T&P of Planning - KD

PART I
AREA A – PART IV
Promulgation of the
Syllabi for the Subjects
in the Architecture
Licensure Examination
THEORY & PRINCIPLES
OF PLANNING
AR. KATHERINE K. DAMASCO, UAP
©2016 | BATCH AQIL
TEXT
RATIONALE & DESCRIPTION

1. Analysis of the concepts and techniques
in the general planning process, urban
and regional planning, land use planning,
and human settlements planning
2. Understanding of the art and science of
site planning with emphasis on
ecological, socio-psychological, aesthetic,
and functional basis of site planning.
TEXT
B. SCOPE
1. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING
A. DEFINITIONS & CLASSIFICATION
B. HISTORY AND SCOPE OF PLANNING
C. GENERAL PLANNING PROCESS
2. URBAN & REGIONAL PLANNING & URBAN DESIGN

A. HISTORY OF THE CITY AND THE REGION
B. THEORIES OF URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING
C. COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING
D. LAND USE PLANNING
E. URBAN DESIGN
F. URBANIZATION AND URBAN SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS
TEXT
B. SCOPE
3. HOUSING AND HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PLANNING
A. DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION
B. HOUSING POLICIES AND PROGRAMS
C. HOUSING FINANCE, PRODUCTION, AND PRACTICES
4. THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SITE PLANNING AND LANDSCAPE

ARCHITECTURE
A. SITE ANALYSIS AND SITE DEVELOPMENT
B. LANDSCAPE DESIGN
C. PRIMARY CONSIDERATIONS IN SITE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT (PHYSICAL AND AESTHETIC, ECOLOGICAL,
SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL, MANAGEMENT, AND MAINTENANCE).
URBAN PLANNING NOMENCLATURE
DEFINITION OF TERMS
DEFINITIONS
PLANNING
‣ the process of thinking about and
organizing the activities required to
achieve a desired goal.
‣ involves the creation and maintenance
of a plan, such as psychological
aspects that require conceptual skills.
‣ fundamental property of intelligent
behavior.
DEFINITIONS
SOCIAL PLANNING
‣ activities concerned with planning,
development, and management of social
services, facilities required by specific
population groups, community, town, city,
province, region, or nation.
▸ a PROCESS that helps communities identify
strengths and weaknesses and determine ways
to improve the quality of life in the community.
DEFINITIONS
ECONOMIC PLANNING
▸ Refers to those activities concerned with uplifting the
quality of life and income levels of the population
through assessment of advantages from economic
activities in either agriculture, industry, tourism,
services, etc.
▸ The process by which key economic decisions are
made or influenced by central governments. It
contrasts with the laissez-faire (french: “allow to do”)
approach that, in its purest form, eschews any attempt
to guide the economy, relying instead on market forces
to determine the speed, direction, and nature of
economic evolution.
DEFINITIONS
PHYSICAL PLANNING
‣ the active process of organizing the
structures and function to ensure orderly
and effective sitting (or location) of land uses
‣ encompasses deliberate determination of
spatial patterns with an aim of achieving the
most optimum level of land utilization in a
sustainable manner.
▸ the rational use of land for development
purposes
DEFINITIONS
ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
‣ a decision-making process that
considers the environmental, social,
political, economic, and governance
factors that can affect development.
‣ Its goal is to manage the relationship
between natural systems and human
systems in the present and the future.
DEFINITIONS
URBAN PLANNING
‣ Design and regulation of the uses of space that focus on the
physical form, economic functions, and social impacts of the
urban environment and on the location of different activities
within it.
‣ Because urban planning draws upon engineering,
architectural, and social and political concerns, it is variously a
technical profession, an endeavour involving political will and
public participation, and an academic discipline.
‣ Urban planning concerns itself with both the development of
open land (“greenfields sites”) and the revitalization of existing
parts of the city, thereby involving goal setting, data collection
and analysis, forecasting, design, strategic thinking, and public
consultation.
DEFINITIONS
URBAN RENEWAL
‣ generally called urban regeneration or
regeneration in the United Kingdom, is a program
of land redevelopment in areas of moderate to high
density urban land use.
‣ Urban renewal involves the relocation of
businesses, the demolition of structures, the
relocation of people, and the use of eminent
domain (government purchase of property for
public purpose) as a legal instrument to take
private property for city-initiated development
projects.
DEFINITIONS
URBAN SPRAWL
‣ Urban sprawl is basically another word for urbanization.
‣ It refers to the migration of a population from populated
towns and cities to low density residential development
over more and more rural land.
‣ The end result is the spreading of a city and its suburbs
over more and more rural land.
‣ Urban renewal involves the relocation of businesses, the
demolition of structures, the relocation of people, and the
use of eminent domain (government purchase of
property for public purpose) as a legal instrument to take
private property for city-initiated development projects.
DEFINITIONS
URBAN DECAY
‣ Urban decay (also known as urban rot and
urban blight) is the process whereby a
previously functioning city, or part of a city,
falls into disrepair and decrepitude. It may
feature deindustrialization, depopulation or
changing population, restructuring,
abandoned buildings, high local
unemployment, fragmented families,
political disenfranchisement, crime, and a
desolate, inhospitable city landscape.
PRUITT–IGOE PUBLIC HOUSING, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI.
In the 1950s, this urban renewal project was built; it failed and was razed
in the 1970s.
DEFINITIONS
GENTRIFICATION
‣ It refers to shifts in an urban
community lifestyle and an increasing
share of wealthier residents and/or
businesses and increasing property
values. Gentrification may be viewed as
[3]
"correction" of blockbusting and urban

