Biology Midterm Exam

Question Answer
The definition of
the study of life
Biology is
The basic
structural unit of cell
life
Examples of
humans, mammals, reptiles, (any living thing)
organisms are
The 1.)Organization and presence of one or more cells2.)Response to a
characteristics of stimulus3.)Homeostasis4.)Metabolism5.)Growth and
life are development6.)Reproduction7.)Change through time.
Asexual reproduction that does not involve the union of gametes; offspring
reproduction is are identical to parents
what composes
the definition of the seven characteristics of life
living things?
What is
homeostasis is the maintaining of stable internal conditions
homeostasis?
In the universal
system of
measurement, meters
length is
measured in
What is the
length of a 1,000 meters
kilometer?
A light
microscope can
extend the ability 400 times
to see an object
up to
a proposed explanation for the way a particular aspect of the
Hypothesis
natural world functions.
 the act of perceiving a natural occurrence that causes someone to
Observation
pose a question.
experiment used to test a hypothesis and its predictions.
data a body of facts and information collected during an experiment
variable the part of an experiment that is tested
control a variable of comparison.
a coherent group of general propositions used as principles of
Theory
explanation for a class of phenomena.
conclusion the final statement summarizing findings of an experiment
What is the
sequence of steps 1.)Observation2.)Hypothesis3.)Prediction4.)Experiment5.)Analyze
for the scientific 6.)Conclusion
method?:
determine the
steps of a compares an experimental group and a control group and has
controlled independent and dependent variables.
experiment
determine the
hypothesis,
Find a statement explaining observations, and data can be treated.
variables, and
Now, compare variables to the control group
control group in
an experiment
Nucleotide a monomer of DNA and RNA with nitrogen, phosphate, and sugar
chemical decomposition in which a compound is split into other
Hydrolysis
compounds by reacting with water.
building block or proteins; a class of organic compounds
Amino acid
containing at least one amino group
Condensation
a chemical reaction that produces H2O
reaction
Glucose C6*H12*O6, simple sugar; a result of photosynthesis
Organic
molecules that
catalyze reactions enzymes
in living systems
are...._________
A compound
found in living
things that
supplies the glucose
energy in its
chemical bonds
directly to cells is
Who coined the
Robert Hooke
term “cell”?
This organism is
believed to be the
first
bacteria
photosynthetic
organisms on
earth
cell organelle composed of RNA and Protein; the site of protein
Ribosome
synthesize
Rough
a system of flattened sacs with ribosome’s that produce
endoplasmic
phospholipids and proteins.
reticulum
Smooth
endoplasmic builds lipids; has no ribosome’s
reticulum
Nucleus control center of cell; contains genetic information.
a system of flattened membranous eukaryotic sacs containing new
Golgi apparatus
proteins or lipids; modifies proteins for export.
Lysosome vesicles containing digestive enzymes; found in animal cells
organelles that transfer energy from organic molecules to ATP;
Mitochondrion
produce energy; power house of the cell (sit of aerobic respiration).
what is the
difference Cilia: hair-like structures that assist in cell movement.Flagella:
between cilia and whip-like tail; assist in cell movement.
flagella?
Fatty acid .
Dipeptide .
Disaccharide .
Water .
Nucleotide .
A chain of 50 or
more amino acids
polypeptide
would be called
a....________
A solution with a
pH of 2 would be
acidic
best described as
being
what determines
the speed or rate
activation energy, temperature, and pH.
of a chemical
reaction?
Animal and plant
cells are
examples of eukaryotes
(prokaryotes or
eukaryotes)
Give examples of
example of a prokaryotic cell: bacterial cell.example of a
eukaryotes and
eukaryotic cell: plant and animal cell
prokaryotes
Prokaryotes
belong to the archaebacteria and monera
kingdom
whats the RNA: moves through nuclear pores to the cytoplasm to carry out
differences functions, ribonucleic acid, single helix.DNA: contains genetic
between RNA information; found in nucleus; transcribed into RNA; double helix;
and DNA? deoxyribonucleic acid
Another name for
the membrane
that surrounds the plasma membrane.
organelles and
the cell is
The "head" of the
membrane hydrophilic
bilayer molecule
is
Water is (polar or
polar
nonpolar)
The term used to
state that a cell
only allows
selectively permeable.
certain
substances in and
out is
Which is more
efficient – large
small cell
cell or a small
cell?
1.) All living things are composed of cells.2.) Cells are the basic
parts of the Cell
unit of structure and function in an organism.3.) Cells come only
Theory
from the reproduction of other cells.
Free ribosomes
protein
make..._____
The golgi
apparatus is packages, processes, and secretes proteins for export.
responsible for
Smooth E.R.
lipids and calcium
makes
Rough E.R.
contains
proteins(digestive enzymes)
ribosomes that
make
Chloroplasts are
the site of ______ Photo
synthesis?
