presentation-on-insulation-co ordination — Presentation

Transcript
 Welcome T APR SE AIONON O E NT TINSULATION- CO-ORDINATION BY A.SAI
PRASAD SARMA
 INSULATION CO-ORDINATION• It is selection of suitable insulation levels of various
components in any electrical system and their rational arrangement.• It is required to
ensure3) Insulation shall withstand all normal stresses and majority of abnormal ones4)
Efficient discharge of over voltages due to internal /external causes5) B/D shall be only
due to external causes6) B/D shall be at such places where least damage is caused
 Determination of Insulation coordination – contd. Steps in the determination of Insulation
coordination• Determination of live Insulation• Selection of BIL and Insulation levels of
other equipment• Selection of Lightning Arrestors.
 Definition:- Flash over voltages• Dry flash over voltage (Dry for) Power frequency
voltage. Which will cause flashover of the Insulation.• Wet flash over voltage:- Power
frequency voltage. Which will cause flash- over when sprayed with water of a resistance
9000-11000 ohm-cms drawn from a source of supply at a temp within 10°c of the
ambient temperature in the neighbour- hood of insulation under testing and directed at an
angle of 45° the volume of water being equivalent to precipitation of 0.305 cm /min
 Definition:- Flash over voltages Impulse flash over voltage:-• The voltage which will
cause flash over of an Insulation When subjected to a 1.2x50µs impulse• (British
standards1x50µ sec)• (American standards 1.5 x 40µsec)
 Definition:- Flash over voltages• Basic Insulation level :- The crest voltage of standard
wave that will not cause flashover of the insulation is referred to as “Basic insulation
level” (Basic impulse insulation voltages are levels expressed in impulse crest voltage
with a standard wave not longer than 1.2x50 µs (Indian standards) Equipment insulation
as tested shall be equal or above the BIL
 Impulse spark over volt- time characteristic• This characteristic is obtained by plotting --
Time which elapses between the moment the voltage wave is applied and the moment of
spark over -- on abscissa -Voltage at the movement of spark over (i) Occurring on the
wave front (ii) Occurring on the wave peaks (iii) Crest of the voltage for spark over
occurring on the wave tail
 Impulse spark over volt- time characteristic -contd.• This characteristic is established by
means of a 1/50 impulse wave• A line drawn meeting the three B/D values is the
characteristic• Proper insulation co-ordination will ensure that the voltage time Curve of
any equipment will lie above the volt -time curve of the protective equipment, say,
Lightning arrestor.
 LINE INSULATION• Extra high voltage line can be made lightning proof by2 Efficient
shielding3 Low tower footing resistance equal to or less than 10 ohms shielding
angleTransmission lines up to 220kV 30°400 kV at and above 20°
 Line insulation -contd.• Line insulation shall be sufficient to prevent a flashover from the
power- frequency over voltages and Switching Surges.• It shall take into consideration
the local un favourable circumstances which decrease the flash over voltage (rain, dirt,
Insulation pollution etc.,)
 OVER VOLTAGE FACTORSLine Switching Power frequency flashVoltages Surge
flash over (Dry & Wet) over220kV 6.5 V pn 0.3400kV 5.0 V pn 3.3Vpn = Phase to
Neutral Voltage (rms)Add one or two more Insulators for each string.
 OVER VOLTAGE FACTORS— Contd.-To take care of one disc in the string becoming
defective. -Facilitate hot line maintenance Up to 220 kV Line – 1 disc for each string 400
kV Line – 2 discs for each string
 FLASH OVER VOLATAGE(FOV) OF DISCS 254 X 145 mmNO DRY FOV WET
FOV ImpulseOF ( kV rms) FOVDISCS (Standard full wave)9 540 375 86010 590 415
94514 785 565 126515 830 600 134525 1280 900 2145
 RECOMMENDED INSULATION LEVEL OF LINENormal Vpn Switching over No
ofsystem In kV volt. (Wet) kV * discsVoltage (Vph/√3) required132kV 76 76 x6.5=495
5220kV 127 127x6.5=825 9400kV 231 231x5=1755 13* Compared with Impulse FOV
(Value)
 RECOMMENDED INSULATION LEVEL OF LINE—contd.Normal Vpn Power freq.
