BIO205-CH4-Prok&Euka

BIO205 - Ch 4 - Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic

Cells - RioSalado - AZ
Question Answer
All living cells - what 2 catagories? Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes
DNA in single, circular arranged chromosome
Structural characteristics of
w/o membrane - lack membrane - enclosed
prokaryotes.
organelles
Structural characteristics of Multiple chromosomes in membrane-enclosed
eukaryotes. nucleus.
Bacteria & Archaea are? Prokaryotes
Protozoa & fungi are? Eukaryotes
What main difference is there Structure of cell walls & membranes, & absence
between prokaryote & eukaryote? of organelles.
(1) No DNA membrane, (2) DNA w/no
5 distinguishing characteristics of histones, (3) lack membrane-enclosed
prokaryotes. organelles, (4) cell wall w/polysaccharide
peptidoglycan, & (5) binary fission.
DNA copied & cell splits into 2 - prokaryotes -
Binary fission
fewer processes than eukaryote cell division.
(1) DNA in nucleus w/membrane & multiple
5 distinguishing characteristics of chromosomes, (2) DNA associated w/histone,
eukaryotes. (3) membrane-enclosed organelles, (4) cell walls
chemically simple, (5) mitosis.
3 basic shapes of bacteria Coccus (berries), bacillus (rod-shaped), & spiral
Diplococci Cocci that remain in pairs after dividing.
Cocci that divide & are attached in chainlike
Streptococci
pattern.
Cocci that divide in 2 planes & remain in groups
Tetrads
of 4.
Cocci in 3 planes & remain in cubelike groups
Sarcinae
of 8.
 Cocci in multiple plains & form grapelike
Staphylococci
clusters.
Why are there fewer groupings of
Because bacilli only divide across short axis
bacilli than cocci?
Diplobacilli Appear in pairs after division
Streptobacilli Appear in chains after division
Coccobacilli Oval bacilli that look like cocci.
Bacillus cells often form __. long, twisted chains of cells.
What is the difference between
One is bacterial shape & one is genus.
bacillus & Bacillus?
Vibrios Spiral bacteria that look like curved rod.
Spirilla Spiral bacteria that have helical shape
Spiral bacteria that have helical shape & are
Spirochetes
flexible - move by axial filaments.
Monomorphic Maintain a single shape
What prokaryotes are
Bacteria
monomorphic?
Structures external in prokayotic Glycocalyx, flagella, axial filaments, finbriae &
cell wall. pili.
"Sugar coat" - secreted on surface of
Glycocalyx prokaryotes - viscous - if firm, then called
capsule.
Firmly attached sugar coat around prokaryote
Capsule that can be determined by using negative
staining.
Loosely attached glycocalyx (sugar coat) around
Slime layer
prokaryote.
Capsules are important in
virulence - degree of disease causing ability.
contributing to bacterial __.
Capsules often protect pathogenic
From phagocytosis by cells of host.
bacteria __.
Glycocalyx made of sugars - enables bacteria to
Extracellular polysaccharide (EPS)
survive by attaching to various surfaces.
Atrichous Bacteria that lack flagella
Monotrichous Single polar flagellum
3 basic parts of flagellum Filament, hook, basal body
Protein that makes up flagellum
flagellin
filament.
Difference between prokaryote &
Most bacteria lack membrane/sheath covering it.
eukaryote flagella.
What anchors flagellum to cell wall Movement away from/toward a particular
& plasma membrane? stimulus.
How do spirochetes & spirilla Spirochetes move using axial
differ? filaments/endoflagella.
Axial filaments - bundles of fibrils that arise at
Endoflagella ends of cell beneath outer sheath & spiral
around cell.
Axial filaments propel spirochetes
in a spiral motion like a cork screw.
__.
Appendage on bacterial cell used to adhere to
fimbriae
surfaces - helps colonization.
Longer than fimbrae & join bacterial cells for
pili
transfer of DNA.
Process by which bacteria use pili to transfer
conjugation
DNA from one cell to another.
What is the function of fimbriae? to adhere to surfaces
Almost all prokaryotes have __. cell walls
Prevent rupture when water pressure in cell is
Major function of cell wall.
greater than outside.
What is used to differentiate major
The chemical composition of the cell wall.
types of bacteria?
Gram-positive cell walls contain? Many layers of peptidoglycan.
Gram-negative cell walls do not
teichoic acids
contain __.
Which is more susceptible to Gram negative because they only contain a
mechanical breakage? Gram - or +? small amount of peptidoglycan.
The outer membrane of gram-
Certain antibiotics & digestive enzymes.
negative provides barrier against?
Smallest known bacteria outside
Mycoplasmas - pass through most filters.
living host.
Archaea may lack cell walls but
Peptidoglycan - have pseudomurein instead.
definately lack __.
Acid-fast bacteria cell walls contain
Mycolic acid - resists dyes because it is waxy.
what lipid?
Why are prokaryote plasma
membranes less rigid than Because they lack sterols.
eukaryotes?
Infolding of plasma membrane where pigment
Chromatophores
located in photoautotrophic bacteria.
How does simple diffusion differ Both don't need ATP, but facilitated uses
from facilitated? transporter.
Net movement of solvent molecules across
What is osmosis? selectively permeable membrane from high to
low concentration of solvents.
In isotonic solution, movement is? No net movement of water
In hypotonic solution, movment is? Water moves into cell & may cause cell to burst.
In hypertonic solution, movment is? Water moves out of cell, causing shrinkage.
Osmotic lysis Water moving into a cell & it bursts.
Plasmolysis Water moving out of cell & it shrinks.
Pressure required to prevent movement of pure
Osmotic pressure
water into solution containing some solvents.
Most bacteria live in __ solutions. hypotonic
Only in prokaryotes - substance is chemically
Group translocation altered as it passes through plasma membrane &
can no longer leave - high energy PEP.
Difference between prokaryote &
The differences allow the cell to be killed by the
eukaryote ribosomes regarding
antibiotic, yet leave eukaryote host unaffected.
antibotic therapy.
Reserve deposits in prokaryote cytoplasm of
Inclusions
nutrients - good ID tag.
Volutin Reserve of inorganic phosphate for ATP.
Nuclear area of bacterial cell containing
Nucleoid
bacterial chromosome.

