APPENDIX B

Calculation of the CIPW Norm Table B.1. Data for normative minerals

In this normative calculation, devised by W. Cross, CHEMICAL FORMULA

NAME ABBREVIATION FORMULA WEIGHT
J. P. Iddings, L. V. Pirsson, and H. S. Washington,
constituents from the chemical analysis of a rock are Quartz Q SiO2 60.08
allocated in a prescribed sequence to hypothetical nor- Corundum C Al2O3 102.0
mative minerals. These have simple end-member com- Orthoclase Or K2O · Al2O3 · 6SiO2 556.6
positions and all are volatile-free. Albite Ab Na2O · Al2O3 · 6SiO2 524.4
Anorthite An Ca2O · Al2O3 · 2SiO2 278.2
The normative minerals and their abbreviations,
Leucite Lc K2O · Al2O3 · 4SiO2 436.5
chemical formulas, and formula weights are shown in
Nepheline Ne Na2O · Al2O3 · 2SiO2 284.1
Table B.1. Examples of the calculation are shown in Kaliophilite Kp K2O · Al2O3 · 2SiO2 316.3
Tables B.2 and B.3. During the calculation, numbers Acmite Ac Na2O · Fe2O3 · 4SiO2 462.0
should be rounded to four significant digits. Sodium Ns Na2O · SiO2 122.1
The oxidation state of Fe in the chemically analyzed metasilicate
rock can profoundly affect the degree of silica satura- Potassium Ks K2O · SiO2 154.3
tion in the norm. Because this degree of silica satura- metasilicate
tion is one of the primary reasons for making the Wollastonite Wo CaO · SiO2 116.2
calculation, the oxidation state must be standardized in Diopside Di CaO · FeO · 2SiO2 248.1
some way. This is particularly important for hot extru- CaO · MgO · 2SiO2 216.5
Hypersthene Hy FeO · SiO2 131.9
sive rocks that oxidized in the oxygen-rich atmosphere
MgO · SiO2 100.4
or hydrosphere. Cox et al. (1979) suggest using a stan-
Olivine Ol 2FeO · SiO2 203.8
dard molecular ratio of Fe2O3/FeO ! 0.15, which is
2MgO · SiO2 140.7
equivalent to an atomic ratio of Fe3"/Fe2" ! 0.30. The Dicalcium Cs 2CaO · SiO2 172.2
Fe3"/Fe2" ratio of the low-K basaltic andesite in Table silicate
13.6, whose norm is calculated in Table B.2, is stan- Magnetite Mt FeO · Fe2O3 231.5
dardized as follows: Ilmenite Il FeO · TiO2 151.7
Hematite Hm Fe2O3 159.7
Titanite Tn CaO · TiO2 · SiO2 196.0
WT.% FORMULA FORMULA ATOMIC TOTAL FE
OXIDE OXIDE WT. OXIDE* PROPORTION** PROPORTION ATOMS Perovskite Pf CaO · TiO2 135.9
Rutile Ru TiO2 79.87
Fe2O3 3.47 159.69 0.0217 0.0434 Apatite Ap 3.3 CaO · P2O5 327.0
0.1524
FeO 7.83 71.846 0.1090 0.1090

* Sum of atomic weights.

** Wt.% oxide divided by formula wt. of oxide.
Simultaneous solution of the two equations in atomic
amounts
Fe3"/Fe2" ! 0.30
Fe3" " Fe2" ! 0.1524
gives Fe2" ! 0.1172 and Fe3" ! 0.0352. As a check,
Fe3"/Fe2" ! 0.3003.
The standardized formula proportion of FeO !
0.1172 and of Fe2O3 ! 0.0352/2 ! 0.0176. These two
proportions are used in the calculation in Table B.2.
The following calculation procedure ignores several
constituents seldom found in analyses of common
rocks. If the analysis includes NiO, add its formula
proportion to FeO, add SrO and BaO to CaO, allocate
F to Ap (3P2O5 " 0.33F), and if in excess, to make
normative fluorite after step 5, Cl is allocated to nor-
mative halite after step 2, ZrO to normative zircon, and
Cr (and FeO) to normative chromite before making
normative ilmenite and magnetite.
1. Calculate the formula (molecular) proportions
of the oxides in the chemical analysis by dividing
their weight percentage (wt.%) by their corre-
sponding formula weight, as was done for Fe2O3
and FeO.
2. Add the proportion of MnO to that of FeO.
3. Allocate an amount from the formula proportion of
CaO equal to 3.3 times that of the formula propor-
tion of P2O5 to make normative apatite (Ap).
4. Allocate an amount of FeO equal to that of the pro-
portion of TiO2 to make normative ilmenite (Il ).
5. If there is an excess of TiO2 over available FeO,
allocate an amount of CaO equal to the excess to
Table B.2. Calculation of the Normative Composition of the Low-K Basaltic Andesite in Table 13.6
WT.% FORMULA FORMULA
OXIDE WEIGHT PROPORTION Ap Il Or! Ab! An Mt Rem Di ! Hy ! Q