flight as many gentrified
[4]
neighborhoods of the present were

once affluent neighborhoods of the past.
[5]
THE PLANNING PROCESS
Natural Factors That Affect The
Development And Growth Of Urban Areas
ANCIENT TIMES
Development And Growth Of
Urban Areas
CALAMITIES
Urban Areas
NATURAL
RESOURCES
Urban Areas
NATURAL
DEFENSES
LUXEMBOURG CAPPADOCIA
EUROPE TURKEY
Urban Areas
CLIMATES
CLIMATE CHANGE IS REAL, IT IS HAPPENING
RIGHT NOW. IT IS THE MOST URGENT THREAT
FACING OUR ENTIRE SPECIES, AND WE NEED
TO WORK COLLECTIVELY TOGETHER AND
STOP PROCRASTINATING. WE NEED TO
SUPPORT LEADERS AROUND THE WORLD
WHO DO NOT SPEAK FOR THE BIG
POLLUTERS, BUT WHO SPEAK FOR ALL OF
HUMANITY, FOR THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF
THE WORLD, FOR THE BILLIONS AND
BILLIONS OF UNDERPRIVILEGED PEOPLE OUT
THERE WHO WOULD BE MOST AFFECTED BY
THIS. FOR OUR CHILDREN’S CHILDREN, AND
FOR THOSE PEOPLE OUT THERE WHOSE
VOICES HAVE BEEN DROWNED OUT BY THE
POLITICS OF GREED… LET US NOT TAKE
THIS PLANET FOR GRANTED.
Leonardo Di Caprio
Innovations That Helped Develop The
Earliest Cities
ANCIENT TIMES
Innovations That Helped
Develop The Earliest Cities
RECTILINEAR
FARMING
Innovations That Helped
Develop The Earliest Cities
CIRCULAR &
RADIOCENTRIC FARMING
ANCIENT BAGHDAD
GÖBEKLI TEPE ARKAIN

TURKEY RUSSIA
SAUDI ARABIA
KANSAS JORDAN
Early Civilizations
RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS

Stretches Across Present Day
India, Pakistan, Bangladesh,
Nepal, Sri Lanka, And Bhutan
INDUS RIVER
VALLEY
MOHENJO-DARO
THE LARGEST CITY OF THE INDUS VALLEY
Fertile Crescent (Mesopotamia)
TIGRIS & EUPHRATES RIVER

ERIDU DAMASCUS
THE OLDEST CONTINUALLY OCCUPIED CITY
THE OLDEST CITY
SINCE ABOUT 2000 BCE
BABYLON
THE LARGEST CITY
WITH 80,000 INHABITANTS
Cities Of Thebes &
Memphis (Egypt)
NILE RIVER
VALLEY
Site Of The Ruins And Tombs Of The City
Of Akhetaton (“Horizon Of Aton”) In Upper
Egypt, 44 Miles (71 Km) North Of Modern
Asyūt. On A Virgin Site On The East Bank
Of The Nile River, Akhenaton (Amenhotep
IV) Built The City About 1348 Bce As The
New Capital Of His Kingdom When He
Abandoned The Worship Of Amon And
Devoted Himself To That Of Aton. About
Four Years After Akhenaton’s Death (C.
1332), The Court Returned To Thebes, And
The City Was Abandoned.
TELL EL-
AMARNA
EGYPT
TELL EL-AMARNA
‣ An Example Of A
Typical Egyptian City
With The Following
CENTRAL AREAS
NORTH SUBURB
SOUTH CITY
CUSTOM’S HOUSE
WORKERS VILLAGE
9000 BCE TO 5000 BCE
NEOLITHIC CITIES
9000 to 5000 JERICHO
BC –  Early settlement in Israel
(9000 BC)
NEOLITHIC –  A well-organized community of
CITIES about 3000 people
–  Built around a reliable source
of fresh water
–  Only 3 hectares and enclosed
with a circular stone wall
–  Overrun around 6500 BC
–  Rectangular layouts followed
9000 –to ÇATALHÖYÜK
–  Early settlement in
5000 bc Turkey (7000 BC)
NEOLITHIC –  Largest Neolithic city

–  13 hectares
CITIES –  10,000 people
–  An intricately assembled
complex without streets
–  Included shrines and
quarters for specialized
crafts, production of
paintings, textile, metal,
etc.
–  Rested on a new
rationale for the city at
that time- trade
9000 –to KHIROKITIA
5000 bc –  Early settlement in
Cyprus (5500 BC)
NEOLITHIC –  First documented
CITIES settlement with
streets
–  The main street
heading uphill was
narrow but had a
wider terminal,
which may have
been a social spot
3000 BCE TO 1 BCE
ANCIENT CITIES
Ancient Greece was a
civilization belonging to a
period of Greek history that
lasted from the Archaic
period of the 8th to 6th
centuries BC to the end of
[
antiquity (c. 600 AD).

Immediately following this
period was the beginning of
the Early Middle Ages and the
Byzantine era.
ANCIENT
GREECE
Ancient Rome was an Italic civilization
that began on the Italian Peninsula as
early as the 8th century BC. Located
along the Mediterranean Sea and
centered on the city of Rome, it
expanded to become one of the
largest empires in the ancient world[1]
with an estimated 50 to 90 million

inhabitants (roughly 20% of the world's
population ) and covering
[2][3][4]
6.5 million square kilometers

(2.5 million sq mi) during its height
between the first and second
centuries AD. [5][6][7]
ANCIENT ROME
EARLY EXAMPLES OF EFFORTS TOWARD
PLANNED URBAN DEVELOPMENT
Orderly Street
Systems That Are
Rectilinear And
Sometimes Radial.
EARLY EXAMPLES OF
EFFORTS TOWARD PLANNED
URBAN DEVELOPMENT
Division Of A City
Into Specialized
Functional Quarters
EARLY EXAMPLES OF
URBAN DEVELOPMENT
Development Of
Commanding Central
Sites For Palaces,
Temples, And Civic
Buildings
EARLY EXAMPLES OF
URBAN DEVELOPMENT
Advanced Systems Of
Fortification, Water
Supply, And Drainage
EARLY EXAMPLES OF
EFFORTS TOWARD
HISTORY OF URBAN PLANNING
IN THE PHILIPPINES
PRE-COLONIAL AGE
SPANISH ERA
‣ Site Selection
‣ Layout And Dimension Of
Squares, Streets And Other
Land Uses
‣ Main Phases Of Planning And
Construction
‣ Location Of Principal Buildings,
Recreation Spaces, Cultivation
And Pasture Lands, And Sites
For Garbage-Producing Uses
‣ Relationship Between The
Spaniards And Natives
THE LAWS OF
THE INDIES
‣ Each Town Should Be Located On Vacant And High Ground
‣ Properly Oriented To Sun, Wind And Water Areas
‣ Near Fertile Land
‣ Accessible To Sources Of Duel, Timber, And Water
‣ Use Of Gridiron Pattern In The Establishment Of Roads And Blocks
‣ There Should Be As Many Farm Lots As There Are Town Lots
‣ Each House Should Have Stockyards And Courtyards
SPECIFICATIONS OF THE CODE

