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NOTATION
9.0 INTRODUCTION
9.1 DESIGN EXAMPLE - AASHTO BOX BEAM, BIII-48, SINGLE SPAN WITH
NON-COMPOSITE WEARING SURFACE. DESIGNED IN ACCORDANCE
WITH AASHTO STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS.
9.2 DESIGN EXAMPLE - AASHTO BOX BEAM, BIII-48, SINGLE SPAN WITH
NON-COMPOSITE WEARING SURFACE. DESIGNED IN ACCORDANCE
WITH AASHTO LRFD SPECIFICATIONS.
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f ´ci = specified compressive strength of concrete at time of initial loading or pretensioning [LRFD]
fcgp = concrete stress at the center of gravity of pretensioning tendons, due to pretensioning force
at transfer and the self-weight of the member at the section of maximum positive moment [LRFD]
fd = stress due to unfactored dead load, at extreme fiber of section where tensile stress is caused
by externally applied loads [STD]
fpb = compressive stress at bottom fiber of the beam due to prestress force
fpc = compressive stress in concrete (after allowance for all pretension losses) at centroid of cross
section resisting externally applied loads [STD]
fpc = compressive stress in concrete after all prestress losses have occurred either at the centroid of
the cross section resisting live load or at the junction of the web and flange when the centroid
lies in the flange. In a composite section, fpc is the resultant compressive stress at the centroid
of the composite section, or at the junction of the web and flange when the centroid lies with
in the flange, due to both prestress and to the bending moments resisted by the precast member
acting alone [LRFD]
fpe = compressive stress in concrete due to effective pretension forces only (after allowance for all
pretension losses) at extreme fiber of section where tensile stress is caused by externally
applied loads [STD]
fpe = effective stress in the pretensioning steel after losses [LRFD]
fpi = initial stress immediately before transfer
fpo = stress in the pretensioning steel when the stress in the surrounding concrete is zero [LRFD]
fps = average stress in pretensioning steel at the time for which the nominal resistance of member is required [LRFD]
fpt = stress in pretensioning steel immediately after transfer [LRFD]
fpu = specified tensile strength of pretensioning steel [LRFD]
fpy = yield strength of pretensioning steel [LRFD]
fr = the modulus of rupture of concrete [STD]
fr = modulus of rupture of concrete [LRFD]
fs = allowable stress in steel
f ´s = ultimate stress of pretensioning reinforcement [STD]
fse = effective final pretension stress
fsi = effective initial pretension stress
f *su = average stress in pretensioning steel at ultimate load [STD]
ft = concrete stress at top fiber of the beam for the non-composite section
ftc = concrete stress at top fiber of the slab for the composite section
ftg = concrete stress at top fiber of the beam for the composite section
fy = yield strength of reinforcing bars [STD]
fy = specified minimum yield strength of reinforcing bars [LRFD]
fy = yield stress of pretensioning reinforcement [STD]
f ´y = specified minimum yield strength of compression reinforcement [LRFD]
fyh = specified yield strength of transverse reinforcement [LRFD]
H = average annual ambient mean relative humidity, percent [LRFD]
H = height of wall [LRFD]
h = overall depth of precast beam [STD]
h = overall depth of a member [LRFD]
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Mmax = maximum factored moment at section due to externally applied loads [STD]
Mn = nominal moment strength of a section [STD]
Mn = nominal flexural resistance [LRFD]
Mn/dc = non-composite dead load moment at the section
Mr = factored flexural resistance of a section in bending [LRFD]
Ms = maximum positive moment
Ms = unfactored bending moment due to slab and haunch weights
MSDL = unfactored bending moment due to super-imposed dead loads
Mservice = total bending moment for service load combination
MSIP = unfactored bending moment due to stay-in-place panel
Mu = factored bending moment at section [STD]
Mu = factored moment at a section [LRFD]