SiO2 53.29 60.08 0.8870 0.0192 0.2136 0.2582 0.0912 0.1625 0.1423
TiO2 0.91 79.87 0.0114 0.0114
Al2O3 17.13 102.0 0.1679 0.0032 0.0356 0.1291
Fe2O3 3.47 159.7 0.0176* 0.0176
FeO 7.83 71.85 0.1172* 0.0114 0.0176 0.0910 0.0199 0.0711
MnO 0.20 70.94 0.0028
MgO 4.72 40.30 0.1171 0.1171 0.0257 0.0914
CaO 9.87 56.08 0.1760 0.0013 0.1291 0.0456 0.0456
Na2O 2.21 62.00 0.0356 0.0356
K2O 0.30 94.20 0.0032 0.0032
P2O5 0.06 141.9 0.0004 0.0004
Wt.% normative mineral 0.13 1.73 1.78 18.67 35.92 4.07 10.50 18.56 8.55

* Proportions adjusted so that the molecular Fe2O3/FeO ratio " 0.15. FeO/MgO " 0.7771 in Rem.
Table B.3. Calculation of the Normative Composition of the Orangeite in Table 13.11
WT.% FORMULA FORMULA
OXIDE WEIGHT PROPORTION Ap Il Or! Ks Ac Mt Rem Di ! Hy ! Ol! Lc Or

SiO2 35.09 60.08 0.5841 0.1500 0.0059 0.0116 0.0928 0.7269 0.3631 0.0784 0.0324
TiO2 1.06 79.87 0.0133 0.0133
Al2O3 2.55 102.0 0.0250 0.0250 0.0196 0.0054
Fe2O3 7.78t 159.7 0.0113* 0.0029 0.0113
FeO 71.85 0.0749* 0.0133 0.0113 0.0524 0.0032 0.0492 0.0493
MnO 0.15 70.94 0.0021
MgO 29.02 40.3 0.7201 0.7201 0.0432 0.6769 0.6768
CaO 3.49 56.08 0.0622 0.0158 0.0464 0.0464
Na2O 0.18 62.00 0.0029 0.0029
K2O 2.91 94.20 0.0309 0.0250 0.0059 0.0196 0.0054
P2O5 0.68 141.9 0.0048 0.0048
Wt.% normative mineral (Step. 30.) 1.57 2.02 0 0.91 1.34 2.62 10.14 0 52.63 8.56 3.01
Step 22. D " 0.4023
23. D # Hy!/2 " 0.7261/2 " 0.3631; Ol! " 0.3631; Hy " 0; D1 " 0.4023 $ 0.3631 " 0.0392
24. D2 " D1 " 0.0392
25. D2 # 4Ab! " 0; Ne " Ab! " 0; D3 " D2 $ 4Ab! " 0.0392
26. D3 % 2Or! " 0.0500; Lc " D3/2 " 0.0392/2 " 0.0196; Or! $ D3/2 " 0.0250 $ 0.0196 " 0.0054

