 1997
EN 12255-10 Wastewater Treatment Plants. Safety and
Construction Principles, March 2001
EN 12874 Flame Arresters: Performance Requirements, Test
Methods, and Limits for Use, Brussels, nal draft, March 1999
EN 13463-1 Non-Electrical Equipment Intended For Use in
Potentially Explosive Atmospheres. Basic Methods and
Requirements, Apr. 2002
EN 13463-5 Non-Electrical Equipment Intended For Use in
Potentially Explosive Atmospheres. Protection by Constructional
Safety, Jan. 2001
36
EN 13980 Potentially explosive atmospheres, Application of
quality management systems, Feb. 2002
EN 14015 Specication for the Design and Manufacture of
Site-Built, Above-Ground, Vertical, Cylindrical, and Welded Flat-
Bottomed, Steel Tanks for the Storage of Liquids at Ambient
Temperature and Above, Feb. 2005, Appendix L: Requirements
for Pressure and Vacuum Relief Systems
EN 50014, Electrical Apparatus for Potentially Explosive
Atmospheres, General Requirements
EN 60079-10, Electrical Apparatus for Potentially Explosive
Atmospheres, Part 10: Classication of Hazardous Areas,
(September 1996)
33 CFR Part 154 Marine Vapor Control Systems (USCG-Rule)
API STD 2000 5th ed. 1998 Venting Atmospheric and Low-
Pressure Storage Tanks, Nonrefrigerated and Refrigerated
API Publ 2210 3rd ed. May 2000, Flame Arresters for Vents of
Tanks Storing Petroleum Products
API Publ 2028 2nd ed. Dec. 1991, Flame Arresters in Piping
API Bulletin 2521, Use of Pressure-Vacuum Vent Valves for
Atmospheric Pressure Tanks to Reduce Evaporation Loss,
June 1993
ANSI/UL 525 6th ed. 1994 Standard for Flame Arresters
ASTM F1273-91 Reapproved 2002, Standard Specication for
Tank Vent Flame Arresters
IEC 79-1A App. D Test Apparatus and Method of Testing for
MESG
NFPA 30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, August
1993
NFPA 68, Venting of Deagrations, 2002 ed.
NFPA 69 ed. 1997 Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems
NFPA 36 Standard for Solvent Extraction Plants
NFPA 497 Recommended Practice for the Classication of
Flammable Vapors and of Hazardous Locations for Electrical
Installations in Chemical Process Areas, 2004 ed.
BS 7244:1990 Flame Arresters for General Use
HSE The Storage of Flammable Liquids in Fixed Tanks
IEC 79-4, Electrical Apparatus for Explosive Gas Atmospheres,
Part 4: Method of Test for Ignition Temperature
IEC 79-1A, Electrical Apparatus for Explosive Gas Atmospheres,
Part 1, Appendix D: Method of Test for Ascertainment of
Maximum Experimental Safe Gap
Technical Regulations
Occupational Safety and Health Protection Rules – Explosion
Protection Rules (EX-RL), 15th edition, 1998 - German
KA / 1 / 0807 / GB
TRBS 2152 Hazardous explosive atmosphere (part 1 and 2)
2006, Federal register No. 103 A
Technical Rules on Flammable Liquids - (TRbF) TRbF 20
Storage, TRbF 30 Filling Sites, Draining Sites, and Taxiway
Filling Stations, TRbF 40 Filling Stations, June 2002 - German
Safety Requirements for Setting Up and Operating Biogas
Systems, circular, Bundesverband der landw. Berufsgenossen-
schaften e.V. [Farmers Cooperative Association], Sept. 2002 -
German
BGR 132 Trade Association Rules for Occupational Safety and
Health - Avoiding Fires from Electrostatic Discharges, March
2003 - German
VDI 3479, Emission Reduction, Distribution Storage for Mineral
Oil Far from Reneries, July 1985 – German and English
GUV 17.4 Occupational Rules for Safety and Health Protection
for Work On and In Landlls, Federal Association of the
Statutory Accident Insurance Institutions of the Public Sector,
Feb 2001- German
AO 8.06/77 Explosion Protection in the Manufacture and
Processing of Fermented Spirits (Alcohol Memorandum),
Institution for Statutory Accident Insurance and Prevention in the
Food Industry and the Catering Trade - German
Technical Literature (Selection)
6. Supplement to Safety Engineering Characteristics for
Flammable Liquids and Vapours (K. Nabert, G. Schön),
Deutscher Eichverlag GmbH, Braunschweig 1990 - German
CHEMSAFE, Database for Evaluated Safety Characteristics,
PTB, Fachlabor [Specialized Laboratory] 3.31
Brandes, E., März, G., Redeker, T., Standard Gap Widths
of Multiple-Fuel Component Mixtures as a Function of Fuel
Composition, PTB Report PTB-W-69, June 1997 - German
Steen, H., Schampel, K: The Inuence of Materials on the
Effectiveness of Flame-Transmission-Proof Devices. VDI
Progress reports, Series 6, No. 122 1983 - German
Schampel, K: Preventing Endurance Burning in Ventilation Lines
for Containers and Devices. 2nd Safety Engineering Lecture
Series on Issues Affecting Explosion Protection, PTB Report
W-20 (1983) 20-29. - German
Bartknecht, W.: Explosion Protection, Fundamentals and Appli-
cations, Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1993 – German
Prof. Dr. Hans Witt, Explosion Protection in Ventilators, Witt &
Sohn GmbH&Co., Pinneberg, 1998 - German
Meidinger, Ventilators for Conveying Gas/Air or Vapor/Air
Mixtures in Zone 0, 1998 - German
Eberhard Grabs, Requirements for Explosion-Protected
Vacuum Pumps – the Results of a Risk Evaluation – Published
in PTB Notications 106 5/96 - German
KA / 1 / 0807 / GB
U. Füssel, Vacuum without Wastewater – Dry-Running
Equipment is Gaining Acceptance, Chemie Technik [Chemical
Engineering], 1998 - German
U. Friedrichsen, A Successfully-Tested Concept – a Dry-
Running Vacuum Pump Ensures an Economical Process,
Chemie Technik [Chemical Engineering], 1998 - German
Bjerketvedt, D., Bakke, J.R., van Wingerden, K.: Gas Explosion
Handbook, Journal of Hazardous Materials 52 (1997), 1 – 150
- German
Manual of Explosion Protection (Editor: Steen, H.) Wiley-VCH
Verlag, Weinheim (2000) - German
Redeker, T.: Safety Engineering Characteristics – Basis of
Explosion Protection, 9th International Colloquium for the
Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Occupational Illnesses
in the Chemical Industry, Lucerne, 1984 - German
PROTEGO® Technical Reports (upon request)
Explosion Protection with Flame Arresters – the New European
Standard (2002)
Equipment and Protective Systems for the intended use in
explosive atmospheres – Guideline for the application of Flame
Arresters, Blowers and Vacuum Pumps operating in Hazardous
Zone 0, 1 and 2 (2001)
Furnishing tankships carrying dangerous and ammable liquids
with ame arresters and pressure vacuum relief valves (2002)
– German
Particular Requirements and Guidelines for the installation of
PROTEGO devices in waste water treatment plants, landlls
and bio-gas application (2003)
Basic Information Hydraulic Flame arresters for Installation in
Vapour Collecting Off-Gas Lines at Vapour Destruction Units
(1999)
The ATEX Requirement for Protective Systems: Properly
selected Type Examinated Flame Arresters – an excellent and
proof protection for Industry (2002)
Technical Report on Tank Safety (2003)
The Equipment of Low Temperature Storage Tanks (1995)
Investigation of common application failures proven by life eld
testing of endurance burning tested end-of-line ame arresters
(2003)
37
 Appendix
Glossary