AMERICAN ERA
POST WAR PERIOD
TEXT
POST WAR PERIOD

‣ In 1936, the Interior Department created local and
planning commissions composed of the Provincial
Governor, district engineer, and other local officials.
‣ The work of the new body included the survey of local
conditions and the preparation of plans to be proposed to
the Director of Public Works.
‣ Although town planning was given a boost during this
period, the practice was yet to be established as a
discipline.
‣ The problem during this pre-war period was that there
was a limited pool of trained city planners both in the local
planning commissions and the Bureau of Public Works.
TEXT
POST WAR PERIOD

‣ The Office of the President created in 1950
the National Planning Commission [NPC].
‣ The NPC prepared and helped administer
plans and regulations for the local
government.
‣ After 1959, however, some powers of the
NPC like zoning, subdivision, and building
regulation were devolved to the city and
municipal governments.
HOUSING & PLANNING
AUTHORITIES
Housing And Urban
Development Coordinating
Council
HUDCC
HOUSING AND PLANNING AUTHORITIES
HUDCC
‣ the government agency under the Office of the President
created by virtue of Executive Order No. 90 (s. 1986), which
serves as the oversight, the over-all coordinator,
initiator and facilitator of all government policies, plans
and programs for the housing sector;
sets the overall direction and targets for the sector;
determines strategies, formulates appropriate
policies, monitors, and evaluates the programs, projects
and performance of the implementing shelter agencies.
TEXT
HUDCC
‣ four major key result areas
the formulation of plans and policies on housing and urban
development,
development and supervision of innovative strategies and
programs for tenure security, urban renewal and other support
services,
provision of overall administration and supervision to Key
Shelter Agencies (KSAs)
provision of technical assistance to the Local Government Units
(LGUs) on the delivery of housing services to their constituents.
TEXT
HUDCC
‣ The HUDCC, together with its attached Key
Shelter Agencies, addresses various issues in
the areas of housing finance, housing
regulation, housing production and institutional
development.
Housing And Land Use
Regulatory Board
HLURB
HLURB
‣ Formerly the Human Settlements Regulatory Commission,
‣ the sole regulatory body for housing and land development.
‣ It ensures rational land use for the equitable distribution and
enjoyment of development benefits.
‣ It is charged with encouraging greater private sector participation in
low-cost housing through liberalization of development standards,
simplification of regulations and decentralization of approvals for
permits and licenses.
‣ It extends comprehensive and productive planning assistance to
provinces, cities and municipalities towards the formulation of
Comprehensive Land Use Plans (CLUPs).
HLURB
‣ a national government agency tasked as the
planning, regulatory and quasi-judicial body
for land use development and real estate and
housing regulation.
‣ These roles are done via a triad of strategies
namely, policy development, planning and
regulation.
National Housing
Authority
NHA
NHA
‣ The NHA is the sole government agency engaged in direct
shelter production focused on providing housing
assistance to the lowest 30% of urban income-earners
through slum upgrading, squatter relocation, development
of sites and services and construction of core-housing
units.
‣ In addition, it undertakes programs for the improvement of
blighted urban areas and provides technical assistance for
private developers undertaking low-cost housing projects.
Home Guaranty
Corporation
HGC
HGC
‣ CHARTER
Republic Act No. 8763 or the Home Guaranty
Corporation Act of 2000  
(repealed RA 580 or the Home Financing Act,
1950)
HGC
‣ MANDATES
To guaranty the payment of any and all forms of mortgages,loans and other
forms of credit facilities and receivables arising from financial contracts
exclusively for residential purposes and the necessary support facilities;
To assist private developers to undertake socialized, low and medium cost
mass housing projects by encouraging private funds to finance such housing
projects through a viable system of long-term mortgages, guaranties and
other incentives.
To promote homebuilding and landownership, giving primary preference to the
homeless and underprivileged sectors of the society.
To promote housing by the aided self-help method;
To pursue the development and sustainability of a secondary mortgage
market for housing.
Home Development
Mutual Fund (Pag-Ibig)
HDMF
TEXT
HDMF (PAG-IBIG)
‣ The Home Development and Mutual Fund (HDMF) Law or Presidential Decree
No. 1530 was enacted on 11 June 1978, creating a voluntary provident fund
primarily for savings generation and mobilization, as well as for financing
decent and affordable housing to Filipino workers.
‣ The SSS and GSIS initially administered the provident fund scheme for their
respective members. In 1979, fund administration was transferred to the
National Home Mortgage Finance Corporation (NHMFC) through Executive
Order No. 527. In the same year, E.O. 538 was issued to merge the funds
administered by the SSS and GSIS into what is now known as the Pag-IBIG 1
Fund.
TEXT
HDMF (PAG-IBIG)
‣ Membership to the Pag-IBIG Fund became compulsory on 1 July 1981
under P.D. 1752 of 1980, making the HDMF a corporation independent of the
NHMFC. Contributions to the scheme were suspended from May to July 1986,
but resumed in August 1986 with a more liberal contribution structure. It
reverted to a voluntary program in 1987 by virtue of E.O. 90, with the
mandate to finance the government’s Unified Home Lending Program.
‣ On 17 June 1994, Republic Act No. 7742, or the Pag-IBIG Universal Coverage
Law, was signed, thus amending P.D. 1530 and 1752. The new law brought
back the mandatory nature of the scheme effective 1 January 1995.
National Home Mortgage
Financial Corporation
NHMFC
NHMFC
‣ the major government home mortgage institution. Its initial main
function is to operate a viable home mortgage market, utilizing
long-term funds principally provided by the Social Security System,
the Government Service Insurance System, and the Home
Development Mutual Fund to purchase mortgages originated by
both public and private institutions that are within government-
approved guidelines.
‣ It is also charged with the development of a system that will attract
private institutional funds into long-term housing mortgages
URBAN LAND USE MAPS
URBAN LAND USE MAP COLORS
CATEGORY COLOR
rnment’s housing agencies. It is also
or, and involved in policy formations. RESIDENTIAL
YELLOW
ter programs. By dwelling type
COMMERCIAL
RED
gency engaged in direct shelter production Wholesale, Retail (Gen. Merchandise), Services (Auto Repair, Hotels, etc.)
% of urban income-earners through slum
services, and construction of core housing
INDUSTRIAL
VIOLET
an areas and provides technical Manufacturing, Fabricating, Assembly, Industries, etc.
using projects.
INSTITUTIONAL
BLUE
pital base for the effective delivery of Schools, Church, Protective Services, Government Buildings, etc.
ncome earners through a viable system of
PARKS/PLAYGROUNDS
GREEN
pment. Golf Courses, Race Tracks, Country Club, etc.
d enjoyment of development benefits.
tion in low-cost housing through
INFRASTRUCTURE/ UTILITIES
egulations, and decentralization of GRAY
Railroad, Land Transport, Water Transport, Air Transport, etc.
ce to provinces, cities, and municipalities
s (CLUPs). BUILT-UP AREAS
YELLOW
gulatory and quasi-judicial body for land Cluster of at least 10 structures or if activity occupies sizable land
These roles are done via a triad of
lation.
AGRICULTURE
LIGHT GREEN
on. Cropland, Riceland, etc.
utilizing long-term funds principally
Service Insurance System, and the Home
AGRO-INDUSTRIAL
ted by both public and private institutions LIGHT VIOLET
Piggery, Poultry
t private institutional funds into long-term
FOREST
DARK GREEN
ident fund for the government’s housing Production Forest, Wildlife, Watershed, National Parks
ive to housing as well as improve its
MINING/QUARRYING BROWN
GRASSLAND/PASTURE OLIVE GREEN