* Proportions adjusted so that the molecular Fe2O3/FeO ratio " 0.15. FeO/MgO " 0.0728 in Rem.
664 Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology
make provisional titanite (Tn!), but only after the
allocation of CaO to make normative anorthite
(step 12).
6. If there is still an excess of TiO2 over available
CaO, this latter excess is used to make normative
rutile (Ru).
7. Allocate an amount of Al2O3 equal to the propor-
tion of K2O to make provisional normative ortho-
clase (Or!).
8. If there is an excess of the proportion of K2O over
that of Al2O3, this excess is made into normative
potassium metasilicate (Ks). The rock is peralka-
line.
9. From any excess of Al2O3 in step 5, an equal
amount is allocated to the proportion of Na2O to
make provisional normative albite (Ab! ).
10. If there is an excess of Na2O, it is allocated, to-
gether with an equal amount of Fe2O3, to make
normative acmite (Ac). The rock is peralkaline.
11. If there is still an excess of Na2O from step 10, it is
made into normative sodium metasilicate (Ns). The
rock is peralkaline.
12. If there is an excess of Al2O3 over that used to
make provisional normative Or! and Ab! in steps 7
and 9, this excess is allocated to an equal amount of
CaO to make normative anorthite (An).
13. If there is an excess of Al2O3 over that required for
An in step 12, it is made into normative corundum
(C). The rock is peraluminous.
14. To the proportion of Fe2O3 (or the excess of Fe2O3
over that used in making Ac in step 10) an equal
amount of FeO is allocated for normative mag-
netite (Mt).
15. If there is an excess of Fe2O3 over that required for
Mt in step 14 it is made into normative hematite
(Hm).
16. All of the FeO and CaO remaining from the previ-
ous allocations, together with the proportion of
MgO, are entered into a remainder column (Rem).
Calculate the FeO/MgO ratio.
17. Allocate to the remaining CaO an equal amount of
(FeO " MgO) to make provisional normative diop-
side (Di!); the relative amounts of FeO and MgO al-
located must be in the ratio in which they occur in
the Rem column.
18. If there is an excess of CaO required to make Di! in
step 17, this excess is made into provisional norma-
tive wollastonite (Wo!).
19. If there is an excess of (FeO " MgO) required to
make Di! in step 17, this excess is made into provi-
sional normative hypersthene (Hy! ). The relative
amounts of FeO and MgO so allocated should be
in the same ratio as in the Rem column.
All of the oxides except SiO2 have now been
allocated to actual or provisional normative minerals.
In the next steps, SiO2 is distributed to silicate norma-
tive minerals. If there is an excess in this distribution,
the rock is silica-oversaturated. If there is a deficiency
of SiO2, the rock is silica-undersaturated, and adjust-
ments must be made in the amounts of one or more
provisional normative minerals so that there is suffi-
cient SiO2 to go around.
20. Allocate the necessary amounts of SiO2 to the sili-
cate minerals. For example, allocate six times the
amount of K2O for Or! , an equal amount to that of
CaO " FeO " MgO for Di!, and so forth. Let this
necessary amount of SiO2 be Y.
21. If Y is less than the available formula proportion of
SiO2 calculated in step 1, the excess is made into
normative quartz (Q). Go to step 30.
22. If Y is greater than the available SiO2, the defi-
ciency must be compensated for by reducing the
amounts of silica-saturated provisional normative
minerals (feldspars, pyroxenes) and creating new
silica-unsaturated normative minerals (feldspa-
thoids, olivine). Set the deficiency, D, equal to Y
minus available SiO2.
23. If D # Hy!/2 make normative olivine Ol $ D and
make normative hypersthene Hy $ Hy! % 2D. The
relative amounts of FeO and MgO in Ol and Hy
should be in the same ratio in which they occur in
the Rem column. The deficiency in SiO2 should
now be zero. If D & Hy!/2, make provisional nor-
mative olivine Ol! $ Hy!/2 and Hy $ 0. Let D1 $
D % Hy!/2.
24. If no Tn! was made in step 5, let D2 $ D1 and go to
step 25. If Tn! was made in step 5 and D1 # Tn!/2,
make normative titanite, Tn $ Tn! % D1, and make
normative perovskite, Pf $ D1. The deficiency
in SiO2 should now be zero. If D1 & Tn!/2, make
normative perovskite, Pf $ Tn! and Tn $ 0. Let
D2 $ D1.
25. If D2 # 4Ab!, let normative nepheline Ne $ D2/4
and normative albite Ab $ Ab!% D2/4. The defi-
ciency in SiO2 should now be zero. If D2 & 4Ab! ,
let Ne $ Ab! and Ab $ 0. Let D3 $ D2 % 4Ab! .
26. If D3 # 2Or!, let normative leucite, Lc $ D3/2,
and normative orthoclase, Or $ Or! % D3/2.
The deficiency in SiO2 should now be zero. If
D3 & 2Or!, let Lc $ Or! and Or $ 0. Let D4 $
D3 % 2Or!.
27. If no Wo! was made in step 18, let D5 $ D4 and go
to step 28. If Wo! was made in step 18 and D4 #
Wo!/2, let normative dicalcium silicate Cs $ D4
and normative wollastonite Wo $ Wo! % 2D4.
The deficiency in SiO2 should now be zero.
If D4 & Wo!/2, let Cs! $ Wo!/2 and Wo $ 0. Let
D5 $ D4 % Wo!/2.

28. If D5 ! Di", add an amount equal to D5/2 to
the amounts of Cs" and Ol" already determined
in steps 27 and 23, respectively. Let Di # Di" $ D5.
The deficiency in SiO2 should now be zero. If
D5 % Di", add an amount equal to Di"/2 to the
amounts of Cs and Ol already determined in steps
27 and 23, respectively. Let Di # 0 and D6 #
D5 $ Di".
29. Let normative kaliophilite Kp # D6/2 and Lc #
Lc" $ D6/2. The deficiency in SiO2 should now be
zero.
Appendix B 665
30. All of the normative amounts are converted into the
weight percentage (wt.%) by multiplying them by
the formula weights of the normative minerals in
Table B.1. For example, the weight percentage of
Or in the low-K basaltic andesite in Table B.2 is
0.0032 & 556.6 # 1.78; the weight percentage of Di
is (0.0257 & 216.5) ' (0.0199 & 248.1) # 5.56 '
4.94 # 10.50. The final weight percentages of nor-
mative minerals are rounded to three significant dig-
its. Rounding in the calculations may cause the nor-
mative total to differ somewhat from the oxide total.