Mws = unfactored bending moment due to wearing surface
Mx = bending moment at a distance (x) from the support
m = material parameter
m = stress ratio = (fy/0.85f ´c )
Nb = number of beams [LRFD]
NL = number of traffic lanes [STD]
Nu = applied factored axial force taken as positive if tensile [LRFD]
n = modular ratio between deck slab and beam materials
P = diaphragm weight concentrated at quarter points
P = load on one rear wheel of design truck (P15 or P20) [STD]
Pc = permanent net compression force [LRFD]
Peff = effective post-tensioning force
Pi = total pretensioning force immediately after transfer
Ppe = total pretensioning force after all losses
Pr = factored bursting resistance of pretensioned anchorage zone provided by transverse reinforcement
Ps = prestress force before initial losses
Pse = effective pretension force after allowing for all losses
Psi = effective pretension force after allowing for the initial losses
P20 = load on one rear wheel of the H20 truck [STD]
Q = total factored load [LRFD]
Qi = specified loads [LRFD]
q = generalized load [LRFD]
RH = relative humidity [STD]
Rn = coefficient of resistance
Ru = flexural resistance factor
Rw = total transverse resistance of the railing or barrier [LRFD]
S = width of precast beam [STD]
S = average spacing between beams in feet [STD]
S = spacing of beams [LRFD]
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Vu = factored shear force at section [LRFD]
Vuh = factored horizontal shear force per unit length of the beam [LRFD]
Vx = shear force at a distance (x) from the support
v = factored shear stress [LRFD]
W = overall width of bridge measured perpendicular to the longitudinal beams [STD]
w = a uniformly distributed load [LRFD]
w = width of clear roadway [LRFD]
wb = weight of barriers
wc = unit weight of concrete [STD]
wc = unit weight of concrete [LRFD]
wg = beam self-weight
ws = slab and haunch weights
wws = weight of future wearing surface
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9.8.1 INTRODUCTION
9.8.2 MATERIALS
9.8.4 LOADS
9.8.4.1 Dead Loads
9.8.4.2 Wearing Surface and Construction Loads
9.8.4.3 Live Loads
9.8.4.4 Load Combination
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Figure 9.8.1-1
Bridge Cross-Section 44'- 6"
1'-3" 42'- 0" 1'-3"
1
4 /2" CIP
2'-8" concrete slab 2" future wearing surface
8"
3 1/2" SIP
deck panel
3'-0" 3'-0"
4'-3" 3 spaces @ 12'- 0" = 36'-0" 4'-3"
Precast pretensioned SIP deck panels: Concrete strength at transfer, f ´ci = 6,500 psi
28-day concrete strength, f ´c = 8,000 psi
Concrete unit weight, wc = 0.150 kcf
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Panel dimensions: 8-ft wide x 9 ft-6 in. long x 3-1/2 in. deep
1 1/2" min.
3 1/2"
6" 2"
2" 2" Continuous variable 1'-4" 2"
3 1/2" SIP 2" depth bearing strip 2"
deck panel AASHTO-PCI
12'- 0" Bulb-Tee
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9.8.4 The precast SIP panels support their own weight, any construction loads, and the
LOADS weight of the CIP slab. For superimposed dead and live loads, the precast panels are
analyzed assuming that they act compositely with the CIP concrete.
9.8.4.3 LRFD Article 3.6.1.3.3 states that for decks where the primary strips are transverse
Live Loads and their span does not exceed 15 ft, the transverse strips are designed for the wheels
of the 32.0-kip axle of the design truck.
LRFD Table A4.1-1 gives the values of maximum positive and negative bending
moments for different spans. This table is valid for decks supported on at least three
girders and having a width measured between the centerlines of the exterior girders
of not less than 14 ft. Multiple presence factors and the dynamic load allowance are
included in the tabulated values. Values of negative bending moments provided by
this table do not apply to the deck overhang.
For the deck under consideration, where S = 12.0 ft, the maximum positive bending
moment, with dynamic allowance, MLL+I = 8.010 ft-kips/ft.
For the overhang, a minimum distance of 12 in. from center of wheel of the design
truck to the inside face of parapet should be considered [LRFD Art. 3.6.1.3].