at will cater to the formal and informal SWAMPLAND/MARSHES AQUA
f developing and administering social
ortgage Program (CMP) and the
OTHER LAND USE APPROPRIATE
rams of the Abot-Kaya Pabahay Fund
Cemeteries, Dumpsite, Landfill, Reclamation, Idle Vacant Lots, etc. COLORS
CITIES & REGIONS
ELEMENTS OF URBAN DESIGN
The most pronounced elements of Urban Design.

BUILDINGS They shape and articulate space by forming the street
wall of the city
Living rooms of the city. Makes high quality life in the
PUBLIC SPACE city. Forms the stage and backdrop to the drama of
life. Plazas, squares & neighborhood parks.
Connections between cities and places. Designed by

their physical dimension and character, size, scale
STREETS and the character of the buildings that line them.
Ranges from grand avenues, intimate pedestrian
streets.
Connects the parts of the cities and help shape them.

Balance between transportation systems is what
TRANSPORTATION
helps define the quality and character of cities. They
include road, rail, bicycle and pedestrian networks.
and
in HIERARCHY OF SETTLEMENTS
is its HAMLET
s at a neighborhood, a small village
other
edge
COMMUNITY
a
a town
of CITY
an urban area
are
METROPOLIS
street
the capital or chief city of a country or region; a very large and busy city
k).
ple
ea. CONURBATION
A composition of cities, metropolises, urban areas.
from
MEGALOPOLIS
Merging of two or more metropolises with a population of 10 million
ty is
or more, a 20th century phenomenon.
CITY CLASSIFICATION
The Local Government Code of 1991 (Republic Act No. 7160) classifies all cities into one of three categories:
• Cities with a minimum population of two hundred thousand (200,000) inhabitants,

HIGHLY as certified by the National Statistics Office, and with the latest annual income of at least
URBANIZED five hundred million pesos (₱500,000,000) based on 2008 constant prices, as
INDEPENDENT certified by the city treasurer.
CITIES • There are currently 35 highly urbanized cities in the Philippines, 16 of which are
located in Metro Manila.
• Cities of this type are independent of the province, and as such their charters ban
INDEPENDENT residents from voting for provincial elective officials. Cities with a minimum population of
COMPONENT 150,000 and annual income of at least 350 million pesos (₱350,000,000)
CITIES based on 2008 constant prices, as certified by the City Treasurer.
• There are five such cities: Cotabato, Dagupan, Naga, Ormoc and Santiago.
• Cities which do not meet the preceding requirements are deemed part of the province in
COMPONENT which they are geographically located. If a component city is located along the
CITIES boundaries of two or more provinces, it shall be considered part of the province of which
it used to be a municipality.
CREATION OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS (LGU)