No. No. of As persystem In kV over volt of discs practiceVoltage (wet) discs recom.
(kVrms) req.132kV 76 76x3=228 6 7 9/10220kV 127 127x3=381 10 11 13/14400kV 231
231x3=762 20 22 23/24
 • Tower forting resistance 10ohms• severest lightning discharge 50kA (rms)• Impulse
strength of Insulation=√2x50x10³x10=700kV• As per the table for 7 discs, the impulse
FOV ( kVp =695kVp)• For better performance tower forting resistance shall be brought
down.• For 132kV best is 7 ohms
 Co-ordination of line Insulation and Sub-Station Insulation• Line Insulation is not
directly related to the Insulation of equipment within the Sub-Station.• Impulse flash over
voltage of line Insulation determine the highest surge voltage that can travel into the sub-
station.• Current through lighting arrestor can be calculated from4 Surge impudence of
line5 Surge voltage arriving over the line
 Co-ordination of line Insulation and Sub-Station Insulation• Discharge voltage of the LA
on that current is the basic protective level of the substation equipment.• Discharge
voltage across LA varies with surge current.
 BASIC INSULATION LEVEL AS PER IS (2165 – 1962)Nominal Highest Impulse
withstand One minute powersystem system volt kVp for test frequent volt kV (rms)volt
kV volt kV Full Reduced Full Reduced(rms) (rms) insulation insulation insulation
insulation132 kV 145 650 550 275 230220 kV 245 1050 900 460 395400 kV 420 1550
680 1425 630Reduced insulation is used where system is effectively earthed.
 INSULATION LEVELS OF EQUIPMENT• Transformers, Isolators, Instrument
Transformers are manufactured for the standard Insulation level.• Some times
transformers, are manufactured for one step lower insulation level for the sake of
economy. (LAs will be designed for a still lower level)• Where LAs are provided right on
the top of the transformer, some of the equipment may lie well out side the protective
zone of the LA.
 INSULATION LEVELS OF EQUIPMENT• Protective zone is determined based onA
With stand level of equipmentB Discharge volt of LAC Distance between LA and
equipment.• Such equipment shall be designed for one step higher Bill.• Generally BILL
of substation equipment other than transformer are designed for10% higher BIL than that
of Transformer .
 INSULATION LEVELS OF EQUIPMENT• BIL of Open poles of a disconnect switch
shall be 10 to 15% higher than that provided between poles and earth.
 • EHV system must be designed to operate under stresses associated not only with normal
operating power frequency voltage but also those caused by transient over voltage.•
These transient over voltage rise principally from lightning over voltage and switching
operations• The former is predominant in system at 100 kV and below.• Switching over
voltage are of concern in system at 220 kV and above
 INSULATION CO-ORDINATION Over Voltage• Let Un = line to line normal RMS
voltage• Let Um = Rated highest system voltage rms line to line• √2 Un / √ 3 = Peak of
rms voltage phase to ground for nominal system voltage• √2 Um / √ 3 = Peak of rms
voltage phase to ground voltage for highest system voltage• Any voltage higher than √ 2/
√ 3 Um is called over voltage
 Over voltages• In addition, temporary over voltages also occur at power and harmonic
frequencies at times for considerable time under certain conditions.• The insulation
strength and characteristics of various components of a system (including those of
voltage limiting devices) must be selected relating to those stresses. i. To reduce
frequency of supply interruptions ii. To reduce component failures• The selected level of
voltage shall be low enough to be operationally and economically acceptable
 • IEC 71 covers “ Insulation Co-ordination”• IEC -71- Part-I definition, principles• IEC
71- Part – II Guidance for selection of rules (i) electric strength of the plant, (ii) electric
strength of LAs or protective spark gapsIEC 71-3 • Phase to phase insulation co-
ordination • Complimentary to part I & II • Standard phase to phase insulation level for
voltages up to and above 300 kV • Voltage stresses In service and clearances in air
 Data required:2. Field data on lightning induced and switching surges appearing on the
system3. Establishing insulation strength of various insulating components of the system
through lab tests
 Causes of over voltage:• Phase to earth faults ( it is assumed that resulting temporary
voltages will not exceed –1.4 Pu for solidly earthed networks –1.7 Pu for resistance
earthed networks –2.0 Pu for reactance earthed networks• Load rejection (supplying
capacitive current through a large inductive reactance ex. A smaller generator connected
to a long cable or over head line)• Ferro resonance ( inter change of stored energy for
series or parallel combination of inductive and capacitive reactance)
 Causes of over voltage: contd.• Ferranti effect: (receiving end voltage greater than
sending end voltage under no load or light load conditions)• By care full design and
natural earthing sustained over voltages involving resonance and arcing ground faults are
eliminated• Below 145 kV method of earthing will normally determine the level
temporary over voltages.