Term Description Source

accumulation pressure increase over the maximum allowable working pressure ISO/FDIS 23251 - 3.1
of the vessel allowed during discharge through the pressure-relief
device
actual ow capacity actual ow capacity is the owing capacity determined by DIN 3320-79
measurement

adjusted set pressure vacuum or gauge pressure at which under test stand conditions -
(atmospheric back pressure) valves commence to lift

ambient air normal atmosphere surrounding the equipment and protection EN 13237 - 3.1
system
ambient temperature temperature of the air or other medium where the equipment is EN 13237 - 3.2
to be used (IEV 826-01-04) (IEC 60204-32:1998) Note: For the
application of the Directive 94/9/EC only air is considered
annular ame arresting unit ame arresting unit consisting of annular crimped ribbons -
atmospheric conditions atmospheric conditions are pressures from 80 kPa till 110 kPa and DIN ISO 16852 - 3.25
temperatures from -20°C up to 60°C
atmospheric discharge release of vapors and gases from pressure-relieving and ISO/FDIS 23251 - 3.4
depressurizing devices to the atmosphere
back pressure the back pressure is the gauge pressure existing at the outlet side DIN 3320-58
during blowing (pa = pae + paf)
bi-directional ame arrester a ame arrester which prevents ame transmission from both EN 12874 - 3.1.13
sides
blow down difference between set pressure and reseating pressures, -
normally stated as a percentage of set pressure
bottom outlet valve emergency valve at the tank bottom to shut immediately in case -
of downstream piping rupture
check valve valve, that prevents backow against ow direction -
coating protective painting with dened layer-thickness
combustion air air required to combust the are gases ISO/FDIS 23251 - 3.19
component „component“ means any item essential to the safe functioning EN 1127 - 3.2
of Equipment and Protective System but with no autonomous
function
conventional pressure-relief valve spring-loaded pressure-relief valve whose operational characteris- ISO/FDIS 23251 - 3.20
tics are directly affected by changes in the back pressure
deagration explosion propagating at subsonic velocity (EN 1127-1:1997) EN 13237 - 3.15
deagration ame arrester a ame arrester designed to prevent the transmission of a EN 12874 - 3.1.14
deagration. It can be end-of-line or in-line
design pressure (tank) max. permissible pressure of a tank in the space above the stored -
liquid
design pressure / pressure, together with the design temperature, used to determine ISO/FDIS 23251 - 3.23
design temperature the minimum permissible thickness or physical characteristic of
(common design) each component, as determined by the design rules of the
pressure-design code

38 KA / 1 / 0807 / GB

design vacuum
(negative pressure)
detonation
detonation ame arrester
detonation proof by-pass
diaphragm valve
drain screw
emergency venting
emergency venting valves
end-of-line ame arrester
endurance burning
endurance burning ame arrester
equipment
equipment category
explosion
explosion limits
explosive atmosphere
ame arrester
ame arrester cage
ame arrester element
ame arrester element gap
KA / 1 / 0807 / GB
Glossary
max. permissible vacuum (negative pressure) in the space -
above the stored liquid
explosion propagating at supersonic velocity and characterized EN 13237 - 3.18
by a stock wave (EN 1127-1: 1997)
a ame arrester designed to prevent the transmission of a EN 12874 - 3.1.15
detonation. It can be end-of-line or in-line
dry-type detonation proof by-pass to keep a minimum liquid for -
safety reasons
valve, where the moving valve part consists of a diaphragm -
screw to drain the condensate -
the venting required when an abnormal condition, such as API 2000
ruptured internal heating coils or an external re, exists either
inside or outside of the tank
pressure relief valves for emergency venting -
a ame arrester which is tted with one pipe connection only EN 12874 - 3.1.22
stabilized burning for an unspecied time EN 12874 - 3.1.6
a ame arrester which prevents ame transmission during and EN 12874 - 3.1.16
after endurance burning
„equipment“ means machines, apparatus, xed or mobile devices, EN 1127 - 3.5
control components and instrumentation thereof and detection
and prevention systems which, separately or jointly, are intended
for the generation, transfer, storage, measurement, control and
conversion of energy, for the processing of material, and which
are capable of causing an explosion through their own potential
sources of ignition
within an equipment group, a category is the classication accor- EN 13237 - 3.26
ding to the required level of protection. The categories are dened
as given in A.6.
abrupt oxidation or decomposition reaction producing an EN 12874 - 3.1.7
increase in temperature, pressure or in both simultaneously
(EN 1127-1:1997)
limits of explosion range (EN 1127-1:1997) EN 13237 - 3.29
mixture with air, under atmospheric conditions, of ammable EN 1127 - 3.17
substances in the form of gases, vapors, mists or dusts, in which,
after ignition has occurred, combustion spreads to the entire
unburned mixture
a device tted to the opening of an enclosure or to the connecting EN 12874 - 3.1.1
pipework of a system of enclosures and whose intended function
is to allow ow but prevent the transmission of ame
enclosure for the ame arrester element including spider rings -
crimped ribbon element -
ame arrester elements have proles, which are more or less -
triangular. The ame arrester element gap is the triangular height
of the ame arrester element.
39
 Appendix
Glossary

ame arrester housing that portion of a ame arrester whose principal function is to EN 12874 - 3.1.3
provide a suitable enclosure for the ame arrester element and
allow mechanical connections to other systems
ame arrester set combination of ame arrester element with spacers -
ame arrester unit ame arrester cage with ame arrester element and spacers -
ame transmission proof characteristic of a device to avoid ashback -
FLAMEFILTER ®
international trademarks by Braunschweiger Flammenlter GmbH -
for ame arrester element made of crimped ribbon
FLAMEFILTER® cage enclosure for FLAMEFILTER® including spider rings -
FLAMEFILTER gap ®
ame arrester element gap of a crimped ribbon element type -
FLAMEFILTER®
FLAMEFILTER® set combination of FLAMEFILTER® with spacers -
ammable gas or vapor gas or vapor which, when mixed with air in certain proportions, EN 13237 - 3.44
will form an explosive gas atmosphere (EN 60079-10:1996)
ammable liquid liquid capable of producing a ammable vapor under any EN 13237 - 3.45
foreseeable operating condition (EN 60079-10:1996)
ammable material material which is ammable of itself, or is capable of producing EN 13237 - 3.46
a ammable gas, vapor or mist (EN 60079-10:1996)
ammable substances substance in the form of gas, vapor, liquid, solid, or mixtures of EN 13237 - 3.48
these, able to undergo an exothermic reaction with air when
ignited (EN 1127-1:1997)
ashback phenomenon occurring in a ammable mixture of air and gas ISO/FDIS 23251 - 3.34
when the local velocity of the combustible mixture becomes less
than the ame velocity, causing the ame to travel back to the
point of mixture
ashpoint lowest temperature, corrected to a barometric pressure of 101,3 EN 13237 - 3.49
kPa, at which application of a test ame causes the vapor of the
test portion to ignite under the specied conditions of test (ISO
13736:1997)
oating cover structure which oats on the surface of a liquid inside a xed roof DIN EN 14015 - 3.1.22
tank, primarily to reduce vapor loss
oating roof metallic structure which oats on the surface of a liquid inside an DIN EN 14015 - 3.1.21
open top tank shell, and in complete contact with this surface
oating suction unit mechanical device, sometimes articulated, installed in some DIN EN 14015 - 3.1.28
tanks, which oats on the liquid surface and only permits product
to be withdrawn from this point
ow controlled aperture an aperture designed to be used with ow velocities which exceed EN 12874 - 3.1.19
the ame velocity of the ammable mixture thus preventing ame
transmission
foot valve a ame arrester designed to use the liquid product combined with -
a non return valve to form a barrier to ame transmission
free vents open vents DIN EN 14015 - 3.1.40
fusible link component which melts at a dened temperature and which -
actuates another function (opening of hood, closing of valve)

40 KA / 1 / 0807 / GB
 Glossary

gauging and sampling device equipment for stating the liquid level within storage tanks as well -
as for sampling from any height within the stored medium
gauging nozzle opening at a storage tank for gauging or sampling -
gauging pipe pipe within the storage tank for determining the liquid level and -
for sampling - in ashback-proof or regular design
gauging probe device for determining the liquid levels in storage tanks -
guide bushing component for guiding e.g. the guide spindle of a valve pallet -
guide rod component (rod) for guidance of valve pallet -
guide spindle orthogonal to valve pallet section, central pipe for guiding the -
valve pallet
guide tube pipe for guiding the guide spindle of a valve pallet -
hazardous area area in which an explosive atmosphere is present, or may be EN 13237 - 3.55
expected to be present in quantities such as to require special
precautions for the construction, installation and use of equipment
hazardous explosive atmosphere explosive atmosphere which, if it explodes, causes damage EN 1127 - 3.19
heat release total heat liberated by combustion of the relief gases based on ISO/FDIS 23251 - 3.36
the lower heating value
heating jacket closed room for heating of a device, which encloses the device -
fully or partly
high velocity vent valve a pressure relief valve designed to have nominal ow velocities EN 12874 - 3.1.18
which exceed the ame velocity of the ammable mixture thus
preventing ame transmission
housing enclosure of a product or component -
hydraulic ame arrester a ame arrester designed to break the ow of a ammable mixture EN 12874 - 3.1.21
into discrete bubbles in a water column, thus preventing ame
transmission
ignition source any source with sufcient energy to initiate combustion (EN ISO EN 13237 - 3.62
13702:1999)
ignition temperature the lowest temperature of a heated wall as determined under EN 1127 - 3.31
(of a combustible gas or of a specied test conditions, at which the ignition of a combustible
combustible liquid) substance in the form of gas or vapor mixture with air will occur
inert gas non-ammable gas which will not support combustion and does EN 13237 - 3.68
not react to produce a ammable gas
inerting addition of inert substances to prevent explosive atmospheres EN 1127 - 3.21
in-line ame arrester a ame arrester which is tted with two pipe connections one on EN 12874 - 3.1.23
each side of the ame arrester element
integrated temperature sensor a temperature sensor to indicate a stabilized ame and integrated EN 12874 - 3.1.25
into the ame arrester by the manufacturer
leak rate leakage of a device in volume per time (liter per second) -
left-hand wound orientation (angle) of gaps of crimped ribbon element -
lift actual travel of the valve disc away from the closed position DIN EN ISO 4126 - 3.3

KA / 1 / 0807 / GB 41
 Appendix
Glossary

limiting oxygen concentration maximum oxygen concentration in a mixture of a ammable EN 13237 - 3.64
(LOC) substance and air and an inert gas, in which an explosion will
not occur, determined under specied test conditions
(EN 1127-1:1997)
lining protective cladding with dened minimum/maximum thickness -
to protect against aggressive mixtures (e.g. acid)
liquid product detonation ame a ame arrester, in which the liquid product is used to form a liquid EN 12874 - 3.1.20
arrester seal as a ame arrester medium to prevent ame transmission
of a detonation. There are two types of liquid product detonation
ame arrester for use in liquid product lines: A) liquid seals; B) foot
valves

liquid seal device that directs the ow of relief gases through a liquid (nor- ISO/FDIS 23251 - 3.43
(water seal) mally water) on the path to the are burner, used to protect the
are header from air inltration or ashback, to divert ow, or to
create back pressure for the are header
lower explosion limit (LEL) the lower limit of the explosion range EN 1127 - 3.8
maintenance combination of all technical and administrative actions, including EN 13237 - 3.78
supervision actions, intended to retain an item in, or restore it to,
a state in which it can perform a required function

malfunction the equipment, protective system and components do not perform EN 1127 - 3.25
the intended function

manifold piping system for the collection and/or distribution of a uid to or ISO/FDIS 23251 - 3.45
from multiple ow paths

maximum allowable explosion calculated maximum explosion pressure which the equipment will EN 14460 - 3.8
pressure withstand

maximum allowable pressure maximum pressure for which the equipment is designed as 97/23/EC (PED)
(pressure equipment) specied by the manufacturer

maximum allowable temperature
(pressure equipment)
maximum allowable working
pressure MAWP
maximum temperature for which the equipment is designed as 97/23/EC (PED)
specied by the manufacturer
maximum gauge pressure permissible at the top of a ISO/FDIS 23251 - 3.47
completed vessel in its normal operating position at the
designated coincident temperature specied for that pressure

maximum experimental safe gap
(MESG)
the maximum gap of the joint between the two parts of the EN 12874 - 3.1.12.2
interior chamber of the test apparatus which, when the internal
gas mixture is ignited and under specied conditions, prevents
ignition of the external gas mixture through a 25 mm long joint,
for all concentrations of the tested gas or vapor in air. The MESG
is a property of the respective gas mixture (EN 1127-1: 1997)
Note: IEC 60079-1 A standardizes the test apparatus and the test
method.