MOST POPULOUS CITIES IN THE PHILIPPINES
RANK CITY POPULATION DESCRIPTION
Former capital of the country (1948–1976). Largest city in Metro
1
Quezon Manila in population and land area. Hosts the House of Representatives
2,761,720
City of the Philippines at the Batasang Pambansa Complex and the metropolis'
largest source of water, the La Mesa Reservoir.
Capital of the country (from 1571-1948 and 1976–present). Historically
2 Manila 1,652,171
centered on the walled city of Intramuros, by the mouth
of the Pasig River. Host to the seat of the chief executive, the Malacañang
Palace. By far the most densely populated city in the country.
Historic city where Andrés Bonifacio and the Katipunan held many of its
meetings in secrecy. Much of its territory was ceded to form Quezon City,
3 Caloocan 1,489,040
resulting in the formation of two non-contiguous sections under the city's
jurisdiction. Caloocan is the third most densely populated city in the country,
lying immediately north of the city of Manila. It serves as an industrial and
residential area inside Metro Manila.
The largest city in Mindanao. Davao City is also the largest

city in the Philippines in terms of land area and is also
known as "the City of Royalties" because of home of some of the prestigious
4
Davao kings and queens in flora and faunas like the durian and the Philippine. It is
1,449,296
City also the Eco Adventure Capital in the Philippines. The City Mayors
Foundation ranks Davao as the 87th fastest growing city in
the world and the only Philippine city to make it in top 100 in the year
2011
Popularly nicknamed as "The Queen City of the South".
First capital of the country. Capital of the province of Cebu and
regional center of Region VII. Most populous city in the Visayas. Core of
5 Cebu City 866,171 Metro. Cebu City has been honored as the 8th Asian City of the Future owing
to its expansive business districts, premier entertainment destinations, and its
pristine waters which attracts tourists worldwide. The city is home to the most
popular Sinulogfestival celebrated every January which attracts tourists and
Filipinos alike.
Nicknamed "Ciudad de las Flores" and marketed by its city

government as "Ciudad Latina de Asia" for its
6
Zamboanga substantial Spanish-Derived Creole-speaking population called
807,129 "Zamboangueño", the largest in the world. Former capital of the Moro
City
Province and of the undivided province of Zamboanga. Former regional
center of Zamboanga Peninsula. Former Republic (1899–1903) under the
leadership of President General.
Nicknamed "City in the Sky" for its location on the hills immediately
7 Antipolo 677,741 east of Metro Manila. Well-known pilgrimage and tourist center, being host to
a Marian shrine and the Hinulugang Taktak National Park. Most populous city
in Luzon outside of Metro Manila.
Hosts most of the Ortigas Center. Part of the province of Rizal until
8 Pasig 669,773 1975, when it was incorporated into Metro Manila. Formerly hosted
the capitol and other government buildings of that province.
Currently exercises fiscal jurisdiction over Fort Bonifacio. Was

9 Taguig 644,473 part of Rizal Province until 1975, when it was incorporated into
Metro Manila. Lies on the western shores of Laguna de Bay.
Known as the "City of Golden Friendship" and famous

for its whitewater rafting or kayaking adventures, that has been one
10
Cagayan
602,088 of the tourism activities being promoted in the Cagayan. Regional
de Oro
center of Northern Mindanao. Provincial capital city of the province
of Misamis Oriental.
METRO MANILA
CITY/ POPULATION AREA DENSITY INCORPORATED
MUNICIPALITY as of 2010 (sq. km.) (per sq. km.) (City)
Manila 1,652,171 38.55 42,858 1571
Caloocan 1,489,040 55.80 26,685 1962
Las Piñas 552,573 32.69 16,903 1997
Makati 529,039 21.57 24,527 1995
Malabon 353,337 15.71 22,491 2001
Mandaluyong 328,699 21.26 15,461 1994
Marikina 424,150 21.52 19,710 1996
Muntinlupa 459,941 39.75 11,571 1995
Navotas 249,131 10.77 23,132 2007
Parañaque 588,126 47.69 12,332 1998
Pasay 392,869 13.97 28,122 1947
Pasig 669,773 31.00 21,606 1995
Pateros 64,147 2.25 28,510 Municipality
Quezon City 2,761,720 166.20 16,619 1939
San Juan 121,430 5.95 20,408 2007
Taguig 644,473 53.67 12,008 2004
Valenzuela 575,356 47.02 12,236 1998
CITIES boundaries of two or more provinces, it shall be considered part of the province of which
it used to be a municipality.
CREATION OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS (LGU)
LEGISLATIVE
AREA BODIES
LGU POPULATION INCOME
(Square Kilometers) (create, merge, abolish, or
alter boundaries of LGU)
₱20M for the last

PROVINCE 2,000 250,000 two (2) consecutive Congress
years based on 1991
constant prices
₱100M for the last

CITY 100 150,000 two (2) consecutive Congress
years based on 2000
constant prices
₱2.5M for the last

Congress
MUNICIPALITY 50 25,000 two (2) consecutive ARMM Regional
years based on 1991 Assembly
constant prices
5,000 (Metro Manila Congress / ARMM

and Highly Urbanized Regional Assembly
BARANGAY NONE Cities) NONE Sangguniang
2,000 (rest of the Panlalawigan (Bayan) /
country) Panglunsod
● IMHOTEP©20
PART II
Paths are the channels along
which the observer customarily,
occasionally, or potentially
moves. They may be streets,
walkways, transit lines, canals,
railroads. For many people, these
are the predominant elements in
their image. People observe the
city while moving through it, and
along these paths the other
environmental elements are
arranged and related.
PATHS
Edges are the linear elements not used or
considered as paths by the observer. They
are the boundaries between two phases,
linear breaks in continuity: shores, railroad
cuts, edges of development, walls. They are
lateral references rather than coordinate
axes. Such edges may be barriers, more or
less penetrable, which close one region off
from another; or they may be seams, lines
along which two regions are related and
joined together. These edge elements,
although probably not as dominant as
paths, are for many people important
organizing features, particularly in the role
of holding together generalized areas, as in
the outline of a city by water or wall.
EDGES
Districts are the medium-to-Iarge
sections of the city, conceived of as
having two-dimensional extent, which
the observer mentally enters "inside
of," and which are recognizable as
having some common, identifying
character. Always identifiable from the
inside, they are also used for exterior
reference if visible from the outside.
Most people structure their city to some
extent in this way, with individual
differences as to whether paths Or
districts are the dominant elements. It
seems to depend not only upon the
individual but also upon the given city.
DISTRICTS
Nodes are points, the strategic spots
in a city into which an observer can
enter, and which are the intensive foci
to and from which he is traveling.
They may be primarily junctions,
places of a break in transportation, a
crossing or convergence of paths,
moments of shift from one structure
to another. Or the nodes may be
simply concentrations, which gain
their importance from being the
condensation of some use or physical
character, as a street-corner hangout
or an enclosed square.
NODES
Landmarks are another type of point-
reference, but in this case the observer
does not enter within them, they are
external. They are usually a rather
simply defined physical object: building,
sign, store, or mountain. Their use
involves the singling our of one element
from a host of possibilities. Some
landmarks are distant ones, typically
seen from many angles and distances,
over the tops of smaller elements, and
used as radial references. They may be
within the city or at such a distance that
for all practical purposes they symbolize
a constant direction.
LANDMARKS
Constantinos
Apostolou Doxiadis
EKISTICS
TEXT
EKISTICS
‣ Ekistics concerns the science of human settlements, including
[1][2]
regional, city, community planning and dwelling design.