 Switching surges• They are of short duration and irregular form• Typical switching
impulse standard form is the 250/2500 sec. ( time to crest/ time to half value way)• The
magnitude of internally operated switching surges is related to the system operating
voltage• In a system where CBS are not subjected to multi re striking the switching
surges will rarely exceed 3 pu• 2.5 pu would be typical maximum based on which the
discharge duty of LA is assessed• However in systems above 300 kV, it may be
necessary to suppress maximum switching surges to 2 pu or less by the installation of a
shunt reactor and/or closing resistors on the circuit breakers
 Resonance effects• For voltage level below 300 kV. Resonance effects occur i. When
switching transformer ii. When switching cable and overhead line combination iii.
Between lumped capacitive and reactive elements and over head lines iv. Charging long
lines without shunt reactor compensation
 Resonance effects-- contd• Ferro resonance encountered on a transformer feeder greater
than 5 to 10 Km in length• When one feeder/transformer on a double circuit is switched
out but parallel feeder remains energized, the dead circuit draws energy by captive
coupling from the parallel line circuit which resonates with transformer impedance at a
sub harmonic frequency• (operation procedure such as opening the line isolator at the
transformer end on the disconnected circuit will eliminate the problem)
 Mode of action of flash over on a line• A lightning flash can impress over voltage on a
over head line by a) Induction when it discharges to earth close to line b) By direct
contact on the line either to the earthed structure or to the phase conductor
 Induced Voltage Surge– A close flash to ground up to about 14 m away can induce a
voltage rise on phase conductors– The highest amplitude normally associated is in the
region of 200 kV– Significant in case of low voltage lines– At 11 kV estimated that it
accounts for some 90% of all faults– Little significance on lines of 275 kV and above
 Direct stroke• A direct stroke can be to the earthed tower top or on phase conductor•
Stroke on earthed lower top, for transmission of shielded design, is innocuous• Raise in
potential caused by passage of current through tower impedance to earth will be less than
with stand strength of line
 Direct stroke—contd.• However the rise in potential can be severe and exceed with stand
capability, if – Tower footing resistance is high – Rate of rise of current exceeds a certain
level• Flashover may occur• Through the system voltage, losses is the frequency of flash
over
 Direct stroke—contd.• Direct stroke on phase conductor• May occur if there is a
shielding failure i.e. stroke avoids earth wire and lands on line conductor.• Discharge
current flows equally in both directions.• Impedance to earth is half the surge impedance
(Z0) of the conductor. IN a 400 kV line Z0 = 175 ohms• Voltage rise is sufficient to
cause failure of line insulation• Minimum critical current for flash over Ic = 2 V I0 Z0
VI0 = minimum flash over voltage for 1/50 Wave• At flash over the impedance through
which the discharge current flows drops abruptly from Z0/2 to impedance of tower, x -
arm, tower footing
 Surge propagation:• Surge waves are propagated at the velocity of light along the
conductor• On arrival at substation, equipment there in get stressed.• Rod gaps and surge
arrestors provide necessary protection• Waves are subjected to considerable attenuations
due to losses both in the conductor (ohmic losses) and corona losses
 Lightning discharges• Clarification of lightning discharges stroke (A) stroke (B) Stroke
(A) : produced by the charged cloud which induces a charge on the stationery objects
such as high buildings etc.• Charge distribution causes concentration of potential at the
top most point• Electro static stress being great at that point ionization of surrounding
atmosphere takes place• Dielectric strength of surrounding air decreases giving an easy
path to lightning stroke.• Decrease in dielectric strength of surrounding air takes
considerable time
 Lightning dischargesStroke B:• A, B & C are three clouds with A and C positively