Plasmids
Endospores
Under what conditions are
endospores formed by bacteria?
Sporogenesis/sporulation
Germination
What kingdoms contain eukaryote
organisms.
What is antibiotic significance of
eukaryote cells not containing
peptidoglycan?
How do plasma membranes differ
between eukaryote and prokaryote.
cytosol
cytoplasmic streaming
Many enzymes found in
cytoplasmic fluid of prokaryote are Organelles
sequestered in __ of eukaryote.
Nuclear pores control __.
Nucleoli/nucleolus
Cisterns
ER contains __ & synthesizes __.
What are the functions of golgi
complex?
Cristae
__ are organelles that can reproduce
more or less on their own.
Circular DNA molecules that replicate
independent of chromosomal DNA - genetically
not crucial to bacterial survival except during
adverse conditions.
Highly durable dehydrated cells - almost seed-
like
When essential nutrients are depletes in certain
gram-positive bacteria.
Process of endospore formation
When endospore returns to health later - water
enters.
Alge, protozoa, fungi, plants, & animals.
Penicillins & cephalosporins act against
peptidoglycan & therefore don't affect eukaryote
cells.
Prokaryote lack sterols and carbs.
refers to fluid portion of cytoplasm
Movement of cytoplasm in cell that helps
distribute nutrients & move a cell over a surface.
Movement of substances between nucleus &
cytoplasm.
Condensed regions of chromosomes where
rRNA is being synthesized.
Flattened membrane sacs of ER.
unique enzymes - phospholipids, fats & sterols.
Package substances in vesicles for transport.
Outer mitochondrial membrane
mitochondria
Many of the metabolic steps
involved in cellular respiration are matrix of mitochondria
concentrated in __.
Organelle in algae & green plants that contain
Chloroplast
chlorophyll & enzymes
Chlorophyll is contained in what
thylakoids
sacs?
__ in plants can reproduce on own
chloroplasts
like mitochondria.
How are mitochondria similar to How they reproduce - increase in size - then
prokaryote cells? divide in two.
Contain enzymes that can oxidize various
peroxisomes
organic substances - aminoacids & fatty acids.
Peroxisomes protect other cell parts
H2O2 - hydrogen peroxide
from __.
Centrioles & pericentricular material - miotic
Centrosome
spindle organizing center.
Larger bacterial cell lost their cell walls &
Endosymbiotic theory engulfed smaller bacterial cells & so eukaryotes
formed.
Similar to bacterial cells, both
mitochondria & chloroplasts contain circular DNA & can reproduce on own.
__.