However, LRFD Article 3.6.1.3.4 states that for overhangs less than 6.0 ft with con-
tinuous barrier, the outside row of wheels may be replaced with a uniformly distrib-
uted, 1.0-kip/ft line load, located 1.0 ft from railing face. In this example, the case of
concentrated wheel loads is considered.
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where
η = a factor relating to ductility, redundancy, and operational importance. For
this example, η is considered to be 1.0. [LRFD Art. 1.3.2]
γi = load factors [LRFD Table 3.4.1-1]
Qi = specified loads
Evaluating the various limit states given in LRFD Article 3.4.1, the following are
applicable:
Note: For simple-span bridges, the maximum load factors produce maximum
effects. Use minimum load factors for dead load (DC) and wearing surface (DW)
when dead load and wearing surface stresses are opposite to those of the live load.
9.8.5
SECTION PROPERTIES
9.8.5.1 A = area of cross-section of the precast panel = (3.5)(12) = 42 in.2/ft
Non-Composite Section
Sb = section modulus for the extreme bottom fiber of the non-composite precast
panel
= (12)(3.5)2/6 = 24.5 in.3/ft
St = section modulus for the extreme top fiber of the non-composite precast panel
= (12)(3.5)2/6 = 24.5 in.3/ft
Ec = 33,000 (w c )
1.5
f c′ [LRFD Eq. 5.4.2.4-1]
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where
Ec = modulus of elasticity, (ksi)
wc = unit weight of concrete, (kcf ) = 0.150 kcf
f ´c = specified strength of concrete, (ksi)
LRFD Article C5.4.2.4, indicates that the unit weight of normal weight concrete is
0.145 kcf. However, precast concrete mixes typically have a relatively low
water/cementitious material ratio and high density. Therefore, a unit weight of 0.150
kcf is used in this example. For high strength concrete, even this value may need to
be increased based on test results.
Therefore, the modulus of elasticity is:
12"
9.8.6 The required number of strands is usually governed by concrete tensile stress at ser-
REQUIRED PRESTRESS vice loads. Bottom tensile stress due to applied dead and live loads, using the modi-
fied Service III load combination (see Section 9.8.4.4), is:
M SIP + M CIP M ws + M b + M LL + I
fb = +
Sb S bc
where
fb = bottom tensile stresses, ksi
MSIP = unfactored bending moment due to self-weight of SIP panel
MCIP = unfactored bending moment due to weight of CIP slab
Mws = unfactored bending moment due to future wearing surface
Mb = unfactored bending moment due to weight of barriers
MLL+I = unfactored bending moment due to live load with impact
= 8.010 ft-kips/ft (as calculated in Section 9.8.4.3)
For bending moments due to the weight of the SIP panel and CIP slab, which are
acting on the non-composite section, the span length is taken conservatively as the
panel length, 9'-6".
For the superimposed dead and live loads, LRFD Article 4.6.2.1.6 states that force
effects should be calculated based on analyzing the strip as a continuous beam sup-
ported by infinitely rigid supports. The maximum value of positive moment applies
to all positive moment sections [LRFD Art. 4.6.2.1.1]. Also, LRFD Article 4.6.2.1.6
states that the effective span is the center-to-center distance between the supporting
beams, which is 12.0 ft. Using software for continuous beam analysis, bending
moments due to wearing surface and barrier weight are as shown in Figure 9.8.6-1.
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Figure 9.8.6-1
4'- 3" 12'- 0" 12'- 0" 12'- 0" 4'- 3"
Bending Moments in ft-kips/ft
−1.150
If Pse is the total effective prestress force after all losses, and the center of gravity of
strands is concentric with the center of gravity of the SIP panel:
Pse Pse
0.999 = =
A 42
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Pi 47.8
f = = = 1.138 ksi
A 42
∆f = = 6.635 ksi
f
where
= change of stresses at center of gravity of prestress due to permanent loads
(weights of CIP slab, wearing surface and barrier), except dead load
acting at the time the prestress force is applied (at transfer), calculated at
M the same section as f4gp,
M = 0.632 ft-kips/ft (acts on the non-composite section)
M = 0.135 ft-kips/ft (acts on the composite section)
ws
03 JUL
28,500 4gp
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However, the weight of the CIP slab provides zero stress at the center of gravity of
pretensioning force. So, stresses due only to wearing surface and barriers are consid-
ered as shown in Figure 9.8.7.3-1.