charged and B negatively charged• When there is a stroke between (A) and (B) the
 charge on (C) becomes free and immediately and indiscriminately strikes on any object
on the ground• For stroke (B) there is no time lag• Stroke (B) may completely ignore
highest building and strike bare ground.• No protection can be arranged against stroke
`B`• Stroke `A` can be made safe by channelising the charge through a lightning
conductor placed on the top of the building
 Static induced charges• An over head conductor accumulates statically induced charge
when a charged cloud comes above • When the cloud is swept away charge on the
conductor is released • The charge travels on either side giving rise to two travelling
waves • The earth wire does not prevent such surges
 Lightning strokes• Over voltage due to lightning strokes surge impedance of the line = Zs
Discharge current = Id Over voltage due to direct stroke = Vd = Id x Zs However current
travels in both directions over voltage = Vd = Id x Zs 2 when lightning strikes over earth
wire or a towerOver voltage = Id x Ze + Lc di dt Ze = impedance of earth wire Lc is the
inductance of the line conductor
 Protection against lightning1. Protection of transmission lines from direct strokes2.
Protection of power stations and substations from direct strokes3. Protection of electrical
equipment from traveling waves
 Protection of transmission linesAgainst the direct strokes :• Most harmful• Effective
protection required shielding to prevent lightning from striking the electrical conductors.•
There shall be adequate drain facilities so that the charge can be grounded without
affecting Insulators or line conductors.
 Design of transmission line against lightning• Design shall consists of (a) General wire of
adequate mechanical strength to provide shielding for line conductor. They shall also be
non –corrosive Resistance of ground wire shall be low for better protection against direct
stroke.(b) Adequate clearance between 1. Line conductor and tower 2. Line conductor
and earth 3. Clearance between line conductor and ground wire all through the span
including mid Span or point of lowest sag.(c) Tower footing resistance shall be low (d)
Angle of protection (shielding angle) angle between the normal passing through the
ground wire and line joining the supported center points of outer conductor and ground
wire. It shall be 30° for 132 & 220 kV lines 20 ° for 400 kV lines
 Effect of number of earth wires• In the absence of a ground wire:• When there is a charge
cloud over a transmission line without any ground wire• There will be two capacitances
(1) Between cloud and conductor C2 (2) Between conductor and earth C1 Induced
voltage on the line V L1 = C1 x Ec C1+C2• When ground wire is present it increases
capacitance between conductor and earth i.e. C1 Decreases induced voltage on the line.•
It is observed that presence of a ground wire reduces induced voltage on line to half.• For
two ground wires the induced voltage comes down to one third• Presence of two ground
wires also provides better shielding
 Earth wires• Disadvantages with ground wire: (a) higher line cost (b) Probable direct
shorting between line conductor and ground wire when the later gets cut In 400kV system
transmission line towers will have twu earth wires.
 Alternative method of line protection• Even after providing ground and reducing the
likely induced voltages, harmful voltages can still develop• Lightning arrestors act as
additional protective devisees by by-passing the surges to ground• Protector tube is a
fiber tube with electrode at earth end.• Fitted directly below the conductor• The arc type
electrode on the top of the tube forms a series gap with conductor
 Alternative method of line protection• The lower electrode is solidly grounded• In case of
surge on the conductor, an arc develops between conductor and top electrode of the tube.•
Arc shifts within the tube and vaporises some of the fiber of tube wall to emit gases
which will quench the arc• This tube successfully prevents re-striking• The break down
voltage of tube shall be less than flash over voltage of the insulation.
 Protection against traveling wavesThe traveling waves cause the following damages: i.
