Concrete is primarily composed of Cement, sand, gravel and water.

The most
common used cement is Portland. It should be dry, powdery and free of lumps. Sand
should range in size from less than .25 mm to 6.3 mm. Optimum gravel size in most
situations is about 2 cm. Finer gravel may be used to fill the annular between the hole. In
general, water fit for drinking is suitable for mixing concrete. Impurities in the water may
affect concrete, setting time, strength, shrinkage or promote corrosion of reinforcement.
In our innovation, bacteria plays a very important role as well because it will
provide the self-healing mechanism of the concrete itself. The bacteria are packaged in
minuscule pellets, which together look like a fine, white powder. These pellets contain
dormant Bacillus and/or Sporosarcina bacteria, as well as their food source, calcium
lactate. Inventor Hendrick Marius Jonkers from Delft University of Technology said,
“The bacteria live in nature, usually in stones”
Chemical admixtures are used to improve the quality of concrete during mixing,
transporting, placement and curing. Chemical admixtures are the ingredients in concrete
other than portland cement, water, and aggregate that are added to the mix immediately
before or during mixing. Producers use admixtures primarily to reduce the cost of
concrete construction; to modify the properties of hardened concrete; to ensure the
quality of concrete during mixing, transporting, placing, and curing; and to overcome
certain emergencies during concrete operations
Upon applying this innovation on cracks, that specific crack will regain a self-
healing mechanism. When a crack forms again and water seeps in, the bacteria "wake
up," and start eating the food. As a result, the bacteria excrete a hard limestone filler,
which fills in the crack and prevents the water from doing more damage (such as rusting
the steel bars that are present in a lot of concrete structures).

The overall conclusion of this work is that the proposed two component bio-chemical
healing agent, composed of bacterial spores and a suitable organic bio-cement precursor
compound, using porous expanded clay particles as a reservoir is a promising bio-based and
thus sustainable alternative to strictly chemical or cement-based healing agents, particularly in
situations where concrete parts of a construction are not accessible for manual inspection or
repair. However, before practical application becomes feasible, further optimization of the
proposed system is needed. E.g., the amount of healing agent needed should be minimized in
order to become economically competitive with currently existing repair techniques and
furthermore to reduce consequences such as loss in compressive strength.

http://www.wikihow.com/Pour-Concretes
1. Gano katagal bago magrelease ng limestone
2. Gano kabilis o katagal mag settle yung limestone
3. Limitation ng tubig
4. Pano pag nasa loob ng bahay?