maximum operating temperature maximum temperature reached when equipment or protective -

system is operating at its intended operating conditions

measurable type
(static ame arrester)
most easily ignitable explosive
atmosphere
a ame arrester where the quenching gaps of the ame arrester EN 12874 - 3.1.17.1
element can be technically drawn, measured and controlled
explosive atmosphere with a concentration of ammable EN 13237 - 3.87
substances which under specied conditions, requires the lowest
energy for its ignition

42 KA / 1 / 0807 / GB

nominal size, nominal diameter
non-measurable type
(static ame arrester)
normal pressure venting
normal vacuum venting
opening pressure
operating pressure
overpressure
pallet guidance
pallet type valve (disc valve)
pilot-operated pressure relief
valve
pilot-operated valve
pipe away valves
pressure
pressure relief valve
pressure/vacuum valves
(p/v valves)
pre-volume ame arrester
product
protective screen
protective system
KA / 1 / 0807 / GB
Glossary
(DN) a numerical size designation used for all components of a pi- -
ping system, for which the external diameter or the size of thread
is not indicated. The gure is rounded and has only an approxi-
mate relation to the machined dimensions
a ame arrester where the quenching gaps of the ame arrester EN 12874 - 3.1.17.2
element cannot be technically drawn, measured or controlled
(e.g. random such knitted mesh, sintered metal and gravel beds)
outbreathing under normal operating conditions DIN EN 14015 - 3.1.35
(pumping product into the tank and thermal outbreathing)
inbreathing under normal operating conditions DIN EN 14015 - 3.1.36
(pumping product out of the tank and thermal inbreating)
the opening pressure is the vacuum resp. gauge pressure at -
which the lift is sufcient to discharge the predetermined mass
ow; it is equal to the set pressure plus overpressure
pressure in the process system experiences during normal ISO/FDIS 23251 - 3.49
operation, including normal variations
pressure increase over the set pressure, at which the safety valve DIN EN ISO 4126
attains the lift specied by the manufacturer, usually expressed as - 3.2.3
a percentage of the set pressure
element of valve providing guidance of valve pallet -
valve with discoidal seal and axial guide -
pressure relief valve in which the major relieving device or main ISO/FDIS 23251 - 3.52
valve is combined with and controlled by a self-actuated auxiliary
pressure-relief valve (pilot)
valve actuated by a control device (pilot) -
pressure or vacuum valves to which a vent pipe may be DIN EN 14015 - 3.1.44
connected
pressure unit used in this standard is the bar (1 bar = 10000 Pa), DIN EN ISO 4126 - 3.2
quoted as gauge (relative to atmospheric pressure) or absolute
as appropriate
valve designed to open and relieve excess pressure and to ISO/FDIS 23251 - 3.56
reclose and prevent the further ow of uid after normal
conditions have been restored
weight loaded, pilot operated, or spring loaded valve used to relie- API 2000
ve excess pressure and/or vacuum that has developed in a tank
a ame arrester which prevents ame transmission from inside EN 12874 - 3.1.24
a vessel to the outside or into connecting pipework. It may be
end-of-line or in-line
term product covers equipment, protective systems, devices, EN 13237 - 3.95
components and their combinations as well as software as de-
ned in 3.4.2 of EN ISO 9000:2000 (EN 13980.2002)
component, which provides free ow, but prevents entrance -
of foreign matter, for example animals
„protective system“ means design units which are intended to halt EN 1127 - 3.36
incipient explosions immediately and/or to limit the effective range
of explosion ames and explosion pressures. Protective systems
43
 Appendix
Glossary

may be integrated into equipment or separately placed on the

market for use as autonomous systems
cooling of a uid by mixing it with another uid of a lower
quenching ISO/FDIS 23251 - 3.59
temperature

the pressure at the inlet of a relief device when it is owing at the

relieving pressure API 2000
required relieving capacity

value of the inlet static pressure at which the disc re-establishes

reseating pressure DIN EN ISO 4126
contact with the seat or at which the lift becomes zero
(closing pressure) - 3.2.4
orientation (angle) of gaps of crimped ribbon element
right-hand wound -
a safety shut-off valve is a valve which closes automatically to
safety shut-off valve DIN3320-2
prevent a predetermined gauge pressure being exceeded.

valve which automatically, without the assistance of any energy

safety valve DIN EN ISO 4126 - 3.1
other than that of the uid concerned, discharges a quantity of
the uid so as to prevent further ow of uid after normal pressure
conditions of service have been restored
ashbackproof and non ashbackproof taps or valves out- and
sampling and air bleed valve -
inbreathing of parts of plant
temperature reached when the apparatus is operating at its rating
service temperature EN 13237 - 3.106
predetermined pressure at which a valve under operating
set pressure -
conditions commences to open (it is the gauge pressure at the
valve inlet at which the forces tending to open the valve for the
specic operating conditions are in equilibrium with the forces
retaining the valve pallet on its seat)
internal negative pressure at which a vacuum valve rst opens
set vacuum DIN EN 14015 - 3.1.4
component to reduce the kinetic energy of a detonation
shock absorber -
component for decoupling of shock wave and ame front:
Shock-Wave-Guide-Tube Effect -
PROTEGO® patent
(SWGTE)
stabilized burning for a specied time
short time burning EN 12874 - 3.1.5
component, which lies on and between the crimped ribbon
spacer -
elements of a ame arrester unit
pipe leading into the dip liquid of an hydraulic ame arrester
sparge pipe -
steady burning of ame, stabilized at, or close to the ame
stabilized burning EN 12874 - 3.1.4
arrester element
a detonation is stable when it progresses through a conned
stable detonation EN 12874 - 3.1.10
system without signicant variation of velocity and pressure
characteristics
build-up of an electrical difference of potential or charge, through
static electricity DIN EN 14015 - 3.1.18
friction of dissimilar materials or substances e.g. product ow
through a pipe

a ame arrester designed to prevent ame transmission by

static ame arrester EN 12874 - 3.1.17
quenching gaps
chemically correct ratio of fuel to air capable of perfect
stoichiometric air ISO/FDIS 23251 - 3.73
combustion with no infused fuel or air

44 KA / 1 / 0807 / GB
 Glossary

storage tank xed tank or vessel that is not part of the processing unit in ISO/FDIS 23251 - 3.74
storage vessel petrochemical facilities, reneries, gas plants, oil and gas
production facilities, and other facilities
swing pipe unit exible pipeline with or without oat within a storage tank for lling -
and emptying
swivel joint part of a swing pipe system -

temperature class classication of equipment, protective system or component EN 13237 - 3.111

for explosive atmospheres based on its maximum surface
temperature
temperature sensor temperature sensor for monitoring the temperature -
test pressure pressure to test the mechanical stability of devices and or to test -
devices for leak
thermal inbreathing vacuum venting capacity inuenced by atmospheric cooling down DIN EN 14015 - 3.1.39
of the bank
thermal outbreathing pressure venting capacity inuenced by atmospheric heating of DIN EN 14015 - 3.1.38
the tank
unstable detonation a detonation is unstable during the transition of a combustion EN 12874 - 3.1.11
process from a deagration into a stable detonation. The transition
occurs in an limited spatial zone where the velocity of the
combustion wave is not constant and where the explosion
pressure is signicantly higher than in a stable detonation.
upper explosion limit the upper limit of the explosion range EN 1127 - 3.9
valve lift actual travel of the valve pallet away from the closed position, -
when a valve is relieving
valve pallet gasket sealing element between valve pallet and valve seat -
vent cap end-of-line device for free out- and inbreathing of plant -
components. This device can be ame transmission proof
vent header piping system that collects and delivers the relief gases to the ISO/FDIS 23251 - 3.78
vent stack
vent pipes pipes connected to pipe away valves DIN EN 14015 - 3.1.45

venting system system, which consists of pipeline and devices for free out- and -
inbreathing of parts of plants
venting system with ame free vents or pressure and/or vacuum valves combined with a DIN EN 14015 - 3.1.42
arresting capability ame arrester or with integrated ame arresting elements
vessel container or structural envelope in which materials are processed, ISO/FDIS 23251 - 3.80
treated or stored
zone 0 place in which an explosive atmosphere consisting of a mixture EN 13237 - 3.119-1
with air of ammable substances in the form of gas, vapor or mist
is present continuously or for long periods or frequently

zone 1 place in which an explosive atmosphere consisting of a mixture EN 13237 - 3.119-2

with air of ammable substances in the form of gas, vapor or mist
is likely to occur in normal operation occasionally
zone 2 place in which an explosive atmosphere consisting of a mixture EN 13237 - 3.119-3
with air of ammable substances in the form of gas, vapor or mist
is not likely to occur in normal operation but, if it does occur, will
persist for a short period only

KA / 1 / 0807 / GB 45
 Appendix
Glossary

zones for gases/vapours hazardous areas are classied into zones based upon the EN 13237 - 3.119
frequency of the occurrence and the duration of an explosive
gas atmosphere, the denitions are only applicable to equipment
group II