High peak voltage of surge may cause flash over in the internal winding or external
flashover between the terminals of the equipment. ii. steep wave front may cause internal
flash over between turns of the transformer iii. Steep wave front resulting into resonance
and high voltage may cause internal or external flash over causing building up of
oscillations in the equipment• Protective equipment : LAs and Surge diverters• They are
connected between line and earth
 Action of the Surge diverter• A traveling wave reaches surge diverter and attains a
prefixed voltage• A spark is formed across the gap• The diversion provides a low
impedance path to earth• The surge impedance of the line limits the amplitude of the
current flowing to earth to prevent break down of insulation• Important aspect is that the
surge diverter shall provide low impedance path to earth only when traveling surge
reaches the surge diverters
 Action of the Surge diverter• It shall absorb any current during normal operation for over
voltage surges.• It means that it shall not function at power frequencies but function only
when abnormal frequencies are applied• When there is a discharge through them they
shall be capable of carrying the discharge current for some time interval.• After the over
voltage discharge it must be capable interrupting normal frequency current from flowing
to earth as soon as the voltage reaches below the break down value
 Switching over voltage protection in a substation• Operation of breakers causes transient
over voltages• Over voltage value varying between 1.1 Pu to 6 Pu based on switching
duty and the type of circuit breaker• Over voltage occurs mainly due to exchange of
energy between system inductance ½ LI2 and system capacitance ½ CV2• Over voltage
occurs during the opening of circuits and closing of long EHV lines• Most severe over
voltages occurs during the closing unloaded transmission line• Preventive measure –
Provision of Pre insertion resistors ( 400 to 800 ohms per phase)• Simultaneous closing
of lines at both ends• Using shunt reactors, surge arresters etc.
 Switching Over voltages in SubstationsSwitching duty of Applications and
PhenomenaC.B. Remedial ActionsOpening of capacitor Switching of shunt Re strike in
circuitbank currents, cable capacitor banks used for breakers giving overcharging circuits,
filter p.f. correction. voltage.banks - Use of re strike free C.B. for capacitor switching
duty.EHV lines * Long EHV transmission. Traveling waves* Closing unloaded - Use of
pre-closing travel to and frolines resistors with circuit giving rise to a breakers. Use of
lightning switching surge.* Closing chargedlines arresters. Use of shunt reactors in
transmission* Auto re closing ofC.B. lines.
 Methods of Reducing Switching Over VoltagesSwitching operation Method to
reducecausing over voltage switching over voltageEnergising an uncharged High voltage
shunt reactorsline are connected to line to reduce power frequency over
voltages.Elimination of trapped Line shunting after openingcharged on the line by means
of earthing switchReduction of current Opening resistorschopping ( Resistance switching
with CB) used only with ABCB
 Methods of Reducing Switching Over VoltagesSwitching operation Method to
reducecausing over voltage switching over voltageReducing the switching over Single
stage pre closing resistorvoltages due to closing insertion with CB. Two stage pre closing
resistor insertion with CB. Closing resistors in between circuit breaker and shunt
reactorReducing switching over voltages Synchronous switching of threeby improved
switching sequence poles. Simultaneous operation of circuit breakers at both ends of
line,Use of surge arrestors While closing of line While disconnecting reactor
 Rod gaps or coordinating gaps• They are used on insulators, equipment and bushings•
Conducting rods are provided between line terminal and earth terminal with an adjustable
gap ( Air insulation)• Rods are of 12mm dia approx.• The gap is adjusted to break down
at about 20% below the flash over voltage of the insulation.• Spark over causes dead
Short circuit• Voltage of phase with respect to ground falls very low• The rod gaps are no
more used consequent to development of surge arrestors.
 Over-voltage in Network and RemediesPhenomena Causes Effect RemediesSurges
Lightning strokes on Line insulation flash -Use of Ground overhead lines or over or
puncture. wire substation The traveling wave - Surge Diverters reaches substations. -
Earthing of The insulation of towers equipment is -Lightning Masts stressed by impulse
surgeSwitching Breaking inductive circuit, Wave travels from -Use of openingsurges the
energy stored C.B. to both sides resistors with C.B. inductance gives rise a Transmission
line - Use of restrike voltage rise across insulator, stressed. free C.B. capacitor. Terminal
apparatus -Use pre-insertion Switching of capacitive, insulation stressed resistors with
C.B. line charging currents give rise to a over voltage due to restrike. Closing of EHV
lines
 Over-voltage in Network and RemediesPhenomena Causes Effect RemediesResonance
The fault causing Very high, voltage Filters to resonance between surges occur. eliminate
inductance and Insulation failure harmonics capacitance in a part of likely to occur. the
circuitTraveling High voltage waves get Reflected waves -Properwaves reflected – on
reaching gets superimposed switching a junction or end. for initial wave. sequence.