Stress at bottom fiber of the SIP panel:
M ws + M b (0.135 + 0.255)(12)
= = 0.046 ksi
S bc 102.6
Figure 9.8.7.3-1
Concrete Stresses Due to 1.68"
Wearing Surface and Barrier 0.023 ksi 3.43"
1.75"
0.046 ksi
9.8.7.4.1 The relaxation loss between tensioning and transfer, ∆fpR1, which will be used to
Relaxation before Transfer compute the initial prestress loss, ∆fpi, is calculated by Eq. 8.6.5.3-1 [similar to
LRFD Eq.5.9.5.4.4b-2 (see discussion in Section 8.6.5.3)] with Kr = 45 and t = 0.75
days (18 hrs):
∆fpR1 =
( )
log 24(0.75) 202.5
− 0.55 202.5 = 1.600 ksi
( Eq. 8.6.5.3-1)
45 243.0
This initial loss due to relaxation is assumed to be included in the total relaxation
loss, ∆fpR2. Therefore, ∆fpR1 is not used to compute the total prestress loss.
9.8.7.4.2 For low-relaxation strand, the total loss due to relaxation is:
Relaxation after Transfer
∆fpR2 = 6.0 − 0.12∆fpES − 0.06(∆fpSR + ∆fpCR) (Eq. 8.6.10.3-1)
= 6.0 − 0.12(6.635) − 0.06(6.500 + 13.495) = 4.004 ksi
9.8.7.5 The total loss of prestress at transfer is equal to the sum of the elastic shortening loss
Total Losses at Transfer and the relaxation of the strand prior to transfer:
∆fpi = ∆fpES + ∆fpR1 = 6.635 + 1.600 = 8.235 ksi
The first estimation of losses that occur prior to transfer, 5%, is relatively close to the
computed losses of 4.1%. Therefore, there is no need to perform a second iteration
to refine these losses.
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9.8.8
STRESSES IN THE SIP
PANEL AT TRANSFER
9.8.8.1 [LRFD Art. 5.9.4]
Stress Limits for Concrete Compression: 0.6f ´ci = 0.6(6.5) = 3.900 ksi
where f ´ci = concrete strength at release
Tension: without bonded reinforcement: −0.0948 f ci′ ≤ −0.2 ksi
–0.0948 6.5 = −0.242 ksi > −0.2 ksi
therefore, use –0.200 ksi (Controls)
with bonded reinforcement sufficient to resist 120% of the tension force in
the cracked concrete:
−0.22 f ci′ = – 0.22 6.5 = –0.561 ksi
Because the strand group is concentric with the precast concrete panel, the midspan
section is the critical section that should be checked.
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9.8.9 The total prestress force after all losses, Ppe = 42.7 kips/ft
STRESSES IN SIP
PANEL AT TIME
OF CASTING
TOPPING SLAB
9.8.9.1 [LRFD Art. 9.7.4.1]
Stress Limits for Concrete
LRFD Article 9.7.4.1 states that flexural stresses in the SIP formwork due to unfac-
tored construction loads should not exceed 65% of the 28-day compressive strength
for concrete in compression, or the modulus of rupture in tension for prestressed
concrete form panels.
Note that the definition of construction loads according to the LRFD Specifications
includes the weight of the SIP panel, CIP topping, and an additional 0.050 ksf.
Therefore, the stress limit for concrete in compression, for load combination Service I:
0.65f ´c = 0.65(8.0) = 5.200 ksi.