46 KA / 1 / 0807 / GB
 Guidelines for selecting Flame Arresters

KA / 1 / 0807 / GB 47
 Materials, Terms and Conversion Tables

Pressure DN 10 15 20 25 32 40 50 65 80 100
1 bar = 14.504 psi 1 lb/ft2 = 47,88 N/m2
= 29.530 inch Hg = 0,4788 mbar Size 1 /4 1 /2 3 /4 1 11/4 11/2 2 21/2 3 4
= 0.987 atm = 0,0470 mm WC
= 401.47 inch WC DN 125 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600
1 mbar = 0.0145 psi 1 inch WC = 249,08 N/m2 Size 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24
= 0.0295 inch Hg = 2,4908 mbar
= 0.4019 inch WC = 25,4 mm WC
= 2.089 lb/ft2 1 inch Hg = 33,864 mbar DN 700 800 900 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Size 28 32 36 40 48 56 64 72 80
1 kPa = 10 mbar 1 psi = 68,94757 mbar
1 inch H2O = 2,49089 mbar 1 inch Hg = 33,8639 mbar
1 Pa = 1 N/m2 1 psi = 1 lb/ft2
Length
1 cm = 0.3937 inch 1 inch = 25,4 mm
Temperature
1m = 3.2808 ft 1 ft = 12 inch = 0,3058 m
To convent ºC in ºF use TF = 32 + 1,8 TC
= 1.0936 yards 1 yard = 3 ft = 0,9144 m
0ºC = 32ºF
1 km = 0.621 miles 1 mile = 1,609 km
100ºC = 212ºF
To convent ºF in ºC use TC = 5/9 (T - 32)
F
0ºF = -17,8ºC
100ºF = 37,8ºC Area
1cm2 = 0.1550 sq inch 1 sq inch = 6,4516 cm2
1 m2 = 10.7639 sq ft 1 sq ft = 0,0929 m2
Material
= 1.196 sq yards 1 sq yard = 0,836 m2
DIN Material DIN-Material ASTM-Material
1km2 = 100 hectares
Number
= 0.3861 sq miles
0.6020 GG 20 A 278-30 C.I.
= 247 acres
0.7040 GGG 40 A 536-77 C.I.
1.0619 GS-C 25 A 216 Gr. WCB C.S.
1.4301 X5 CrNi 18 10 A 240 Gr. 304 S.S.
1.4408 G-X6 CrNiMo 18 10 A 351 Gr. CF 8 M S.S. Volume
1.0425 P 265 GH A 515 Gr. 60 C.S. 1 cm3 = 0.06102 cu inch 1 cu inch = 16,3870 cm3
1.4541 X6 CrNiTi 18 10 A 240 Gr. 321 S.S. 1 liter = 0.03531 cu ft 1 cu ft = 28,317 liter
1.4571 X10 CrNiMoTi 18 10 A 240 Gr. 316 Ti S.S. = 0.21998 gal (UK) 1 gal (UK) = 4,5461 liter
3.2581 AC 44200 A 413 Alu = 0.26428 gal (US) 1 gal (US) = 3,785 liter
Ta Tantal UNS R05200 1 m3 = 35.315 cu ft 1 cu ft = 0,028317 m3
2.4610 NiMo 16 Cr 16 Ti UNS N06455 C-4 = 6.299 petr. barrels 1 petr. barrel = 0,15876 m3
2.4686 G-NiMo 17 Cr UNS N30107 Casting
2.4602 NiCr 21 Mo 14 W UNS N06022 C-22
2.4819 NiMo 16 Cr 15 W UNS N10276 C-276 Mass
1g = 0.03527 oz 1 oz = 28,35 g
The applicable materials are specied in the quotation or the order 1 kg = 2.2046 lb 1 lb = 16 oz
acknowledgement: = 0,4536 kg
In general the following means
CC (Carbon steel) = 1.0619 or 1.0425
SS (Stainless steel) = 1.4408 or 1.4571 Velocity and Volume Flow
Hastelloy = 2.4686 or 2.4602 1 m/s = 196.85 ft/min 1 ft/min = 0,508 cm/s
1 km/h = 0.6214 mph 1 mph = 1,60934 km/h
Important differences: US decimals in accordance to 1 m3/h = 4.403 gal/min (US) 1 gal/min (US) = 0,227 m3/h
SI-System = 3.666 gal/min (UK) 1 gal/min (UK) = 0,273 m3/h
e.g. 1 m = 100 cm = 100,00 cm (UK/US: 100.00 cm) = 0.5886 cu ft/min 1 cu ft/min = 28,317 liter/min
1 km = 1.000 m = 1.000,00 m (UK/US: 1,000.00 m) 1 kg/h = 0.0367 lb/min 1 lb/min = 27,216 kg/h
1 cu ft/h = 0,028317 m3/h
Sealings and Coatings
PTFE = polytetrauoroethylene
PVDF = polyvinylidene uoride Torsion
PFA = peruoroalkoxy polyme 1 Nm = 0.723 lb ft 1 lb ft = 1,38 Nm
FPM 70 = uor carbon rubber
WS 3822 = aramide and anorganic bers as well as mineral
reinforcement materials bonded with NBR rubber Density
ECTFE = ethylene chlorotri uoro etylene 1 kg/dm3 = 62.43 lb/cu ft 1 lb/cu ft = 0,016 kg/dm3
FEP = peruoroethylene propylene