Voltage may rise to several time the normal voltage.Sustained Poor voltage control
Failure of -Proper VoltagePower transformers and controlfrequency Rotating
Machinesovervoltage
 Protective Devices Against Lightning Over voltages Device Where applied RemarksRod
gaps Across insulator string, -Difficult to coordinate bushing insulators -Create dead
short circuit -CheapOverhead Ground -Above overhead lines -Provide effectiveWires
(earthed) -Above the substation protection against area direct strokes on line conductors
towers sub station equipmentVertical Masts in -- in sub stations -instead of
providingsubstations overhead shielding wiresLightning Masts/Rods - Above tall
buildings Protect buildings(earthed) against direct strokes. Angle of Protection œ = 300
 Protective Devices Against Lightning Over voltages Device Where applied
RemarksSurge Arresters -- on incoming lines in -- Diverts over voltage to each substation
earth without causing -Near terminals of short circuit Transformers and -Used at every
voltage generators level in every sub- -Near motor and station and for each line.
generators terminalsSurge Absorbers -- near rotating machines -Resistance connected
between phase Capacitance and ground Combination absorbs the over voltage surge and
reduces steepness of wave
 Lightning arrester selection• 1. To determine the magnitude of the power frequency phase
to ground voltage expected at the proposed arrester location during phase to ground fault,
or other abnormal conditions which cause higher voltages to ground than normal.• 2. To
make a tentative selection of the power frequency voltage rating of the arrester. This
selection may have to be reconsidered after step (6) is completed.• 3. To select the
impulse current likely to be discharged through the arrester.• 4. To determine the
maximum arrester discharge voltage for the impulse current and type of arrester
selected.• 5. To establish the full-wave impulse voltage withstand level of the equipment
to be protected.• 6. To make certain that the maximum arrester discharge voltage is below
the full wave impulse, withstand level of the equipment insulation to be protected, by
adequate margin.• 7. To establish the separation limit between the arrester and the
equipment to be protected.
 Types of Earthing• For purpose of selection of voltage rating of a LA three types of
earthing are considered(I) Effective earthed system: a system is effectively earthed if
under any fault condition the line to earth voltages of healthy phases do not exceed 80 %
of the system line to line voltage• If in a system all transformers have star connected
winding with neutrally solidly earthed then the system is effectively earthed• However if
only few transformers are earthed like that, it is not effectively earthed system
 Types of Earthing - conted.(II) Non effectively earthed system: a) if the line to earth
voltage in healthy phases in case of a fault exceed 80% of the line to line voltage but does
not exceed 100% of it, the system is called non effectively earthed system b) System with
few solidly earthed neutrals c) Systems with neutral Earthed through resistors or reactors
of low ohmic value or arc suppression coil(III) Isolated or un earthed neutral systems :-
system neutrals are not earthed. Line to earth voltage of healthy phases exceed 100% of
the line to line voltage.
 Selection of lightening arrestors• Tentative selection of arrestor Voltage:• Arrestor
Voltage rating shall not be less than product of system highest voltage x co-efficient of
earthing• Co-efficient of earthing : – Effectively earthed system – 80% – Non effectively
earthed system - 100 % and isolated earth system
 Selection of lightening arrestors• In a 220 kV effectively earthed system – Highest
system voltage = 245 kV – Co-efficient of earthing = 80% – Arrestor voltage rating >=
245x0.8 = 196 kV – As per IS 3070 (part –I) 1965 the rating is 198 kV• By going for a
higher voltage rating for a surge arrestor, the degree of protection for equipment gets
reduced.
 Selection of arrestor discharge current• This can be calculated from (a) Spark over
voltage of transmission line insulation (b) Surge impedance of the line (c) Residual
discharge voltage of LA Ia = 2E- Ea Z Ia = Arrestor discharge current E = Magnitude of
incoming surge voltage Ea = Residual discharge voltage of an arrestor Z = Surge
impedance of the line
 Selection of arrestor discharge current• In a 220 kV system using 11 insulators
Transmission line will not permit a traveling wave of a value more than 1025 kVp• As
per IS 3010 (Part 1) -1965 the residual voltages of LA at a discharge current of 10kA is
649 kV.• Considering the surge impedance as 450 ohms• Maximum value of discharge
current of LA = 2(1025000)-649000 = 3100 Amps 450• The LAs normally in 200 kV
system have a discharge current rating of 10 kA.
 Selection of arrestor discharge Voltage• Most important characteristic of LA determining
the protection level being offered• The arrestor discharge voltage shall be less than BIL
of equipment for effective protection• Discharge voltage depends on (I) discharge current
(II) rate of rise of current applied (III) Wave shape of current applied• Discharge voltage
of LA increases with discharge current. But increase is much restricted due to non –linear
resistance property.• Increase in discharge from 5 kA to 20 kA produces only 25% rise in
discharge voltage.• Increase in rate of current from 1000 to 5000 Amps per micro second
increases discharge voltage by only 35%.
 Protective margin of LA• Protective margin of LA = BIL of the equipment--- maximum
discharge voltage of LA• While determining protection level offered by a LA 10%
allowances towards drop in lead length and manufacturing tolerance shall be allowed.•
Protective margin shall be 20% of the BIL of the equipment when closely located• In a
220 kV systemDischarge voltage of LA = 649 kVAllowing 10 % margin protection level
= 713 kVBIL of equipment = 900 kVpProtection margin = 900-713 = 187 kVp There is
more than 20 % of the BIL of 180 kV
 Protective margin of LA-Continue.• In American system Average discharge voltage x
1.25 +40 kV = BIL protected When adequate margin is not available LAs with lower
rating shall be chosen taking risk.
 Insulation Co-ordination Scheme• For 220 KV system.• L.A. Voltage rating=system
highest voltage x co-efficient of earthing =245x.8=196Kv.• Selecting standard rating
from Table 12.1 column 1,L.A. voltage rating=198 Kv• Discharge current rating= 10KA
(assumed)• Residual voltage, from column 3 of table 12.1,=649Kv (peak)• Protection
level of the L.A. =649x1.1=714Kv• For a margin of 20% between the B.I.L. and the
protection level of L.A., the B.I.L. should be =714x1.2=857Kv.• Choose standard B.I.L.
Table 14.3 (b) Col. 4=900 Kv,• The corresponding power freq. I minute test voltage
=395kv• Switching surge flashover voltage =220 x6.5=825kv• √3• Check it is less than
B.I.L. of 900kv.• Power frequency over voltage=220x3=228kv rms √3• This is less than
395kv.• B.I.L. of CBs, instrument transformer, disconnect switches
etc,.=900x1.1=990kv.• Choose standard B.I.L.=1175kv.
 The L.A. voltage ratingRated system Highest system Arrester ratingvoltage KV voltage
KV in KV132 145 120/132220 245 198/216400 420 336
 Establishment of Separation Limit• When arrestor are to be located away from
equipment.• A traveling wave coming into the station to location to the discharge voltage
of the arrestor.• Proximity to transformer or breakers. - Transformer is most expensive
price. - Repair to transformer is costly and with higher revenue loss. - Transformers are
always at the end of a circuit where voltage regulation.. For circuit breakers and
disconnecting switches flash over distance between terminals when in open position in
grater than between terminals and ground.. Surge in excess to insulation strength will
flash over to ground with out damaging the equipment.. At best there can be only outage
.. By reducing BIL of transformer savings in the cost of insulation can be obtained.. Not
possible incase of CB or disconnections switches.. Hence a set of LAS shall be closer to
transformers.
 Location of Lightning Arresters:• The electrical circuit length between L.A. and the
transformer bushing terminal (inclusive of lead length in metes for effectively earthed)
should not exceed the limits given below: Rated syst. BIL KV Max. voltage KV Peak
distance 132kV 550 35.0 650 45.0 220kV 900/1050 Closer 400kV 1425/1550 to Trans.