‣ The study involves every kind of human settlement, with particular
attention to geography, ecology, human psychology, anthropology,
culture, politics, and occasionally aesthetics.
‣ As a scientific mode of study, ekistics currently relys on statistics
and description, organized in five ekistic elements or principles:
nature, anthropos, society, shells, and networks. It is generally a
more scientific field than urban planning, and has considerable
overlap with some of the less restrained fields of architectural
theory.
‣ In application, conclusions are drawn aimed at achieving harmony
between the inhabitants of a settlement and their physical and
socio-cultural environments. [3]
NATURE, the first element,
represents the ecosystem within
which rural settlements must
exist. It involves a number of
component processes including
the hydrologic cycle, biosystems,
airsheds, climatic zones, etc.
Archaeological studies show
that even primitive man with
limited tools made profound
changes in natural systems.
NATURE
ANTHROPOS himself is
also constantly adapting
and changing. The medical
profession, in its move from
"barbarism" to concepts of
the constitution of the
healthy individual, can
contribute many important
inputs to the better
organization of urban life.
MAN
SOCIETY comprises all those
aspects of the urban or rural
scene that are commonly
dealt with by sociologists,
economists and
administrators: population
trends, social customs,
income and occupations,
and the systems of urban
government.
SOCIETY
SHELLS, or the built
environment, is the
traditional domain of
the architectural and
engineering
professions.
SHELLS
NETWORKS provide
the glue for all
systems of
urbanization. Their
changes profoundly
affect urban patterns
and urban scale.
NETWORKS
ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENT
by Constantinos Apostolou (CA) Dioxadis
at people TYPE DESCRIPTION

NATURE the natural physical environment
a city:
An individual, Homo Sapiens – biological needs
(oxygen, nutrition), sensation and perception (five
the form MAN
senses), emotional needs (satisfaction, security,
sense of belonging), moral values.
of a group of individuals sharing the

network SOCIETY
same culture, values, norms, mores, and traditions
work of
n routes
An urban buildings, the built component – housing,
ys for a SHELLS hospitals, schools, town halls, commercial
establishments, recreational facilities, industrial
buildings, etc.
borhoods
links within the settlement and
al with other settlements, transportation
NETWORKS
systems, communication systems, water supply
systems, power and electrical systems, etc.
10 DIAGRAMS
THE EVOLUTION OF URBAN

PLANNING
This diagram was published in Howard’s
1903 treatise “Garden Cities of To-
Morrow.” Howard wanted to design an
alternative to the overcrowded and
polluted industrial cities of the turn of the
century, and his solution centered on
creating smaller “garden cities” (with
32,000 people each) in the country linked
by canals and transit and set in a
permanent greenbelt. His scheme
included vast open space, with the aim of
giving urban slum-dwellers the best of
both city and country living. He captioned
the above diagram “A Group of
smokeless, Slumless Cities.”
GARDEN CITY
EBENEZER HOWARD
Le Corbusier was trying to find a fix for the
same problems of urban pollution and
overcrowding, but unlike Howard, he
envisioned building up, not out. His plan, also
known as “Towers in the Park,” proposed
exactly that: numerous high-rise buildings
each surrounded by green space. Each
building was set on what planners today
would derisively refer to as “superblocks,”
and space was clearly delineated between
different uses (in the above diagram, this
includes “housing,” the “business center,”
“factories” and “warehouses”). Le
Corbusier’s ideas later reappeared in the
design of massive public housing projects in
the U.S. in the era of “urban renewal.”
RADIANT CITY
LE CORBUSIER
America’s 1785 Land Ordinance divided
most of the country’s unsettled interior
west of the Ohio River into a neat grid of
townships 6 square miles in size (each
containing 36 square-mile parcels of land
for the kind of agrarian, land-owning
society Thomas Jefferson envisioned). If
you drive across – or fly over – the Midwest
today, its effects still linger in all those
perfectly perpendicular roads and square
farms. Frank Lloyd Wright took the
geometry of this rural grid even further in
his vision for a utopia with each family
living on an acre of its own. That level of
density would have essentially spread
suburbia over the entire country.
BROADACRE CITY
FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT
The simple, rational street grid has
been a default choice of planners for
centuries (one that was widely
discarded in the U.S. in the 1950s as
we moved into suburbs and cul-de-
sacs). The 1811 Commissioner’s Plan
for Manhattan tried to establish a
strict street grid for the development
of the rest of the island. Several
decades later, this 1852 map of San
Francisco did the same, conveniently
ignoring the city’s irregularly shaped
coastline and topography.
THE STREET
GRID
Planners increasingly talk today
about issues involving
transportation, the economy and
the environment not at the scale of
communities or cities, but within
whole regions where multiple
metros link together. The
“megaregion” concept isn’t new,
though. This 1961 map from Jean
Gottman’s book Megalopolis
illustrates one continuous
Northeastern megaregion from
Washington, D.C., to Boston.
THE
MEGAREGION
The urban-to-rural transect is an
urban planning model created by
New Urbanist Andrés Duany. The
transect defines a series of zones
that transition from sparse rural
farmhouses to the dense urban
core. Each zone is fractal in that it
contains a similar transition from
the edge to the center of the
neighborhood. The transect is an
important part of the New
Urbanism and smart growth
movements.
THE TRANSECT
ANDRES DUANY
As cities came to fill with
skyscrapers in the early 20th
century, planners turned their
interest from the layout and
footprint of neighborhoods at
street level to the volume of
buildings as they rose toward the
sky. New zoning laws in New York
City in 1916 (from which the above
diagram comes) required
buildings to grow narrower the
taller they got, so that daylight
would still reach the streets below.
THE SETBACK
PRINCIPLE
This 1748 map of Rome was
created by Giambattista Nolli. It
doesn’t look particularly
exceptional today, but Nolli’s map
established the now common
practice of portraying entire cities
from above without a single focal
point (every block is viewed
instead as if the cartographer
were directly above it). The
resulting image highlights the
shape of the city’s street network
and its development patterns.
THE NOLLI MAP