Modulus of rupture, fr = 0.24 f c′ = 0.24 8.0 = 0.679 ksi [LRFD Art. 5.4.2.6]
9.8.9.2 Bending moment due to the self-weight of the SIP panel, the CIP topping and con-
Stresses at Midspan after struction load:
all Non-Composite Loads
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[
5 (0.496 + 0.632)(12) (9.5)(12) ]
2
=
48 (5, 423)(42.875)
= 0.08 in. < 0.25 in. OK
9.8.10 The total prestress force after all losses, Ppe = 42.7 kips
STRESSES IN
SIP PANEL AT
SERVICE LOADS
9.8.10.1 [LRFD Art. 5.9.4.2]
Stress Limits for Concrete Compression: for load combination Service I:
• Due to permanent loads, (i.e. self-weight of SIP panel, CIP slab, wearing surface
and barriers) = 0.45f ´c
for the SIP panel = 0.45(8.0) = 3.600 ksi
for the CIP slab = 0.45(4.0) = 1.800 ksi
• Due to permanent and transient loads, (i.e. all dead and live loads) = 0.60 f ´c
for the SIP panel = 0.60(8.0) = 4.800 ksi
for the CIP slab = 0.60(4.0) = 2.400 ksi
• Due to live load plus one-half sum of effective prestress and permanent loads = 0.40f ´c
for the SIP panel = 0.40(8.0) = 3.200 ksi
for the CIP slab = 0.40(4.0) = 1.600 ksi
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At the time of opening the bridge to traffic, the wearing surface, barriers, and live
loads act on the composite section.
M ws + M b (0.135 + 0.255)(12)
ftc = =+ = +0.038 ksi
S tc 122.4
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A psf pu + A sf y − A ′sf y′
c = [LRFD Eq. 5.7.3.1.1.-4]
f pu
0.85f c′β1 b + kA ps
dp
where
As = area of mild steel tension reinforcement = 0
A´s = area of compression reinforcement = 0
f´c = compressive strength of slab concrete = 4.0 ksi
fy = yield strength of mild steel tension reinforcement, (ksi)
f´y = yield strength of mild steel compression reinforcement, (ksi)
fpu = specified tensile strength of prestressing steel = 270 ksi
b = effective width of compression flange = 8.0(12) = 96.0 in.
f
k = 21.04 − py [LRFD Eq. 5.7.3.1.1-2]
f pu
for low-relaxation strands, k = 0.28 [LRFD Table C5.7.3.1.1-1]
1.989(270) + 0 − 0
c = = 1.77 in.
270
0.85(4.0)(0.85)(96) + 0.28(1.989)
5.75
a = β1c = 0.85(1.77) = 1.51 in.
fps = average stress in prestressing steel
c
When fpe ≥ 0.5fpu, f ps = f pu 1 − k [LRFD Eq. 5.7.3.1.1-1]
dp
1.77
fps = 270 1 − 0.28 = 246.7 ksi
5.75
Check stress in prestressing steel according to available development length, ld:
2
ld = f ps − f pe db, or, rearranging, [LRFD Eq. 5.11.4.1-1]
3
ld 2
fps = + f pe (Eq. 9.8.11-1)
db 3
where
db = nominal strand diameter
fpe = effective stress in prestressing steel after losses
= 171.9 ksi
Available development length at midspan of the SIP panel: 0.5(9.5) = 4.75 ft
4.75 ( 12) 2
fps = + (171.9) = 228.6 ksi (Controls)
0.5 3
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The calculations here were conducted for flexure in the midspan section. It is possible
that intermediate sections between midspan and the supports will have critical stress-
es due to only partial development of the strands.
9.8.12
LIMITS OF
REINFORCEMENT
9.8.12.1 [LRFD Art. 5.7.3.3.1]
Maximum Reinforcement
The amount of prestressed and non-prestressed reinforcement should be such that:
c
≤ 0.42 [LRFD Eq. 5.7.3.3.1-1]
de
A psf psd p + A sf y d s
where de = [LRFD Eq. 5.7.3.3.1-2]
A psf ps + A sf y
Since As = 0, de = dp = 5.75 in.
c 1.77
= = 0.308 ≤ 0.42 OK
de 5.75
• 1.2 times the cracking strength determined on the basis of elastic stress distribution
and the modulus of rupture, and
• 1.33 times the factored moment required by the applicable strength load combina-
tion.