48 KA / 1 / 0807 / GB
 Data Sheet for PROTEGO® - Valves and Flame Arresters

Project Data
Quotation-No. Order-No.
Project-No. Project Reference
Valve / Flame Arrester Tag No. Tank / Vessel No.
Storage Tank / Vessel
aboveground diameter m/ft design pressure mbar/In W.C.
buried height m/ft design vacuum mbar/In W.C.
insulated wall height m/ft pumping-in-rate m³/h cu ft/min
ins. thickness mm / inch pumping-out-rate m³/h cu ft/min
blanketed blank gas step design standard DIN API others
Stored Product Offgas/Vapour-Composition
Components Flashpoint Haz. Group MESG Ex-Gr.
Name Formula Vol.% °C/°F mm/inch

Processing Plant
design temperature °C/°F design pressure bar/psi
operating temperature °C/°F operating pressure bar/psi back pressure mbar/In W.C.
Installation
in-line horizontal distance to source of ignition m/ft
end-of-line vertical
Function
pressure endurance burning proof temperature monitored
vacuum short-time burning proof
pressure/vacuum combined deagration proof pressure monitored
ame arrester detonation proof bidirectional
Valve and Flame Arrester Data
.
size nominal DN ow V m³/h cu ft/min density kg/m³ lb/cu ft
pressure nominal PN inlet ange DN PN form
adjusted set pressure mbar/In W.C. outlet ange DN PN form
adjusted set vacuum mbar/In W.C. pressure drop p mbar/In W.C.
Material
pressure carrying parts internals lining

Inspection/Documentation
material certicate works certicate performance certicate

Piping Flow Diagram (excerpt) / Additional Remarks / Miscellaneous refer to seperate sheet

Fill in and tick off, if applicable, delete unit, if not applicable

signed: date: approved: released:

KA / 1 / 0807 / GB 49
 Notes:

50 KA / 1 / 0807 / GB
 Notes:

KA / 1 / 0807 / GB 51
Germany
PROTEGO Head Ofce:
Braunschweiger Flammenlter GmbH
Industriestraße 11
38110 Braunschweig
phone: +49(0)5307-809-0
fax: +49(0)5307-7824
email: ofce@protego.de
KA / 1 / 0807 / GB
USA Spain
PROTEGO (USA) Inc. PROTEGO España
497 Jessen Lane Pintor Serra Santa, 19
Charleston, SC 29492 08860 Castelldefels
phone: +1-843-284 03 00 phone: +34-93-6 34 21 65
fax: +1-843-284 03 04 fax: +34-93-6 64 44 64
email: ofce@protego.com email: es-ofce@protego.com
Great Britain Netherlands
PROTEGO UK Ltd. PROTEGO Nederland
Studio 1, Europa House Europa Way Britannia Blei 23
Enterprise Park 1261 PG Blaricum
Licheld, Staffordshire, WS14 9TZ
phone: +31-35-5 26 35 78
phone: +44-15 43-42 06 60 fax: +31-35-5 26 74 13
fax: +44-15 43-42 06 63
email: ton.kerkmeer@protego.nl
email: uk-ofce@protego.com
Hungary Switzerland
PROTEGO Ungarn Kft. Ramseyer AG
3515 Miskolc-Egyetemvaros Industriestraße 32
3175 Flamatt
phone: +36-46-381 815
fax: +36-46-381 816 phone: +41-31-7 44 00 00
fax: +41-31-7 41 25 55
email: protego@axelero.hu
email: info@ramseyer.ch
Austria France
PROTEGO Austria S.I.D. Steiblé Ingenierie et Distribution SARL
Armaturen- und Apparatetechnik GmbH
43 Rue Jacques Mugnier
Industriestraße B 16 68200 Mulhouse
2345 Brunn am Gebirge
phone: +33-3-89 60 62 70
phone: +43-22 36-3 27 20 fax: +33-3-89 60 62 75
fax: +43-22 36-3 27 21 12
email: info@sid-steible.fr
email: ofce@protego.co.at
Brasil Middle East
PROTEGO-LESER do Brasil Ltda. PROTEGO Middle East
Rua Montevideu 486 Penha Emaar Building 2, 5th oor, ofce no. 0567,
CEP 21020-290 Rio de Janeiro RJ Sheikh Zayed Road (P.O. Box. 261505)
Dubai, UAE
phone: +55-21-25 73 50 90
fax: +55-21-25 73 82 81 phone: +971-4-3 68 98 94
fax: +971-4-3 68 98 95
email: protegoleser@protegoleser.com.br
email: sanjiv.advani@protego.com
India China
PROTEGO Equipment Pvt., Ltd. PROTEGO China
R-665, TTC. Industrial Area MIDC, Rabale Room 730A, German Centre, No. 88 Keyuan Rd.
Navi Mumbai, 400 701 Shanghai, 201203
phone: +91-22-27 69 11 56 phone: +86-21-28 98 65 58
fax: +91-22-27 69 20 85 fax: +86-21-28 98 65 90
email: sales@protego-india.com email: yan.zhang@protego.com