“Situationist” artists and
architects from the 1950s sought
to capture the city as it was
experienced by actual people, not
as it was designed from the top
down by architects and planners
(at the time, they were revolting
against modernist urban renewal
plans). Their approach helped
give way to a new emphasis in
planning on bottom-up citizen
experience and input.
PSYCHO-
GEOGRAPHY
"That has become really the
organizing narrative of
planning in the 21st Century,”
Grant says. “The idea that
there’s a connection between
the shape of cities and the
patterns of settlement and
their climate impact is so
powerful. So many other ideas
can be sort of subsumed
within that narrative.”
THE HOCKEY
STICK
Major Theories In URBAN SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF CITIES
MAJOR THEORIES
STRUCTURE AUTHOR DESCRIPTION
IN URBAN SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF CITIES
The city grows in a radial expansion from the
center to form a series of concentric zones or
CONCENTRIC ZONE circles such as in Chicago. As the city grows,
each ring invades and overtakes the next ring
THEORY E. W. Burgess out – a process called Invasion/ Succession
(Monocentric) (thus, Concentric Theory is sometimes
referred to as Invasion/ Succession
Theory”).
High-density residential, commercial, and

industrial uses radiate out from the central
business district (CBD) in “sectors” that follow
major transportation routes. More expensive
SECTOR THEORY Homer Hoyt housing also radiates out from the CBD
– Towards large open spaces and higher
ground. Less expensive housing takes
whatever land is left over.
Cities tend to grow around not one but several

Chauncy Harris distinct nuclei.
MULTIPLE NUCLEI Certain land uses group together to take
and
THEORY advantage of unique facilities (e.g.
Edward Ullman universities), specializations, co-
(Polycentric)
“The Nature of Cities” dependencies, or externalities. This theory is
often applied to cities with more than one CBD
The preceding three theories apply primarily to

cities of MDCs, particularly American. Many
CONCENTRIC ZONE circles such as in Chicago. As the city grows,
each ring invades and overtakes the next ring
THEORY E. W. Burgess out – a process called Invasion/ Succession
(Monocentric) MAJOR THEORIES (thus, Concentric Theory is sometimes
referred to as Invasion/ Succession
IN URBAN SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF CITIES Theory”).
High-density residential, commercial, and

industrial uses radiate out from the central
– Towards large open spaces and higher
whatever land is left over.

and
(Polycentric)

INVERSE CONCENTRIC cities of MDCs, particularly American. Many
Friedrich Engels cities in the LDCs follow somewhat different
ZONE THEORY patterns – this is a reversal of the concentric
zone pattern.
It explains the reasons behind the distribution

Walter Christaller patterns, size, and number of cities and towns
CENTRAL PLACE THEORY
MAJOR THEORIES – Towards large open spaces and higher
IN URBAN SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF CITIES whatever land is left over.

and
(Polycentric)

zone pattern.

(Developed)
(i.e. Polders of Netherlamds; the Fens of Tested in Southern Germany and came to the
Paul Peterson
East Anglia, UK) conclusion that people gather together in cities
(Advanced in “City Limits0) to share goods and ideas.
The center of the city contains the agora

Chauncy Harris
and
(Polycentric) MAJOR THEORIES Edward Ullman
“The Nature of Cities”
universities), specializations, co-
dependencies, or externalities. This theory is
IN URBAN SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF CITIES often applied to cities with more than one CBD

zone pattern.

(Developed)
Paul Peterson

(market place), theaters, and temples. Public
GRID / GRIDIRON MODEL / rooms surround the city’s public arena.
HIPPODAMIAN PLAN Hippodamus of Miletus
The plan can be laid out uniformly over any
(i.e. The City of Priene)
kind of terrain since it is based on angles and
measurements
ZONE THEORY
MAJOR THEORIES patterns – this is a reversal of the concentric
zone pattern.

(Developed)
Paul Peterson

measurements
5 ● Page 98 ●
Paul Peterson
MAJOR THEORIES
measurements
5 ● Page 98 ●
NEIGHBORHOOD STRUCTURE & ELEMENTS
NEIGHBORHOOD STRUCTURE AND ELEMENTS
● IMHOTEP©2015 ● Page 102 ●

STREET PATTERN TYPES
STREET PATTER TYPES
CRITERIA FOR RESPONSIVE • Relates
• Relates to the way that a design
to
affects wherethe way
people canthat
go anda design
ENVIRONMENTS cannot go within a city district
affects where people can go and
PERMEABILITY
By Ian Bentley cannot go within
• Urban designer a city district
must consider this
first because it involves pedestrian
PERMEABILITY •
and vehicle circulation within the city
Urban
district designer
as a whole must consider th
first because it involves pedestri
and
• Thevehicle circulation
range of users that a placewithin the
district
providesas a whole
VARIETY
• i.e. housing, shopping, employment,
recreation and so forth
• The range of users that a place

provides
• Relates to the ease with which
VARIETY
LEGIBILITY people can understand the spatial
layout of a place
• i.e. housing, shopping, employm
and vehicle circulation within the cit
CRITERIA FOR RESPONSIVE district
• Theas a whole
range of users that a place
provides
ENVIRONMENTS
VARIETY
By Ian Bentley • i.e. housing, shopping, employment,
• The recreation
range ofandusers that a place
so forth
provides
VARIETY
• i.e. housing, shopping, employment
• Relates and
recreation to theso
ease with which
forth
layout of a place