Check at midspan:
The LRFD Specifications do not give a procedure for computing the cracking moment.
Therefore, the following equation adapted from STD Article 9.18.2.1 is used.
where
fr = modulus of rupture [LRFD Art. 5.4.2.6]
= 0.24 f c′ = 0.24 8.0 = 0.679 ksi
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102.6 102.6
Mcr = (0.679 + 1.017) − (1.128) − 1 = 10.905 ft-kips/ft
12 24.5
Note: Contrary to the Standard Specifications, the LRFD Specifications requires that
this criterion be met at every section.
9.8.13
NEGATIVE MOMENT
SECTION OVER
INTERIOR BEAMS
9.8.13.1 The design section for negative moments and shear forces, for precast I-shaped concrete
Critical Section beams, is at a distance of 1/3 of the flange width from the centerline of the support but
not exceeding 15 in. [LRFD Art. 4.6.2.1.6]. Since 1/3 the beam flange width
1
= ( 42) = 14 in. < 15 in.,
3
the design section for negative moment is at a distance of 14 in. (1.17 ft) from the cen-
terline of the beam.
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DC: Because the weight of the barrier produces positive moment at the interior gird-
ers, as shown in Figure 9.8.6-1, bending moment due to this load is conservatively
ignored.
LL+IM: From LRFD Table A4.1-1, for S = 12.0 ft, maximum negative bending
moment at 14 in. from beam center line, with impact and multiple presence
factor, MLL+I = 6.347 ft-kips/ft
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where
dc = thickness of concrete cover measured from extreme tension fiber to center of
the closest bar, (in.). For calculation purposes, the thickness used for clear
cover should be taken not greater than 2.0 in.
= 2.0 + 0.5(0.625) = 2.313 in.
130
fs = = 32.5 ksi < 0.6fy = 36 ksi
[ ]
1/ 3
2.313( 27.756)
Actual stress in reinforcement:
Ec = 3,834 ksi
n = Es/Ec = 29,000/3,834 = 7.56
ρactual = 0.011
j = (1 − k/3) = 0.89
fs = Mservice/(jdAs) = (6.495)(12)/[(0.89)(4.688)(0.62)] = 30.1 ksi < 32.5 ksi OK
9.8.14
NEGATIVE MOMENT
SECTION OVER
EXTERIOR BEAMS
9.8.14.1 The critical section for negative moment over the beams is at a distance of 14 in.,
Critical Section 1.17 ft, from the centerline of the beam.
9.8.14.2 Article A13.4.1 states that three design cases need to be checked when designing the
Design of Section overhang regions. These cases are:
• Case 1: check overhang for horizontal vehicular collision load: [LRFD Art. A13.4.1]
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The overhang is designed to resist an axial tension force from vehicular collision at
the extreme event limit state acting simultaneously with the moment (collision +
dead loads).
From design of the barrier under Performance Level PL-3: [LRFD Art. A13.3]
Total transverse resistance of the barrier, i.e. collision horizontal force at top of barrier,
Rw = 166.0 kips
The force, Rw, is distributed over a width of Lc at the top fiber of the barrier = 13.36 ft
Height of the barrier, H = 32 in.
Assume that this force is distributed at an angle of 45° from the top fiber of the barrier
to its base, thus:
Collision force at deck slab level:
Rw
T = [LRFD Eq. A13.4.2-1]
L c + 2H
166.0
= = 0.74 kip/in. = 8.88 kips/ft
160.32 + 2(32)
Design the section at the inner face of barrier; i.e. Section 1-1 in Case 1 in Figure
9.8.14.2-1:
Factored bending moment, Mu, at face of barrier due to collision force and dead loads:
17.200 + 1.25{(0.5)[8(0.150)/12](15/12)2 + 0.300(15 – 5)/12} = 17.610 ft-kips/ft
1 2 5" 32" 2
32" 27" 10"
5"
37" 14" 14"
37"
4'- 3" = 51" 4'- 3" = 51"
Case 1 Case 2
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Since the width of the barrier, 15 in., is less than the length required to fully develop
the #6 bars, available stress of the #6 bar should be reduced as follows:
fs = 60(15/16.5) = 54.55 ksi.
