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Rrchard D. Gaynor, P. E.
2433 Countryside Drive Silver Spring, MD 20905 phone301 384-4598 fax 301-384-9545
rdgaynor@erols.com

October 22, 2004

Memo to: ACI Committee 214

Subject: Proposed revision of ACI 214R-O2, Section 3.4.2

This is neededbecausethe normal standarddeviation, s, is calculated from averages of 2

or sometimes 3 cylinder breaks and the within-test standard deviation, sI..comes from the range
of these values. There are good reasonswhy the calculations were made that way originally but
the standard deviation calculated in that mannerneed to be divided by the square root of the
number of cylinders averagedto produce a "test" before the standard deviation excluding within-
test is removed to estimate the remaining variations attributed to the "producer."
Someone may have a better name for 82 than "producer" since it includes variations from batch-
to batch that contractor and lab can introduce when curing and other things happento gToupsof
cylinders made on different days. I would appreciate your comments and suggestions.
Richard Gaynor

3.4.2 Batch-to-batch variations-These variations reflect

differences in strength from batch to batch, which can be
attributed to variations in:
(a) Characteristicsand properties of the ingredients; and
(b) Batching, mixing, and sampling.
Testing effects can inflate the apparentbatch-to-batch
variation slightly. The effects of testing on batch-to-batch
variation are not usually reve~led by analyzing test results
from companion cylinders tested at the sameage,because
specimensfrom the same batch tend to be treated alike.
Batch-to-batch variation can be estimated from strength test
results of a concretemixture if eachtest result representsa
separatebatch of concrete.
The overall variation, 0"(for a population) or s (for a sample):
has two componentvariations, the within-test, o"} (population)
 --
Richard D. Gaynor
2433 CountrysideDrive, Silver Spring,MD 20905
phone301 384-4598 Fax 301-384-9545e-mail rdgaynor@ero1s.com

February24,2001

Review of the ACI 214 final draft rdg

1. I have found a few typos and minor things that might be found later at TAC and will try to give you
some marked up pages.
2. I am having some trouble with the way the standard deviations are defined on pg 8, In20 to 22 and
explained on pg 15 In 14to pg 16ln 9.
2.1 In concrete we give statisticians a real problem when we average2 or 3 breaks from a single sample
of concrete as a "test" and then calculate the primary "standard deviation from those averages. On page
8, In 19 "s" is the general term for standard deviation. Perhaps the following should be added to what is
there:
"In concrete it is usually calculated from averagesof either 2 or 3 specimens taken from the same
sample to representa batch of concrete."

2.2 I think I would prefer to name "S2" as "sample batch-to batch standard deviation of
concrete delivered after removal of within-batch testing variation, also termed ttSconcrete"My argument
is that this is the variability that the contractor received and is less than what winds up in the structure.
If someoneobjects that this tends to under estimate what is in the structure that is likely true but there is
no logic in leaving testing variations in the overall estimate for the structure.

2.3 I find the wording starting on pg l5ln 14 hard to follow and insertion of "0- (population)"
in several places may only break the train of thought. Nobody has population values in any event. In
any event I might true to say what is there in a little different fashion:
"The standarddeviation, s, which is usually calculated from averagesof 2 or 3 specimens
from the samesample of concrete. This standard deviation includes within- test variations. 'A
more realistic measureof the batch-to-batch variation of the concrete delivered to the job site is
that obtained by removing the testing variation, S2. In its simplest sensethe squaresof the -
standard deviations, variances, are additive. Additionally the standard deviations must be
calculated on the samebasis and since the within-test value is from individual breaks and not an
averageof 2 or 3 breaks, the within-test standard deviation must be divided by the square root of
2 or 3 when it is used in this calculation. In other words if "n" specimensare averagedto
produce a test, the equation based on variances is:

Eq. (3.7)

From whichthe within-batchis removedfrom the usualbatch-to-batchvalue,.s :

Eq (3.8)

1
 Then continue with the example, but correct the calculations to agree with the corrected
f()nnulas. If you use 2 specimensto be averaged for a test S2 = 3.12 MPa (452 psi)

2.3 pg 57 -3. The same error in the fonnula for S2appears.

3. Going back to page 15 ln2. If we are going to stick with a d2 of 1.128 for duplicate ranges we
might be on better ground if we increasedthe example from 10 to 26. The real value for 10 tests is
1.160 and makes the calculated value about 3% less. In ASTM C 917 we have ranges for duplicate tests
of 10 samples and used 1.128 and got a negative so we changedit. Becauseranges are skewed the fewer
you have the smaller the average you expect. I would guess5 is too few but clearly 15 or 30 approach
the value for an infmite number, 1.128.

4. Although this may not be the proper time to develop more text about Table 4.2a but the table has little
or anything to do with the t distribution. It was developed by Bob Philleo, Howard Ami and I, and we
had to agree that we were using some statistical niceties. Never the less the rational was based on using
the chi squaretable to provide protection equal to the use of 30 tests against the possibility that the
smaller sample underestimatesthe universe population standarddeviation.

5. In Table4.3 , pg34 In 16 The value for 1 in 100 should be 2.32, not 2.33. The value from my
interpolation gives 2.324. This is important becauseACI 318 uses2.32.
This would require a changeto 2.32 :
On pg 37 Ln 2,5,6,13, 20,and 21.
On pg 38 In 19,21
Oh hell you have an electronic copy and can find them easierthan I.

6 pg 46 In 2 ACI 318 has both separateMetric and Customary Codes, both blue and expensive.

7. pg 57 In 1 to5 got my attention and I put together a table of the producers Standard deviation after
removing the within test component as a % of the total.