LEGIBILITY • Describes
people building and outdoor
can understand the spatial
spaces the design of which does not
ROBUSTNESS
layout of a place
limit users to a single fixed use but,
rather, supports many different
purposes and activities
CRITERIA FOR RESPONSIVE • Relates to the ease with which
LEGIBILITY
ENVIRONMENTS people can understand the spatial
layout of a place
By Ian Bentley
layout of a place
• Describes building and outdoor
ROBUSTNESS limit users to a single fixed use but,
purposes and activities
spaces the design of which does no
• The way in which the design
VISUAL rather, supports many different
physically can make people aware of
APPROPRIATENESS purposes andthe
the choices activities
place provides
CRITERIA FOR RESPONSIVE spaces the design of which does not
ROBUSTNESS
ENVIRONMENTS limit users to a single fixed use but,
By Ian Bentley • Describes building and
purposes and activities outdoor
spaces the design of which does no
VISUAL
purposes
• The way and activities
in which the design
APPROPRIATENESS the choices the place provides
VISUAL • The way in which the design

physically can make
• Involves ways people
to increase aware o
the choice
PPROPRIATENESS theofchoices
sense experience
the place thatprovides
users can
RICHNESS enjoy (experiences of touch, sound,
light, taste, and so forth)
CRITERIA FOR RESPONSIVE purposes and activities
ENVIRONMENTS
By limit
Ianusers to a single fixed use but,
Bentley
purposesVISUAL
and activities • The way in which the design
physically can make people aware o
APPROPRIATENESS the choices the place provides
• The way in which the design

the choices the place provides
• Involves ways to increase the choice
of sense experience that users can
enjoy (experiences of touch, sound,
PROPRIATENESS the choices the place
ways provides
CRITERIA FOR RESPONSIVE • Involves to increase the choice
ENVIRONMENTS
By Ian Bentley light, taste, and so forth)

light, taste, and to
• Refers sodesign
forth) that encourage
people to put their own mark on the
PERSONALIZATION places where they live and work
• Refers to design that encourage

RSONALIZATION places where they live and work
light, taste, and
CRITERIA FOR RESPONSIVE • Refers to design that encourage
PERSONALIZATION
ENVIRONMENTS places where they live and work
By Ian Bentley
• Refers to design
people to put th
PERSONALIZATION places where th
TEXT
“FOR I KNOW THE PLANS I HAVE

FOR YOU,” SAYS THE LORD, “PLANS
TO PROSPER YOU AND NOT HARM
YOU, PLANS TO GIVE YOU HOPE
AND A FUTURE”
– Jeremiah 29:11 (NKJV) –

TEXT
I KNOW YOU CAN DO IT!

YOU HAVE THE CAPACITY TO INCREASE IN KNOWLEDGE
AND IN THE ABILITY TO COMPREHEND AND UNDERSTAND.
AS LONG AS YOU DO NOT GIVE UP,YOU WILL MAKE IT TO
THE END—AND WITH FLYING COLORS.
I WILL CONTINUE TO CHEER YOU ON TOWARDS YOUR
DREAM.
GOD BLESS YOU!
Ar. Katherine Damasco, UAP

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PART I

RATIONALE & DESCRIPTION

2. URBAN & REGIONAL PLANNING & URBAN DESIGN

4. THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SITE PLANNING AND LANDSCAPE

"correction" of blockbusting and urban

neighborhoods of the present were

GÖBEKLI TEPE ARKAIN

RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS

TIGRIS & EUPHRATES RIVER

NEOLITHIC – Largest Neolithic city

antiquity (c. 600 AD).

with an estimated 50 to 90 million

6.5 million square kilometers

SPECIFICATIONS OF THE CODE

POST WAR PERIOD

POST WAR PERIOD

GRASSLAND/PASTURE OLIVE GREEN

The most pronounced elements of Urban Design.

Connections between cities and places. Designed by

Connects the parts of the cities and help shape them.

• Cities with a minimum population of two hundred thousand (200,000) inhabitants,

CREATION OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS (LGU)

Capital of the country (from 1571-1948 and 1976–present). Historically

The largest city in Mindanao. Davao City is also the largest

Nicknamed "Ciudad de las Flores" and marketed by its city

Currently exercises fiscal jurisdiction over Fort Bonifacio. Was

Known as the "City of Golden Friendship" and famous

CREATION OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS (LGU)

₱20M for the last

₱100M for the last

₱2.5M for the last

5,000 (Metro Manila Congress / ARMM

regional, city, community planning and dwelling design.

at people TYPE DESCRIPTION

of a group of individuals sharing the

THE EVOLUTION OF URBAN

THE NOLLI MAP

High-density residential, commercial, and

Cities tend to grow around not one but several

The preceding three theories apply primarily to

High-density residential, commercial, and

Cities tend to grow around not one but several

The preceding three theories apply primarily to

It explains the reasons behind the distribution

Cities tend to grow around not one but several

The preceding three theories apply primarily to

It explains the reasons behind the distribution

The center of the city contains the agora

The preceding three theories apply primarily to

It explains the reasons behind the distribution

The center of the city contains the agora

IN URBAN SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF CITIES

The center of the city contains the agora

● IMHOTEP©2015 ● Page 102 ●

• The range of users that a place

• Relates to the ease with which

VISUAL • The way in which the design

• The way in which the design

• Involves ways to increase the choice

• Refers to design that encourage

“FOR I KNOW THE PLANS I HAVE

– Jeremiah 29:11 (NKJV) –

I KNOW YOU CAN DO IT!

NEOLITHIC –  Largest Neolithic city