For the critical section over the exterior beam, Section 2-2 in Case 1 in Figure
9.8.14.2-1:
At the inner face of the barrier, the flexural resistance of the barrier at its base, 17.200
ft-kips/ft, is distributed over a length Lc, while the collision axial force T is distributed
over a length of (Lc+2H) where H is the height of the barrier. Assume that the
moment at the face of the barrier and the axial force are distributed at an angle of 30°
from the inner face of the barrier to the design section. The collision bending moment
at the critical section is:
M cL c 17.200(160.32)
= = 14.847 ft-kips/ft
L c + 2( 22) tan 30 160.32 + 2( 22) tan 30
The factored bending moment at Section 2-2 due to collision force and dead loads is:
Mu = 14.847 + 1.25[(8x0.150/12)(37/12)2/2 + 0.300(32/12)]
+ 1.5[(2x0.150/12)(22/12)2/2] = 16.504 ft-kips/ft
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166.0
= = 0.665 kip/in. = 7.98 kips/ft
160.32 + 2(32) + 2( 22) tan 30
• Case 2: check overhang for vertical collision force [LRFD Art. A13.4.1]
For concrete parapets, the case of vertical collision never controls.
• Case 3: check overhang for dead and live loads: [LRFD Art. A13.4.1]
DC:
due to weight of slab, MCIP = (8x0.150/12)(37/12)2/2 = 0.475 ft-kips/ft
due to barrier load, Mb = 0.300(32/12) = 0.800 ft-kips/ft
DW:
due to wearing surface, Mws = (2x0.150/12)(22/12)2/2 = 0.042 ft-kips/ft
LL+IM:
For maximum negative moment, the truck wheel should be at 12 in. from the face of
the barrier, LRFD Art. 3.6.1.3.1, as shown in Case 2 in Figure 9.8.14.2-1.
The wheel load is distributed over a width of (45.0 + 10.0 X), inches.
[LRFD Art. 4.6.2.1.3]
where X = distance from load to point of support (ft) = 10/12 = 0.833 ft
Therefore, the width is 45 + 10(0.833) = 53.33 in. = 4.44 ft
Dynamic allowance = 33% [LRFD Art. 3.6.2.1]
Multiple presence factor for single truck = 1.2 [LRFD Art. 3.6.1.1.2]
Maximum negative bending moment at Section 2-2, with impact and multiple
presence factor is:
MLL+I = (16/4.44)(0.833)(1+0.33)(1.2) = 4.791 ft-kips/ft
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j = (1 − k/3) = 0.86
fs = Mservice/(jdAs) = (6.108)(12)/[(0.86)(4.625)(1.056)] = 17.450 ksi < 33.9 ksi OK
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where S = clear span + distance from extreme flange tip to the face of the web
= (12.0 − 42/12) + 2(18/12) = 11.5 ft [LRFD Art. 9.7.2.3]
Based on the area of the strands, which are the main positive reinforcement in the
SIP panel, the distribution reinforcement = (0.649)(13)(0.153)/8.0 = 0.16 in.2/ft.
If the strand area is converted to equivalent mild reinforcement area, the required dis-
tribution reinforcement = 0.16(243/60) = 0.65 in.2/ft. Note that the yield strength of
each material is used as the basis for equivalence.
This amount of reinforcement is 45% higher than that required by the Empirical
Design Method, LRFD Article 9.7.2.5, where a total amount of (0.27 + 0.18) = 0.45
in.2/ft is provided in two layers.
Therefore, the designer may opt to use #5 bars @ 5.5-in. centers to satisfy LRFD
Article 9.7.3.2 or #5 bars @ 8.0-in. centers to satisfy LRFD Article 9.7.2.5.
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