Brian Streit

Math 2451
Section 6.4 Selected Solutions
1. Let 1(r. n) = (rn)

1
2
and 1 = [0. 1] [0. 1]. We see that 1 is unbounded
when r = 0 or n = 0 and otherwise continuous. Since 1 is only unbounded on
a subset of 01, we avoid this set by considering the shrunken region 1

dened
by c _ r _ 1 and c _ n _ 1 where 0 < c < 1. Clearly 1

1 and 1

1 as
c 0. Since 1 is continuous on 1

we may compute

rn
d =
1

rn
drdn =

r
dr

n
dn

r
dr

2
and
1

r
dr = 2

r[
1

= 2

.
Since 1 _ 0 we may apply Fubinis Theorem to conclude that

D
1

rn
d = lim
!0

rn
d = 4 lim
!0

2
= 4.
2. Here
1 = (r. n) : 0 _ r _ 1. 0 _ n _ n. n _ r.
We see that 1(r. n) = [r n[

1
2
is unbounded on the line r = n and otherwise
continuous. Since the set on which 1 is unbounded is a subset of 01, we
consider a shrunken domain 1

dened as a n-simple region by c _ r _ 1 and

0 _ n _ r c where 0 < c < 1. Clearly 1

1 and 1

1 as c 0. Since
1 is continuous on 1

and [r n[ = r n on 1

, we compute

[r n[
d =
1

0
1

r n
dndr = 2
1

r n[
x
y=0

dr
= 2
1

dr = 2

cr
2
3
(r)
3
2
[
1

= 2

c (1 c)
2
3
(1 c)
3
2
c

c +
2
3
c
3
2

.
1
Since 1 _ 0, we apply Fubinis Theorem to obtain

D
1

[r n[
d = lim
!0

[r n[
d =
4
3
.
3. Let 1(r. n) =
y
x
and let 1 be bounded by r = 1. r = n. and r = 2n.
We see along the path n = r that 1(r. r) 1 as r 0 and along the path
n = 2r that 1(r. 2r)
1
2
as r 0. Therefore 1 is discontinuous at (0. 0).
Since (0. 0) 01 we consider a shrunken domain 1

dened by c _ r _ 1 and
x
2
_ n _ r where 0 < c < 1. Clearly 1

1 and 1

1 as c 0. Since 1
is continuous on 1

, we compute

n
r
d =
1

x
2
n
r
dndr =
1
2
1

n
2
r
[
x
y=
x
2

dr =
3
8
1

rdr =
3
16
[(1 c)
2
c
2
].
Since 1 _ 0 on 1, we apply Fubinis Theorem to obtain

D
n
r
d = lim
!0

n
r
d =
3
16
.
4. Here
1 = (r. n) : 0 _ n _ 1. 0 _ r _ c
v
.
Since log r is unbounded for r = 0 and continuous for r 0. we consider the
shrunken domain 1

given by 0 _ n _ 1 and c _ r _ c
v
for 0 < c < c
v
for xed
R. We observe 1

1 and 1

1 as c 0. Since 1 is continuous on
1

we compute

(log r) drdn =
1

0
e
v

(log r) drdn =

0
dn

e
v

log rdr

= rlog r + r[
e
v

= (c
v
) ( + 1) c log c c
where we used the following fact, shown easily using integration by parts with
n = log r and d = dr, that

log r = rlog r + r + C.
We use LHospitals rule to see that
lim
!0
c log c = lim
!0
log c
1

= lim
!0
1

2
= lim
!0
c = 0.
2
Therefore
lim
!0

(log r) drdn = (c
v
) ( + 1)
for any R. We may not apply Fubinis Theorem since 1 < 0 for 0 < r < 1.
5. (a) If 1 is the unit disk in R
2
then 1(r. n) = (r
2
+ n
2
)

2
3
is unbounded
at (0. 0) and otherwise continuous on 1. So we consider the shrunken domain
1

dened by c < r _ 1 and 0 _ 0 _ 2. Clearly 1

1 and 1

1 as
c 0. Since 1 is continuous on 1

, we nd that

d
(r
2
+ n
2
)
2
3
=
1

0
r

1
3
drd0 = 3r
2
3
[
1

= 3

1 c
2
3

.
Since 1 _ 0, we may apply Fubinis Theorem to obtain

D
d
(r
2
+ n
2
)
2
3
= lim
!0
3

1 c
2
3

= 3.
(b) We compute as in (a) to obtain

d
(r
2
+ n
2
)

=
1

0
rdrd0
r
2
= 2
2

0
r
12
dr =
r
22
1 `
[
1

=
1
1 `

c
22
1 c
.
We see immediately ` = 1. We observe that if ` < 1 then 2 2` 0 and
lim
!0
c
22
1 c
=
0
1
= 0.
In this case

D
d
(r
2
+ n
2
)

= lim
!0

d
(r
2
+ n
2
)

=
1
1 `
.
If ` 1 then 2 2` < 0 and
lim
!0
c
22
= .
So, in this case, the integral diverges.
6. (a) Suppose 1 is an unbounded region, for instance, the set dened by
a _ r _ and .
1
(r) _ n _ .
2
(r). Consider 1
R
such that 1
R
1 and
1
R
1 as 1 , dened by a _ r _ 1 and .
1
(r) _ n _ .
2
(r) where
.
1
_ .
2
. So, if 1
R
is a shrunken domain and
lim
R!1

D
R
1d exists
3
then
lim
R!1

D
R
1d =

D
1d.
(b) If r _ 0 and 0 _ n _ 1 then consider 1
R
dened by _ r _ 1 and
0 _ n _ 1. Since 1(r. n) = rnc
(x
2
+y
2
)
is continuous on 1
R
, we compute

D
R
rnc
(x
2
+y
2
)
d =
1

0
R

0
rnc
(x
2
+y
2
)
drdn.
But
c
(x
2
+y
2
)
= c
x
2
c
y
2
so
1

0
R

0
rnc
(x
2
+y
2
)
drdn =

0
nc
y
2
dn

0
rc
x
2
dr

.
Let n = n
2
so that dn = 2ndn and then
1

0
nc
y
2
dn =
1
2
0

1
c
u
dn =
1
2

1
1
c

.
We similarly see that
R

0
rc
x
2
dr =
1
2
0

R
2
c
u
dn =
1
2

1
1
c
R
2

and
lim
R!1
1
2

1
1
c
R
2

=
1
2
Therefore

D
rnc
(x
2
+y
2
)
d = lim
R!1

D
R
rnc
(x
2
+y
2
)
d =
1
4

1
1
c

.
8. Consider 1(r. n) = r

a
2
n
2

1
2
and 1 = [0. 1] [0. a]. We observe
that 1 is unbounded on the line n = a and otherwise continuous. We let
1

= [0. 1] [0. ac] for 0 < c < a where a 0. Observe 1

1 and 1

1
as c 0. Since 1 is continuous on 1

, we compute
1

0
a

0
r
2

a
2
n
2
dndr =

0
r
2
dr

0
1

a
2
n
2
dn

.
4
Taking n = a sin0 we nd that
sin
1
(
1
a
)

0
a cos 0

a
2
sin
2
0
d0 =
sin
1
(
a
a
)

0
d0 = sin
1

a c
a

Since
lim
!0
sin
1

a c
a

=

2
we have
1

0
a

0
r
2

a
2
n
2
dndr = lim
!0
1

0
a

0
r
2

a
2
n
2
dndr =

1
3

=

6
.
10. Let 1 = [0. 1] [0. 1] and 1(r. n) = [r n[

1
2
. We observe, as in
problem 2, that 1 is unbounded on r = n and otherwise continuous on 1. We
consider a shrunken domain 1
L

dened by 0 _ r _ 1c and r+c _ n _ 1 and

another 1
R

dened by c _ r _ 1 and 0 _ n _ r c where 0 < c < 1. Since

1
L

' 1
R

1 and 1
L

' 1
R

1 as c 0, it is reasonable to dene

D
1(r. n)d = lim
!0

D
L

1(r. n)d +

D
R

1(r. n)d.
assuming that the limit on the right exists. From problem 2, we know that
lim
!0

D
R

[r n[
d =
4
3
.
Now, since [r n[ = n r on 1
L

, we compute

D
L

[r n[
d =
1

0
1

x+
1

n r
dndr = 2
1

n r[
1
y=x+

dr
= 2
1

1 r

dr = 2[

2
3
(1 r)
3
2

cr

[
1

]
= 2[

2
3
c
3
2

c (1 c) +
2
3
(1 c)
3
2
+ c

.
So
lim
!0

D
L

[r n[
d =
4
3
5
and we conclude

D
1(r. n)d = lim
!0

D
L

1(r. n)d +

D
R

1(r. n)d =
8
3
.
12. Let 1 be a nonnegative function that may be unbounded and discontin-
uous on the boundary of an elementary region 1. Let o be a similar function
such that 1(r. n) _ o(r. n) whenever both are dened. Suppose

D
o(r. n)d
exists. We argue informally that this implies the existence of

D
1(r. n)d. If

D
o(r. n)d exists then there is a sequence of shrunken domains 1

1 such
that 1

1 as c 0, on which 1 and o are both dened. Since 1 and o are

both dened on 1

we have 1(r. n) _ o(r. n) and

1(r. n)d _

o(r. n)d
for every c. Therefore
lim
!0

1(r. n)d _ lim

!0

o(r. n)d _

D
o(r. n)d.
Since

D

1(r. n)d is nonnegative, increasing, and bounded sequence of c, it

converges and we conclude that

D
1(r. n)d = lim
!0

1(r. n)d.
We could have made this a little more formal by dening the elementary region
and the sequence 1

explicitly.
14. Let 1 be as in exercise 12 and o be such that 0 _ o(r. n) _ 1(r. n)
whenever both are dened and

D
o(r. n)d does not exist. Argue as in 12
using 0 _ o(r. n) _ 1(r. n) and the fact that

D
o(r. n)d does not exist implies
6
there is a sequence of shrunken domains 1

such that
lim
!0

o(r. n)d = .
Conclude
lim
!0

1(r. n)d _ lim

!0

o(r. n)d = .
18. Here, 1(r. n) =
x
2
y
2
(x
2
+y
2
)
2
< 0 when n
2
r
2
. Note the domain of
integration is [0. 1][0. 1] and 1 (r. n) < 0 when r < n _ 1. Since the hypothesis
for Fubinis Theorem on improper integrals requires that 1 _ 0 on the domain
of integration, we conclude Fubinis Theorem on improper integrals does not
apply to the given integral.
7