Prokaryote
organisms are
unicellular
(multicellular or
unicellular)
The nucleolus is
the site of ribosome
_______
synthesis
_______ contain
digestive
enzymes and get lysosomes
rid of toxins and
old organelles
that have a high
energy
requirement mitochondrion
generally have
many
Organelles that
are surrounded
by two
nucleus and plastids.
membranes and
contain DNA are
the
Cells that form
the surface
coverings of epithelial tissue (skin)
animal bodies
constitute
The process in
which cells
become restricted
to carrying out specialization.
one or a few
functions is
called cell
The stomach is
an example of the
level of an organ.
organization
called
Who proposed
the “Fluid Singer and Nicholson
Mosaic Model”?
Both prokaryotes true.
and eukaryotes
have ribosomes.
(T or F)
The DNA in
prokaryotes is
false.
non-existent(T or
F)
A functional
group changes
the structure of a
compound but true
does not alter its
chemical
properties(T or F)
Skin is a type of
false
lipid (T or F)
Glucose is a
monosaccharide true
(T or F)
Cellulose is a
type of
true
carbohydrate. (T
or F)
In a triple bond,
three pairs of
electrons are
false
shared between
three atoms (T or
F)
Amino acids
become linked
together by
false
peptide bonds
during hydrolysis
reactions (T or F)
Nucleic acids
function true
primarily to carry
genetic
instructions and
direct cellular
activities (T or F)
DNA contains a
five carbon sugar deoxyribose
called________
Water clings to
itself in a
cohesion
property
called_________
the force of attraction between a hydrogen molecule with a partial
Hydrogen
positive charge and another atom or molecule with a partial or full
bonding:
negative charge.(weak bond)
When sodium
chloride is
dissolved in disassociate.
water, the sodium
ions:
Organic
compounds Carbon atoms.
contain:
ATP releases
a covalent bond is broken.
energy when:
The slight
positive and
slight negative
charge in a polar
molecule results
in the molecule
being called:
Energy
associated with
kinetic energy.
movement is
called:
Taken together,
all of the metabolism.
thousands of
chemical
reactions that
take place in a
plant or animal
cell are called:
What is a
heterotroph: organisms that can't produce their own food; get
heterotroph?
energy from other foods.autotrophs: organisms that use energy
What is an
from photosynthesis as food
autotroph?
The first living
organism on
bacteria.
earth was most
likely a:
Adaptation: the ability of a species to survive in a particular environment.
The theory that
species change evolution
over time is:
The branch of
biology that
studies the
interactions of
ecology.
organisms with
one another and
their environment
is called:
An example of
asexual binary fission
reproduction is:
A way to produce
new cells in
multicellular mitosis
organisms is
called:
Sexual
reproduction
involves the gametes
mixing
of_______
between mates.
Bacteria go
through a special
kind of sexual conjugation
reproduction
called:
The specialized
structure that
bacteria use to
transfer plasmids
between each conjugation tubule.
other and also for
attachment to
host cells is
called the:
When genetic
information is
passed from
sexual reproduction.
parent to
offspring, the
process is called:
In DNA, adenine
always pairs thymine.
with:
In RNA, adenine
always pairs uracil
with:
In DNA or RNA,
guanine always cytosine.
pairs with:
Cells contain
membrane bound
structures that organelles.
have a specific
function called:
What it the sum
total of all metabolism.
chemical
reactions?:
This is a
chemical reaction
hydrolysis
that breaks down
a substance:
_________maint
ains a stable
internal
Homeostasis
environment by
controlling
metabolism
________ is a
protein that
lowers activation
Enzyme
energy for
reactions to
occur.
If the temperature
gets too hot, the denature
protein will:
If the temperature
gets too cold, the denature.
protein will:
Always carry the
microscope by its base
arm and the:
In order to obtain
the correct
magnification for
a compound
microscope you ocular
must multiply
the_________ by
the objective
lens.
When you first
put a slide on the 4x or 10x objectives
stage for viewing,
you must use the
__________ to
focus.
The stage clips
are for holding
slide
the ________in
place
The _________is
adjusted to let
more or less light diaphragm
into the viewing
area.
The
___________
revolving nosepiece
moves the
objective around
What is the
magnifying
10x
power of the
ocular lens?:
The __________
is an empty tube
body tube
for light to pass
through
This combined
with the ocular
lens gives the objective.
total
magnification:
The membrane
component that
allows larger
carrier protein.
materials in and
out of the cell is
called:
The lipid bilayer
contains two peripheral and integral
general types of
proteins:
The membrane
component that
binds with
messengers and integral protein
allows messages
into the cell is
called:
A ________
protein is
integral
embedded in the
membrane
A _________
protein sticks out
carrier
at the interior and
exterior of a cell.
______ are the
building blocks Atoms.
of molecules.
A _____is many
basic units put cell
together.
Cells are
different sizes
functions
and shapes due to
their:
What type of cell
lacks a nucleus,
and contains prokaryotic cell.
plasmids and
ribosomes?:
What type of cell
has a cell wall,
contains plastids plant cells.
and large
vacuoles?:
What kind of cell
animal cells.
has a cell
membrane,
mitochondria and
small vacuoles?:
Chlorophyll A
more red light and less blue light.
absorbs:
The
photosystems and
electron transport thylakoid membrane
chains are located
in the:
Both
photosystem I
pigments of Chlorophyll A.
and photosystem
II contain:
Water
participates
directly in the
providing H+ atoms.
light reactions of
photosynthesis
by:
The energy that is
used to establish
the proton
the excited electrons as they pass along the electron transport chain
gradient across
of photosystem II.
the thylakoid
membrane comes
from
What reaction is
catalyzed by
CO2 fixation (Kreb's Cycle)
RuBP
carboxylase?:
Electrons needed
to reestablish the
cholorphyll in splitting of water molecules.
photosystem II
come from:
Oxygen is a
Photosynthesis.
product of the
process of:
The number of
phosphate groups
2
in an ADP
molecule is:
The ultimate
source of energy
the sun.
for almost all
living things is:
Carotenoids: light absorbing accessory pigments in photosynthesis
an enzyme located in the thylakoid membrane, makes ATP by
ATP synthase:
adding a phosphate group to ADP.
protein complex in thylakoid membrane; helps with
Photosystem:
photosynthesis; only in plant cells
PGAL: a 3 carbon compound, 2nd step of Calvin cycle
Ribulose bisphospate, a 5 carbon substrate involved in carbon
RuBP:
fixation; 1st step in Calvin cycle.
the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be seen by the
Visible spectrum:
human eye.
Chlorophyll: a green pigment present in most plants; used in photosynthesis
Biochemical a series of chemical reactions in which the product of one reaction
pathway: is used in the next reaction.
What product of
the light reactions
of photosynthesis
is released and
oxygen.
does not
participate further
in
photosynthesis?:
Where does the
energy required
ATP +NADPH.
for the Calvin
cycle originate?:
Proteins are
excited electrons of PGAL
moved into the
thylakoid using
energy from:
Carbon atoms are
fixed into organic
Calvin cycle
compounds in
what cycle:
To produce the
same amount of
carbohydrate, C4 H2O
plants require
less:
6 carbon; formed in Krebs Cycle; intermediate in the metabolism
Citric acid:
of carbohydrates.
cells make limited amounts of ATP by converting glucose into
Fermentation:
lactic acid or ethyl alcohol- anaerobic respiration.
2 molecules of nicoeinamde and dinucleotide; accepts electrons
NAD+:
during redox reactions.
Cytosol: aqueous fluid bathes organelles inside of cell membrane
Cell membrane: lipid bilayer that surrounds cell.
Aerobic
the use of oxygen in the breakdown of something to create energy.
respiration:
Glycolysis: glucose is oxidized to pyruvic acid
Kilocalorie: 1,000 calories, often measures energy
In aerobic
respiration,
glucose is
converted into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
_____________
when they enter
the Kreb's cycle.
What are the
products of lactic
ethyl alcohol and CO2
acid fermentation
in yeasts?:
cellular
uses energy in organic compound to produce ATP.
respiration:
Know the
amounts of ATP's
produced in each 3 units of ATP
stage of cellular
respiration:
What molecules
donate electrons
FADH2 + NADPH
to the electron
transport chain?:
The breakdown
of organic
cellular respiration.
compounds to
produce ATP is:
What does
glycolysis ATP
produce?
What molecule is
generated from
lactic acid and NAD+.
alcoholic
fermentations?:
During glycolysis
(aerobic
respiration),
PGAL.
pyruvic acid
produces CO2,
NADH, H+, and:
The electron
transport chain is
NADPH and FADH2.
driven by what
two products?:
What happens to
electrons as they
are transported electrons loose energy.
along the electron
transport chain?:
The energy
39%.
efficiency of
aerobic
respiration is:
Where does
glycolysis take cytosol of cell.
place?:
During
glycolysis, oxidized.
glucose is:
Lactic acid and
alcoholic
NAD.
fermentation
produce:
The efficiency of
2%
glycolysis is:
Describe
Anaerobic pathways of cellular respiration that does not require
anaerobic
oxygen. It produces nearly 20 times as much ATP as is produced
pathways and
by glycoysis alone.
products.
Pyruvic acid is a
product of what glycolysis
reaction?:
Aerobic
respiration Oxygen
requires:
What is the final
product of the NADH, ATP, FADH.
Krebs cycle?:
Where is most
amount of ATP
generated in the electron transport chain.
cellular
respiration?:
What is the name
for the initial
phase of aerobic Glycolysis
and anaerobic
respirations?:
How much
energy is
produced in
38 ATP molecules
fermentation vs.
aerobic
respiration?:
How much
energy is gained
2 ATP molecules
through
glycolysis?:
The citric acid
cycle completes
CO2 and H2O
the breakdown of
glucose to:
Which cycle
yields the most Krebs cycle.
energy?: