Jan 2010

Teachers open the door.
Volume - 5 Issue - 7 You enter by yourself.

January, 2010 (Monthly Magazine)
Editorial / Mailing Office :

112-B, Shakti Nagar, Kota (Raj.) 324009
Tel. : 0744-2500492, 2500692, 3040000
e-mail : xtraedge@gmail.com
Editorial
Editor : Dear Students,
Are You an Optimist or a Pessimist ?
Pramod Maheshwari I have been giving some thought lately to optimism and pessimism. Basically,
[B.Tech. IIT-Delhi] these are attitudes — attitudes that shape and formulate our entire existence. I
mean, have you ever met a happy pessimist?
Of course not.
Cover Design & Layout In short, our optimism or pessimism is this:
Govind Saini, Om Gocher, The way we interpret the past.
The way we experience and view the present.
Mohammed Rafiq The way we imagine the future
Have you given much thought about how your attitude, whether you are an
Circulation & Advertisement optimist or a pessimist, affects you business, organization or school? Have you
thought about how it affects you personally? And what about the team you are
Ankesh Jain, Praveen Chandna a part of?
What is optimism? It is the belief that things in our past were good for us, even
Ph (0744)- 3040007, 9001799502 if that means they were hard and taught us lessons. It is also the belief that
things will be better in the future.
Subscription Here are some contrasts between optimism and pessimism and how they
affect us:
Sudha Jaisingh Ph. 0744-2500492, 2500692 Optimism breathes life into you each day.
© Strictly reserved with the publishers Pessimism drains you.
Optimism helps you to take needed risks.
Pessimism plays it safe and never accomplishes much.
• No Portion of the magazine can be Optimism improves those around you.
published/ reproduced without the written Pessimism drags them down.
permission of the publisher Optimism inspires people to great heights.
• All disputes are subject to the exclusive Pessimism deflates people to new lows.
jurisdiction of the Kota Courts only. There is only one way that optimism and pessimism are the same, and that is
Every effort has been made to avoid errors or
that they are both self-fulfilling. If you are an optimist, you will generally find
omission in this publication. In spite of this, errors that good things happen to you. And if you are a pessimist, you will find
are possible. Any mistake, error or discrepancy yourself in the not-so-good situations more often than not.
noted may be brought to our notice which shall be So can a person just become an optimist? Yes! We can choose to look at the
taken care of in the forthcoming edition, hence any world any way we want to. We can choose to look at the world and think the
suggestion is welcome. It is notified that neither the worst, or we can tell ourselves the good things about each situation. As you
publisher nor the author or seller will be find yourself looking at your enterprise, begin to view it through the eyes of an
responsible for any damage or loss of action to any optimist, and you will reap the rewards listed above, and so will the people
one, of any kind, in any manner, there from. around you.
There are tremendous benefits to being an optimist, as stated above. But there
are some pessimists out there who will say, “But that isn’t realistic.” I say,
Unit Price Rs. 20/- “Who cares?” If things go awry, at least I have spent my time beforehand
enjoying life and not worrying about it. And, being an optimist, I would view
Special Subscription Rates the “negative” situation as an opportunity to grow and learn. So I can even
6 issues : Rs. 100 /- [One issue free ] look forward to my failures because they will be steppingstones and learning
12 issues : Rs. 200 /- [Two issues free] tools to be applied to my future success.
24 issues : Rs. 400 /- [Four issues free] Have you ever met a successful pessimist? Become an optimist, and see your
world change before your eyes!
Have a blessed day!
Let's make the uncommon knowledge common
Owned & Published by Pramod Maheshwari, Yours truly
112, Shakti Nagar, Dadabari, Kota & Printed
by Naval Maheshwari, Published & Printed at
112, Shakti Nagar, Dadabari, Kota.
Pramod Maheshwari,
Editor : Pramod Maheshwari
B.Tech., IIT Delhi
XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 1 JANUARY 2010

Volume-5 Issue-7
January, 2010 (Monthly Magazine) CONTENTS
INDEX PAGE
NEXT MONTHS ATTRACTIONS
Key Concepts & Problem Solving strategy for IIT-JEE.

Regulars ..........
Know IIT-JEE With 15 Best Questions of IIT-JEE
NEWS ARTICLE 4
Challenging Problems in Physics, Chemistry & Maths IIT boys draw power & water from sewage
Much more IIT-JEE News. Alumni of IIT-Madras to come together on
December 26
Xtra Edge Test Series for JEE-2010 & 2011
Mock Test CBSE Pattern Cllass XII IITian ON THE PATH OF SUCCESS 8
Dr. Alok Aggarwal
KNOW IIT-JEE 10
Previous IIT-JEE Question
Study Time........
DYNAMIC PHYSICS 17
8-Challenging Problems [Set# 8]
Success Tips for the Month Students’ Forum
Physics Fundamentals
• It is more important to know where you Refraction at plane & curved surfaces
are going than to get there quickly. Properties of Matter
• The secret of success is constancy to

CATALYST CHEMISTRY 33
purpose.
Key Concept
• Action without planning is the cause of all Carbohydrates
failure. Action with planning is the cause Salt Analysis
Understanding : Organic Chemistry
of all success.
• We cannot discover new oceans unless we DICEY MATHS 48
have the courage to lose sight of the Mathematical Challenges
shore. Students’ Forum
Key Concept
• One person with a belief is equal to 99 Differential Equations
who have only interests Trigonomatrical Rations
• A thousand mile journey begins with one Test Time ..........

step. Start today.
XTRAEDGE TEST SERIES 59
• Keep your eyes on the stars and your feet Class XII – IIT-JEE 2010 Paper
Class XII – IIT-JEE 2011 Paper
on the ground.
Mock Test CBSE Pattern Paper-2 [Class # XII]
Mock Test CBSE Pattern Paper-1 (Solution)[Class # XII]

Anand (energy engineering) and a cash prize of Rs 3 lakh. "LOCUS
IIT boys draw power &
Mohan Yama (PhD student of is a green tech development,
water from sewage
biotechnology). Renowned which is sustainable both
When the campus placements biotech faculty member Debabrata economically and environmentally
happen in 2011 at IIT Kharagpur, Das enthusiastically joined them in and serves as an ideal integration
these five students will give it a the pursuit. to address the key issues of
miss. They would have by then wastewater treatment and energy
The idea is simple. The specially
started their own company. They gap," reads the award citation.
designed bio cell (LOCUS) will be
have developed a bio cell' The cell, at this stage, can clean up
set up in the form of a plant,
(battery) that can not only treat 50,000 litres of sewage water,
through which the sewage water
sewage water but also generate about the amount generated by
of a housing complex would be
electricity a that could offer a one- 100 flats in a day. The water
flowed in. The genius of this
stop solution to the water and produced this way can be
invention which is awaiting patent
energy crises. compared with that supplied
lies in the design of the cell that
Their bio-product has won them provided by a civic body, the
will automatically grow millions of
rave accolades from the ministry students say. "The purified water
anaerobic bacteria that multiply
of science and technology and a has been tested and has been
through respiration. The bacteria
cash award to carry their research certified to be clean and fit for
clean up the sewage water and in
forward. household use. It is, however, not
the process generate free
It was while working on microbes fit for drinking," Mandelia
electrons. If harnessed, these
that can be used as purifying explained.
electrons can generated
agents that Manoj Mandelia, a The IIT-Kgp team has even
electricity.
fourth year student of biotech produced electricity with the bio
"We worked on this concept for
engineering, stumbled upon the cell. "A township of 100,000
nearly a year before we readied
idea that if a bio cell can be people needs about 2.3 megawatts
the cell and applied to the ministry
developed to treat sewage water of electricity a day. It will be years
to enter its annual business plan
for use, it would solve one of the before we reach that stage. But
competition that focuses on bio
biggest problems of the present we have already been able to
technology products for
times. Mandelia, who is pursuing generate electricity. By next year,
sustainable development," Mandelia
an integrated M Tech programme we aim to generate 350 units,
said.
at the institute, started looking for enough to meet 50% of the
Twenty teams, mostly corporate
like minded boys for his project. demand of a 100-flat complex.
houses dealing with bio products,
He soon found Prateek Jain When we say this we are not
participated in this premier
(agriculture and food engineering taking airconditioners into
competition. The IIT-Kgp team
department), Shobhit Singhal consideration," said Prateek.
managed to come second and won
(electrical engineering), Pulkit

Alumni of IIT-Madras to for the first year, the initiative visited the MBM Engineering
come together on being executed by the department College here on Friday. Sources
of management studies is designed said they discussed the make-shift
December 26
to act as a catalyst to provide requirements and took stock of
The "first ever" gathering of the
initial momentum. the facilities available in the
alumni of IIT-Madras (IITM) will be
college. The team will submit the
held here on December 26. Speaking at the launch of the
report to the Director (IIT-R),
initiative here on Friday, L S
According to a release here, more who is scheduled to visit the city
Ganesh, professor-in-charge of
than 32,000 students have in the first week of December to
Cell for Technology, Innovation,
graduated from the institute in the consolidate the ground for
Development and
past 50 years and most were shifting.
Entrepreneurship Support
expected to attend the reunion, MBM dean Arvind Roy said that
(C-TIDES), said IIT-Madras is
co-organised by the Office of the team was here to oversee the
perhaps the first institution to
Alumni Affairs (OAA) and IIT-M proposed shifting early next year.
start a formal programme in
Alumni Association. The team had a thorough visit of
entrepreneurship in the 1980s.
the entire college campus
The day-long event would see the Emphasizing the importance of
buildings, classrooms, laboratories
screening of two films, one developing small and medium
and other rooms housing different
highlighting alumni contributions enterprises, IIT-Madras director M
departments and collected a map
to the campus and the other their S Ananth said they generated 10
of the college.
socially-relevant work, especially times the employment per unit of
in the rural sector. investment. "We need to Roy added that their main focus,
decentralise these aspects to get however, was on the hostel
IIT-M director Prof MS Ananth is
innovations started with centres facilities, for which they also
scheduled to deliver the inaugural
such as this. Also, innovators need visited the AIIMS site, where the
address, the release said.
to be aware of their privileges and students are initially proposed to
Alumni from different parts of the what they are entitled to," he said. be shifted, in case the building
world would make presentations According to professor Thillai of the IIT-R is not ready by then.
on various issues, the release said Rajan, assistant professor, It is evident that there has been an
adding an "IIT Madras Heritage department of management understanding in-principle that
Quiz" would also be held. studies, detailed workshops would IIT-R will be shifted to the said
be conducted for prospective college here from next year. A
IIT-M launches seed fund
incubates before issuing a call for Central team, headed by Union
of $ 0.8 mn to help
proposals. additional secretary (HRD) Ashok
budding entrepreneurs Thakur, recently visited the
IIT-R shifting to Jodhpur college and the hostels which are
Students, researchers and faculty
members from IIT-Madras now gradually taking shape complete and said to have
have the chance to turn innovative JODHPUR: In what can be expressed satisfaction with the
ideas into sustainable businesses referred to as one step further arrangements there.
with the Micro, Small and Medium towards shifting the IIT-R from The visit of this team of these sites
Enterprises (MSME) incubation Kanpur to Jodhpur, a team again has further strengthened
initiative. Intended to provide comprising administrative that fact that the plans of shifting
seed-stage funding of up to $ 0.8 in-charge of IIT-R (Kanpur) are gradually taking shape. The
million (Rs 3.5 crore) per venture Niraj Gupta and two others, team will explore and identify the

necessary additions and alterations total number of PD seats in 2009 Signal engineering is the
that will have to be made into the across all IITs was 251, only 138 backbone of Rlys: SCR
existing structure of the college to candidates could qualify at the JEE,
Technology changes have helped
accommodate IIT-R and prepare a despite 12% more disabled
Indian Railway enhance its
report to be submitted to the candidates taking the exam as
director. compared to 2008. productivity to meet the increase
in demand for rail traffic, Sudesh
IITs worried as reserved "Despite the 50% relaxation for
Kumar, member (Electrical)
seats remain unfilled PD candidates (from the last
Railway Board has said.
general candidate), only 44 could
Even as the process for applying to Speaking at the 52nd Annual Day
be given admission across all the
the Joint Entrance Examination
IITs. This left around 207 seats celerations of the Indian Railways
(JEE) 2010 of the Indian Institutes
unfilled," said Kumar. Institute of Signal Engineering and
of Technology (IITs) has begun,
Telecommunications (IRISET) here
figures from JEE 2009 reveal that To make up for the shortfall,
today, he said signalling has
137 seats meant for candidates scores of PD candidates were
evolved from an ordinary means
with physical disabilities (PD), got relaxed by another 50% to enable
of communication to start a train
wasted. The reason is that not candidates to qualify for the
and later emerged as a symbol of
enough disabled candidates qualify, preparatory course, which was
trust and safety on railway tracks
and these seats cannot be started for disabled candidates in
over the years.
converted into general seats. 2009. In case of OBCs, 51 seats
"Unless the rules are changed and across the IITs in 2009 were Participating in the event, the new
the IITs are allowed to transfer converted into general seats due South Central Railway (SCR)
the vacant PD seats to general or to unavailability of OBC students General Manager M S Jayanth said
non-PD seats within the category, even after giving full 10% IRISET over a period of time has
we will not be able to stop this relaxation. Again, over 1,000 seats evolved as a quality institute.
loss," said Anil Kumar, JEE 2010 for SCs and STs which remained
``Signal engineering happens to be
chairman, IIT Bombay. vacant were transferred to the
the backbone of railways, since
preparatory course and were filled
As per a judgment passed by the this is vital for reliability and safety
after lowering the bar by 50%.
chief commissioner for persons of rails,’’ Jayanth said.
with disabilities, IITs were directed IIT Guwahati director Gautam
According to him, advancement
to treat disabled candidates on a Barua said that a resolution was
made in telecommunication has
par with scheduled caste adopted at the last joint admission
palyed vital role in the information
(SC)/scheduled tribe (ST) board meeting that the PD
management of Indian Railways,
candidates and give them similar commissioner should be
especially in passenger reservation
relaxation from 2009, including approached for possible
system, fright and other services.
admission for preparatory conversion of PD seats to general
courses. category in future. "However, the IRISET Director V Balaram said
issue is complex since there are signalling is very specific to

Currently, 3% seats in each
category [general category, SC, ST certain PD seats within SC and ST railways.
and other backward classes and these cannot be converted," IRISET is the only institute in
(OBC)] are reserved for disabled said Barua. railways, which trains both officers
students in each IIT. While the and supervisory staff. ``During the

last 52 years, about 10,036 officers It helps him determine the amount site. But with the Australian
and 44,906 signal and telecom of anaesthesia, and can also be newspaper for which we made an
supervisiors have been trained,’’ tweaked for other medical app, we not only created an app
Balaram said. requirements. This app is now but also made the changes
V G K Murti, former Dean of IIT used by around 15,000 doctors required to their backend
Chennai, said in the earlier days internationally. In the future, we operation so that data was
railways used to be the most have plans to make it possible for delivered faster to the user. When
preferred place of employment for doctors to exchange patient we approach a client we don't
most IIT students. He delivered profiles," Avinash says. introduce ourselves as mobile app
his speech targeting young developers, but instead, tell them
The company has also developed
trainees of IRISET, by passing on we can come up with a mobile
mobile applications for an
knowledge inputs. The function strategy for their company. These
Australian newspaper and a top
was attended by many senior enterprise apps will never make it
computer manufacturer, among
officials of the SCR. to the app store, but are
others.
distributed to all the employees in
Enterprises need mobile
Making apps for the enterprise a company," he adds.
strategy
instead of selling it to the public
Bangalore: One of the most The company has also developed a
via an appstore is a different
discussed issues when it came to few fun apps like upcoming app
ballgame altogether. The app store
developing applications for mobile Ambience which allows users mix
was an instant success as it
phones was the lack of any and match sound effects like that
allowed a single developer to roll
reasonable returns on apps made of a waterfall, the sea, birds, etc to
out an app and be able to sell it
for popular platforms like the create a relaxing atmosphere. "As
without worrying about
iPhone. A lot of developers said of now, most of the enterprises
marketing. All the developer has
they hardly made any money from still use Blackberries.But we're
to worry about, is the competition
developing apps for these high-end seeing a slow shift towards touch
phones. Turns out they have got --similar apps available. But while
screen devices like the iPhone," he
their strategy wrong. Endeavour, a making apps for enterprises, it's
says.
city-based company, sees good the functionality and the
adaptability that counts. Avinash says they have not made
business in making apps for
any apps for Indian companies till
enterprises.
"The cost of an app can range now, as very few Indians use high-
T from $10,000 to $3,50,000 end smartphones or other mobile-
he founders, all IIT graduates, depending on the depth and the enabled devices.
started the company in 2002. functionality required. We don't
"But in 18 months, I'm sure India
According to Avinash Misra, one just create an app, we see to it
will have one of the largest
of the founders, their first app was that their back-end is made
markets in terms of mobile usage.
targeted at doctors. "We made it operational for such an
Indians just might skip the desktop
in co-ordination with a doctor environment as well. It's very easy
internet revolution and switch
based in the US using which he to make a news application by
over to the mobile internet
could make a profile of a patient. using the RSS feed available on the
altogether," Avinash adds.

Success Story
This article contains story of a person who get succeed after graduation from different IIT's
Dr. Alok Aggarwal

Electrical Engineering from IIT Delhi in 1980
Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,
Hopkins University (1984)
Director : IBM Research Division worldwide
Dr. Alok Aggarwal received his Bachelor’s Degree in Emerging Business Opportunities for IBM Research
Electrical Engineering from IIT Delhi in 1980. He Division worldwide.
obtained his Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering and Computer
Science from Johns Hopkins University in 1984. Dr. Alok Aggarwal has published 86 Research papers and
he has also been granted 8 patents from the US Patents
Dr. Alok Aggarwal is the Founder and Chairman of and Trademark Office. Along with his colleagues at
Evalueserve - a company that was started in December
Evalueserve, in 2003, he has pioneered the concept of
2000 and that provides various kinds of research and
analytics services to clients in North America, Europe and “Knowledge Process Outsourcing (KPO)” and wrote the
Asia Pacific from its five research centers in Delhi- first article in this regard. Dr. Aggarwal has served as a
Gurgaon, India; Shanghai, China; Cluj, Romania; Santiago- Chairperson of the IEEE Computer Society's Technical
Valparaiso, Chile; and New York, USA. Committee on Mathematical Foundations of Computing
and has been on the editorial boards of SIAM Journal of
Dr. Alok Aggarwal joined IBM Research Division in
Computing, Algorithmica, and Journal of Symbolic
Yorktown Heights New York in 1984. During the fall of
Computation. During 1998-2000, Dr. Aggarwal was a
1987 and 1989, he was on sabbatical from IBM and taught
member of Executive Committee on Information
two courses (in two terms) at the Massachusetts Institute
Technology of the Confederation of the Indian Industry
of Technology (MIT) and also supervised two Ph.D.
(CII) and also of the Telecom Committee of Federation of
students. During 1991 and 1996, along with other
Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (FICCI). He is
colleagues from IBM, he created and sold a "Supply Chain
currently a Chartered Member of The Indus Entrepreneur
Management Solution" for paper mills, steel mills and
(TiE) organization.
other related industries. In July 1997, Dr. Aggarwal
"Founded" the IBM India Research Laboratory that he set- In honouring Dr. Alok Aggarwal, IIT Delhi recognizes the
up inside the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi. Dr. outstanding contributions made by him as an
Aggarwal started this Laboratory from "ground zero" and Entrepreneur and Researcher. Through his achievements,
by July 2000, he had built it into a 60-member team (with Dr. Alok Aggarwal has brought glory to the name of the
30 PhDs and 30 Masters in Electrical Engineering, Institute.
Computer Science, and in Business Administration). In
August 2000, Dr. Aggarwal became the Director of
Anything you can hunt, I can hunt better.

KNOW IIT-JEE
By Previous Exam Questions
The direction of B is given by Right hand palm rule

PHYSICS no. 1.
1. A charge +Q is fixed at the origin of the co-ordinate A B C

system while a small electric dipole of dipole moment P
→ O
P pointing away from the charge along the x-axis is X
Z
set free from a point far away from the origin.
(a) Calculate the K.E. of the dipole when it reaches to d d
a point (d, 0). d d
B
(b) Calculate the force on the charge +Q at this A X
moment. [IIT-2003] r Z r
Sol. (a) Potential energy of the dipole-charge system f θ θ f
U i = 0 (Since the charge is far away) B
1 p
Uf = – Q × Z
4πε 0 d 2
Hence in case of three identical wires resultant field
1 pQ can be zero only if the point P is between the two
∴ K.E. = |Uf – Ui | =
4πε 0 d 2 wires otherwise field B due to all the wires will be in
(b) Electric field at origin due to dipole the same direction and so resultant B cannot be zero.
→ 1 2p Hence, if point P is at a distance x from the central
E= î wire as shown in fig. then,
4πε 0 d 3
→ → →
Now, force on charge Q is given by B p = B PA + B PB + B PC
→ → 2pQ →
F =QE = î
4πε 0 d 3 where B PA = magnetic field at P due to A
→
B PB = magnetic field at P due to B
2. Three infinitely long thin wires, each carrying current →
i in the same direction, are in the x-y plane of a B PC = magnetic field at P due to C.
gravity free space. The central wire is along the y- µ 0 2I  1 1 1 
Bp = + + (– k̂ )
axis while the other two are along x = ± d. 4π  d + x x d − x 

(i) Find the locus of the points for which the →
magnetic field B is zero. [IIT-1997] For BP = 0
(ii) If the central wire is displaced along the Z- On solving we get x = ± d 3 .
direction by a small amount and released, show that it
(ii) The force per unit length between two parallel
will execute simple harmonic motion. If the linear
current carrying wires is given by
mass density of the wires is λ, find the frequency of
µ 0 2I1I 2
oscillation. = f(say)
4π r
Sol. (i) We know that magnetic field due to an infinitely
and is attractive if currents are in the same direction.
long current carrying wire at distance r is given by
So when the wire B is displaced along z-axis by a
µ 0  2I 
B=   small distance z, the restoring force per unit length
4π  r 
F/l on the wire B due to wires A and C will be

F µ 2I I z  z The magnetic flux linked with the solenoid
= 2f cos θ = 2 0 1 2 × as cos θ = r  → →
l 4π r r   φ= B.A
F µ0 4I 2 = B A cos 90º
or = z [as I1 = I2 = I and r2 = d2 + z2]
l 4 π (d 2 + z 2 ) = (µ 0 n i0 sin ωt) ( πa 2)
F µ  2I 
2 ∴ The rate of change of magnetic flux through the
or = 0   z [as d>>z and F is opposite to z] solenoid
l 4π  d 
dφ
...(1) = π µ 0 n a2 i0 ω cos ωt
dt
Since F ∞ –z the motion is simple harmonic.
Comparing eq. (1) with the standard equation of The same rate of change of flux is linked with the
S.H.M. which is cylindrical shell. By the principle of electromagnetic
induction, the induced emf produced in the cylindrical
F = – mω2z
shell is
F m
i.e., = – ω2z = – λω2z, we get
l l
µ 0 4I 2 µ0 I 2 ××××
λω2 = ⇒ ω=
4π d 2 πd 2 λ
I
I µ0 1 µ0 TOP VIEWS
⇒ 2πn = ⇒ n=
d πλ 2πd πλ dφ
e=– = – πµ0 n a2 i0 ω cos ωt … (i)
dt
3. A long solenoid of radius a and number of turns per The resistance offered by the cylindrical shell to the
unit length n is enclosed by cylindrical shell of radius flow of induced current I will be
R, thickness d(d <<R) and length L. A variable
l
current i = i0 sin ωt flows through the coil. If the R=ρ
A
resistivity of the material of cylindrical shell is ρ, find
Here, l = 2 π R,
the induced current in the shell. [IIT- 2005]
A= L×d
R
a 2πR
∴ R=ρ … (ii)
Ld
d The induced current I will be
|e| [ πµ 0 na 2 i 0 ω cos ωt ] × Ld
I= =
L R ρ × 2πR
πµ 0 na 2 Ld i 0 ω cos ωt
I=
2πRρ
µ 0 na 2 Ld i 0 ω cos ωt
Sol. The magnetic field in the solenoid is given by ⇒ I=
2ρR
B = µ0 ni
R 4. An object is moving with velocity 0.01 m/s towards a
a convex lens of focal length 0.3 m. Find the magnitude
d of rate of separation of image from the lens when the
object is at a distance of 0.4 m from the lens. Also
calculate the magnitude of the rate of change of the
L
lateral magnification. [IIT - 2004]
Sol. Using lens formula
1 1 1
= =
v − 0.4 0.3
⇒ B = µ 0 n i0 sin ωt
⇒ v = 1.2 m
[Q i = i0 sin ωt given]

Now we have A B
1 1 1
– = , differentiating w.r.t. t
v u f
1 dv 1 du
we have – + =0
v 2 dt u 2 dt
d = 1 cm
du
given = 0.01 m/s
dt (b) Charge on plate B at t = 10 sec
2 Qb = 33.7 × 10–12 – 5 × 107 × 1.6 × 10–19
 dv  (120)
⇒  = × 0.01 = 0.09 m/s = 25.7 × 10 –12 C
 dt  (0.4) 2 also Q a = 8 × 10–12C
So, rate of separation of the image (w.r.t. the lens) σB σ 1
E= – A = (Q B – QA)
= 0.09 m/s 2ε 0 2ε 0 2Aε 0
udv vdu
− 17.7 ×10 −12
v dm = = 2000 N/C
Now, m= ⇒ = dt 2 dt 5 × 10 − 4 × 8.85 ×10 −12
u dt u
(c) K.E. of most energetic particles
(0.4)(0.09) − (1.2)(0.01) = (hν – φ) + e(Ed) = 23 eV
= – 0.35
(0.4) 2 [(hν – φ) is energy of photo electrons due to light.
So magnitude of the rate of change of lateral e(Ed) is the energy of photoelectrons due to work
magnification = 0.35. done on photoelectrons between the plates].
5. Two metallic plates A and B, each of area 5 × 10–4 m2,

are placed parallel to each other at a separation of
CHEMISTRY
1 cm. Plate B carries a positive charge of 33.7×10–12C. 6. At room temperature, the following reactions proceed
A monochromatic beam of light, with photons of nearly to completion :
energy 5 eV each, starts falling on plate A at t = 0 so 2NO + O2 → 2NO2 → N2O 4
that 10 16 photons fall on it per square meter per The dimer, N2O4, solidified at 262 K. A 250 ml flask
second. Assume that one photoelectron is emitted for and a 100 ml flask are separated by a stopcock. At
every 106 incident photons. Also assume that all the 300 K, the nitric oxide in the larger flask exerts a
emitted photoelectrons are collected by plate B and pressure of 1.053 atm and the smaller one contains
the work function of plate A remain constant at the oxygen at 0.789 atm. The gases are mixed by opening
value 2eV. Determine [IIT-2002] the stopcock and after the end of the reaction the
(a) the number of photoelectrons emitted to t = 10 s, flasks are cooled to 200 K. Neglecting the vapour
(b) the magnitude of the electric field between the pressure of the dimer, find out the pressure and
plates A and B at t = 10 s, and composition of the gas remaining at 220 K. (Assume
(c) the kinetic energy of the most energetic the gases to behave ideally) [IIT-1992]
photoelectron emitted at t = 10 s when it reaches Sol. According to the gas equation,
plate B. PV = nRT
Neglect the time taken by the photoelectron to reach PV
or n=
plate B. Takes ε0 = × 10–12 C2/N-m2. RT
Sol. (a) Number of electrons falling on the metal plate At room temperature,
16 –4
A = 10 × (5 × 10 ) For NO, P = 1.053 atm, V = 250 ml = 0.250 L
∴ Number of photoelectrons emitted from metal 1.053 × 0.250
∴ Number of moles of NO =
plate A upto 10 second is 0.0821× 300
(5 × 10 −4 ) × 1016 = 0.01069 mol
ne = × 10 = 5 × 10 7
10 6 For O2, P = 0.789 atm, V = 100 ml = 0.1L

0.789 × 0.1 log 2 0.3010
∴ Number of moles of O 2 = or γ–1= = = 0.4
0.0821× 300 log 5.66 0.7528
= 0.00320 mol or γ = 1.4
According to the given reaction, If f, be the number of degrees of freedom, then
2NO + O2 → 2NO2 → N2O4 2 2
Composition of gas after completion of reaction, γ=1+ or 1.4 = 1 +
f f
Number of moles of O 2 = 0 2
1 mol of O2 react with = 2 mol of NO or = 1.4 – 1 = 0.4
f
∴ 0.00320 mol of O2 react with = 2 × 0.00320 2
= 0.0064 mol of NO or f= =5
0.4
Number of moles of NO left = 0.01069 – 0.0064 (b) According to adiabatic gas equation,
= 0.00429 mol
P1V1γ = P 2V2γ
Also, 1 mol of O2 yields = 1 mol of N2O4
Here, P1 = P
∴ Number of moles of N 2O4 formed = 0.00320 mol V1 = V
N2O4 condenses on cooling, V2 = 5.66 V
∴ 0.350 L (0.1 + 0.250) contains only 0.00429 mol Hence, PVγ = P2 × (5.66V)γ = P2 ×(5.66)γ × Vγ
of NO
P P P
At T = 220 K, or P2 = γ
= 1.4
= [using eq.(1)]
(5.66) (5.66) 11 .32
Pressure of the gas,
Hence, work done by the gas during adiabatic
nRT 0.00429 × 0.0821× 220
P= = = 0.221 atm expansion
V 0.350
P
PV − × 5.66 V
7. An ideal gas having initial pressure P, volume V and P V −P V 11.32
= 1 1 2 2 =
temperature T is allowed to expand adiabatically until γ –1 1.4 – 1
its volume becomes 5.66 V, while its temperature PV
PV −
falls to T/2. = 2 = PV = 1.25 PV
(a) How many degrees of freedom do the gas 0.4 2 × 0.4
molecules have ?
8. (a) A white solid is either Na2O or Na2O2. A piece of
(b) Obtain the work done by the gas during the
red litmus paper turns white when it is dipped into a
expansion as a function of the initial pressure P and
freshly made aqueous solution of the white solid.
volume V. [IIT-1990]
(i) Identify the substance and explain with balanced
Sol. (a) According to adiabatic gas equation,
equation.
TVγ–1 = constant (ii) Explain what would happen to the red litmus if
or T1V1γ–1 = T2V2γ–1 the white solid were the other compound.
Here, T1 = T ; T2 = T/2 (b) A, B and C are three complexes of chromium (III)
V1 = V with the empirical formula H12O 6Cl3Cr. All the three
and V2 = 5.66 V complexes have water and chloride ion as ligands.
T Complex A does not react with concentrated H2SO4,
Hence, TVγ–1 = × (5.66V)γ–1
2 whereas complexes B and C lose, 6.75% and 13.5%
T of their original mass, respectively, an treatment with
= × (5.66)γ–1 × V γ–1 conc. H2SO4. Identity A, B and C. [IIT-1999]
2
Sol. (a) The substance is Na2O2
or (5.66)γ–1 = 2 ...(1)
Taking log, (i) Na2O2 + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2O2
(strong base) (Weak acid)
(γ – 1)log 5.66 = log 2
H2O2 + red litmus → White
H2O2 → H2O + [O]

Nascent oxygen bleaches the red litumus. 3d 4s 4p
(ii) Na2O + H2O → 2NaOH Hence
NaOH solution turns colour of red litmus paper into
3d 4s 4p
blue due to stronger alkaline nature.
3+
(b) A = [Cr(H2O)6]Cl3. It has no reaction with conc. Co ion in
Complex ion
H2SO 4 as its all water molecular are present in
coordination sphere. d2sp3 hybridization
B = [Cr(H2O)5Cl]Cl2.H2O NH3 3+ NH3
H3N NH3 H3N NH3
Conc. H2SO4 removes its one mol of H2O as it is
outside the coordination sphere.
Co or
Molecular Weight of complex = 266.5 Co3+
18
% loss = × 100 = 6.75%
266.5 H3N NH3
NH3 H3N NH3
C = [Cr(H2O)4Cl]Cl2.2H2O NH3
Conc. H2SO 4 removes its 2H2O which are outside of
the coordination sphere. In [Ni(CN)42– nickel is present as Ni2+ ion and its
18 coordination numbers is four
% loss = 2 × × 100 = 13.5 % Ni28 =1s2, 2s22p 6, 3s23p63d8, 4s2
266.5
Ni2+ ion = 1s2, 2s22p 6, 3s23p63d8
Hence complexes A = [Cr(H2O)6]Cl3
B = [Cr(H2O)5Cl]Cl2.H2O 3d 4s 4p
2+
Ni ion =
C = [Cr(H2O)4Cl2]Cl.2H2O
3d 4s 4p
9. (a) Write the chemical reaction associated with the 2+
Ni ion in
"brown ring test".
Complex ion
(b) Draw the structures of [Co(NH3)6]3+, [Ni(CN)4]2–
dsp2 hybridization
and [Ni(CO)4]. Write the hybridization of atomic
orbital of the transition metal in each case. Hence structure of [Ni(CN)4]2– is
(c) An aqueous blue coloured solution of a transition N≡C C≡N
metal sulphate reacts with H2S in acidic medium to Ni2+
give a black precipitate A, which is insoluble in
N≡C C≡N
warm aqueous solution of KOH. The blue solution on
treatment with KI in weakly acidic medium, turns In [Ni(CO)4, nickel is present as Ni atom i.e. its
yellow and produces a white precipitate B. Identify oxidation number is zero and coordination number is
the transition metal ion. Write the chemical reaction four.
involved in the formation of A and B. [IIT-2000] 3d 4s 4p
Ni in
Sol. (a) NaNO3 + H2SO 4 → NaHSO4 + HNO3 Complex
2HNO 3 + 6FeSO4 + 3H2SO4 →
3Fe2(SO4)3 + 2NO + 4H2O sp3 hybridization
[Fe(H2O)6]SO4.H2O + NO Its structure is as follows :
Ferrous Sulphate
→ [Fe(H2O)5NO] SO4 + 2H2O CO
(Brown ring)
(b) In [Co(NH3)6] cobalt is present as Co3+ and its
3+
coordination number is six. Ni

Co27 = 1s1, 2s22p6, 3s23p 63d7, 4s2 OC CO
Co3+ion = 1s2, 2s22p 6, 3s23p63d6
CO

(c) The transition metal is Cu2+. The compound is CH3CHCH3
CuSO4.5H2O
OH
CuSO4 + H2S Acidic
 medium
→ CuS ↓ + H2SO4
 2-propanol
Black ppt
and hence the structure of (A) should be
2CuSO4 + 4KI → Cu2I2 + I2 + 2K2SO4 CH3CHCH3
(B) white
NH2
I2 + I– → I3– (yellow solution) Propan-2-amine
10. A basic volatile, nitrogen compound gave a foul

smelling gas when treated with CHCl3 and alcoholic MATHEMATICS
KOH. A 0.295 g sample of the substance dissolved in
aqueous HCl and treated with NaNO 2 solution at 0ºC 11. Find the values of a and b so that the function
liberated a colourless; odourless gas whose volume  x + a 2 sin x, 0 ≤ x ≤ π/ 4
corresponds to 112 ml at STP. After the evolution of 
f(x) =  2x cot x + b, π/4 ≤ x ≤ π/2
the gas was complete, the aqueous solution was a cos 2 x − b sin x , π / 2 < x ≤ π
distilled to give an organic liquid which did not 
contain nitrogen and which on warming with alkali is continuous for 0 ≤ x ≤ π [IIT-1989]
and iodine gave yellow precipitate. Identify the Sol. As, f(x) is continuous for 0 ≤ x ≤ π
original substance. Assume it contains one N-atom  π  π
per molecule. [IIT-1993] ∴ R.H.L.  at x =  = L.H.L.  at x = 
 4  4
Sol. Clue 1. Nitrogen compound gave foul smelling gas
 π π  π π
when treated with CHCl3 and alc. KOH (carbylamine ⇒  2. cot + b  =  + a 2 . sin 
 4 4   4 4
reaction), thus it is a primary amine.
Clue 2. This compound when treated with HCl + π π
⇒ +b= +a
NaNO2 solution (nitrous acid test) at 0ºC liberates 2 4
colourless and odourless gas. π
⇒ a–b= ....(i)
HCl + NaNO 2 4
CnH2n+1NH2   → ROH + N 2 ↑
Alcohol Nitrogen  π  π
also, R.H.L  at x =  = L.H.L  at x = 
At STP,  2  2
112 ml of N2 is evolved from = 0.295 g CnH2n+1NH2  2π π  π π 
⇒  a cos − b sin  =  2. . cot + b 
 2 2  2 2 
∴ 22400 ml of N2 is evolved from ⇒ –a–b =b
0.295 × 22400 ⇒ a + 2b = 0 ...(ii)
= = 59 g CnH2n+1NH2 3π −3π
112 From (i) and (ii), a = and b =
∴ CnH2n+1NH2 = 59 2 4
or n × C + (2n + 1) × H + N + 2 × H = 59
dy
or 12n + 2n + 1 + 14 + 2 × 1 = 59 12. Find at x = –1, when
dx
42 π
sin x 3
or n = =3 2 + sec–1(2x) + 2x tan ln (x + 2) = 0
14 (sin y)
2
Thus the molecular formula of nitrogen compound is [IIT-1991]
C3H7NH2. Sol. Here,
π
Clue 3. Alcohol obtained gives iodoform test sin x 3
(sin y) 2 +sec–1(2x) + 2x tan (log (x + 2)) = 0
positive, thus it is a secondary alcohol and its 2
structure should be Differentiating both sides, we get

π
sin x π π 14. If exp {(sin2x + sin4x + sin6x + ...... ∞). ln 2} satisfies
(sin y) 2 . log(sin y) . cos x . the equation x2 – 9x + 8 = 0, find the value of
2 2
cos x π

 sin x  −1
π  ,0<x< . [IIT-1991]
 π  dy cos x + sin x 2
+  sin x  (sin y)  2  . cos y .
 2  dx Sol. exp {(sin2x + sin4x + sin6x + ...... ∞) loge2
sin 2 x
3 2 2 x . sec 2 (log( x + 2)) 2
. log e 2
+ . + ⇒ e 1−sin x
2 ( 2 | x |) 4 x 2 − 2 ( x + 2) tan 2 x
x
⇒ e log e 2
+ 2 log 2 . tan (log(x + 2)) = 0 2
⇒ 2 tan x satisfy x 2 – 9x + 8 = 0
 3  ⇒ x = 1, 8
putting,  x = −1, y = − , we get
 π 
 ∴
2
2 tan x = 1 and 2 tan x = 8
2
 
2
⇒ tan2x = 0 and tan2x = 3
− 3  2
 π   π
 dy    3 ⇒ x = nπ and tan2x =  tan 
  = =
3
 dx   −1, − 3  2
π π2 − 3 
 π   3
 1−   π
 π  and x = nπ ±
  3
π
Neglecting x = nπ as 0 < x <
13. ABC is a triangle such that 2
1 π  π
sin(2A + B) = sin(C – A) = –sin(B + 2C) = ⇒ x= ∈  0, 
2 3  2
If A, B and C are in Arithmetic Progression,
1
determine the values of A, B and C. [IIT-1990] cos x 1 3 −1
∴ = 2 = ×
Sol. Given that in ∆ABC, A, B and C are in A.P. cos x + sin x 1 3 1+ 3 3 −1
+
A + C = 2B 2 2
also A + B + C = 180º 3 −1
=
⇒ B = 60º 2
Also given that, cos x 3 −1
∴ =
sin (2A + B) = sin (C – A) = – sin (B + 2C) = 1/2 cos x + sin x 2
...(1)
15. Find the value of :
1
⇒ sin (2A + 60º) = sin (C – A) = – sin (60º + 2C) = 1
2 cos (2 cos–1 x + sin–1x) at x = , where 0 ≤ cos–1x ≤ π
5
⇒ 2A + 60º = 30º, 150º
and –π/2 ≤ sin–1x ≤ π/2 [IIT-1981]
{neglecting 30º, as not possible} Sol. cos{2cos–1x + sin–1x}
⇒ 2A + 60º = 150º  π π
= cos cos −1 x +  , as cos–1x + sin–1x =
⇒ A = 45º  2  2
–1
again from (1), sin (60º + 2c) = –1/2 = – sin(cos x )
⇒ 60º + 2C = 210º, 330º = – sin(sin–1 1− x 2 )
⇒ C = 75º or 135º  1 
= – sin  sin −1 1 − 2 
Also from (1) sin (C – A) = ½  5 

C – A = 30º, 150º, 195º
 2 6  2 6
for A = 45º, C = 75º and C = 195º (not possible) = – sin  sin −1 =
 5   5

∴ C = 75º
Hence, A = 45º, B = 60º, C = 75º

Physics Challenging Problems Set # 9
This section is designed to give IIT JEE aspirants a thorough grinding & exposure to variety
of possible twists and turns of problems in physics that would be very helpful in facing IIT
JEE. Each and every problem is well thought of in order to strengthen the concepts and we
hope that this section would prove a rich resource for practicing challenging problems and
enhancing the preparation level of IIT JEE aspirants.
By : Dev Sharma
So lu tio n s wi ll b e p ub lish ed in n ex t is su e Director Academics, Jodhpur Branch
Q.1 An imaginary closed loop is shown with current mv

carrying conductors then (C) If d ≥ then the particle will hit the upper
qB
4A
c plate at P 1 if it is negatively charged
d
mv
(D) If d ≥ then it will never hit upper plate and
qB
b it's motion will be clockwise for positively
charged particle as seen in plane mirror
a
3A
Closed Loop Q.3 The principal axis of the given concave mirror is
1A along X-axis. The details about the mirror are also
(A) Line integral of magnetic field over the closed shown. In the shaded portion there is the coexistence
loop abcda is zero of uniform magnetic field and electric field the
(B) Surface integral of the magnetic field over the details are written below
closed loop abcda is non zero → →
(C) Line integral of magnetic field and surface E = E0 î , B = B 0 k̂
integral of magnetic field over the closed loop E0 and B0 are positive constants
abcda both are non zero
(D) Surface integral of magnetic field over the E 0 : B0 = 19.6 : 1
closed loop is zero but the line integral of
A charged particle is projected from the point
1
magnetic field over the closed loop is 2 →
C .ε 0 (30 cm, 0, 0) with the velocity of v = v 0 ˆj , v0 is a
Here C - speed of light in air / free space / vacuum positive constant. If the particle moves undeviated
ε0 - Absolute permittivity of air / free space / vacuum then the particle is -
Q.2 A charged particle is entering through the tiny hole, Y-axis
in the given magnetic field between the plates
→
P2 P P1 B
Plate-2
× × × × × ×
d × × × × × × F C
10cm 20cm
× × × × × × 30cm 40cm
X-axis
Plate-1
Z-axis F = Focus
Plane Mirror Concave C= centre of curvature
Charged
mirror
particle
(A) Positively charged
(A) If the particle is positively charged it's motion (B) Negatively charged
as seen in plane mirror is anticlockwise and on (C) May be positive of negative
circular path (D) Particle can not pass undeviated through the
mv pair of transverse magnetic field and electric
(B) If d ≤ then the particle will hit the upper
qB field
plate at P 2 if it is negatively charged

Q.4 In previous ques.(Q.3) if charged particle is Particle-A Particle-B
projected from point (30cm, 0, 0) with the velocity
→ (A) Proton Electron
of v = v 0 ˆj and it goes un deviated then (here v0 is
positive constant) (B) Deutron Electron
(A) Particle should be negatively charged and (C) Monoionized Electron

v0 = 19.6 m/s helium atom
(B) Particle should be positively charged and (D) Doubly ionized Electron
v0 = 19.6 m/s helium atom
(C) Particle is negatively charged and it will reach
up to the maximum height of 10m parallel to
Q.7 A circular current carrying coil is placed in uniform
Y-axis if gravity is taken into account
magnetic field as shown in left column
(D) Particle is negatively charged and when viewed
through the concave mirror it is going parallel Column-I Column-II
to negative Y-axis maximum 20m below
→
i r B
(A) o (P) Magnetic force τm = 0
Q.5 An R-L series circuit is shown in figure
The R-L circuit is in discharging mode and current
→
i = 18 amp. then (B) o i B (Q) Magnetic torque τm = 0
r
B
R1
A × × × × B→
3R (C) i (R) Expansion of coil
6R
L↑i × ×o r × ×
R2
L × × × ×
R1 = R2 = R = 1Ω L = 1/3 Henry i
A, B = Terminals of resistance R 1 (D) r o (S) Compression of coil

G = Ground terminal
In column II, quantities are in SI units
Column-I Column-II Q.8 Match the followings
(A) Total energy dissipated (P) 0.25 Column-I Column-II
in resistances → →
(B) Time constant for (Q) 12 (A) ∫ E. d s (P) C2µ0 q net Gauss law
discharging mode
(C = speed of light in
(C) Potential drop across R1 (R) 108
Air/Free space/Vacuum)
initially
(D) Potential drop across R2 (S) 18 → →
initially
(B)
∫ B. d s (Q) Zero
→ →
Q.6 Two charged particles having same de-Broglie
wavelengths enters in given transverse magnetic
(C)
∫ B. d e (R) Magnetic monopole is
field as shown below impossible

→ →
y-axis →
B
(D)
∫ E. d e (S) Induced emf Faraday's law of
× × × × × × ×
× × × × × × × electromagnetic induction
× × × × × × ×
× × × × × × × 1
× × × × × × × (T) .i net Ampere's circuital law
× × × × × × × C 2 .ε 0
O (x, 0, 0) x-axis
z-axis

8 Solution
Set # 8
Physics Challenging Problems

Q u es tio n s wer e Pu b lish ed in D ecem b er I ss u e
1. As information given in: 5R 2

If R eq = 1 = So R = Ω
1st Bright Fringe occurs in front of a slit so, (a , b ) 2 5
x
As 2d. n = nλ for nth Bright Fringe Option (A) is correct
D
2
x d d2 5. As, R= Ω, R eq = 1Ω
So, 2d. 1 = 1λb ⇒ 2d = λb ⇒ λb = 2. 5 (a , b )
D D D
For the missing wavelength, destructive interference So, vab = i. R eq = 1 (1) = 1 volt
should occur in front of slit (a , b )
d λ missing Option (B) is correct

So, 2d. = (2n – 1).
D 2 6. If vab= 0, then irrespective to the value of capacitance
2d 2 1 C energy stored will be zero.
⇒ λmissing = 2. . ε / R + (− ε 2 / R 2 )
D ( 2n − 1) vab = 1 1 =0
1 / R1 + 1 / R 2
2 2d 2 2
= . = . λb ε1 ε1 ε ε R ε
2n − 1 D 2n − 1 So, – =0 ⇒ 1 = 2 ⇒ 1 = 1
Screen R1 R1 R1 R 2 R 2 ε2
ε1
R1
Slit s1 1st B/F
=
d x1 R
O
Slit =s C
2
ε 2 R2
Option (A) is correct
D
For n = 1 λmissing = 2λb ≡ = more than λb 7. To calculate time constant
Replace voltage source by short circuit mean by zero
2
n = 2 λmissing = . λb ≡ less than λb resistance and then find Req with C and time
3
constant τ = Req.C
(λmissing) max. = 2λb , Option (C) is correct
 R R 
2. As(lmissing) max. = 2λb τ =  1 2 + R  C
Option (A) is correct  R1 + R 2 
R1
3. If Slit width are not equal then I1 ≠ I2 and
R1R2/R1+R2
a1 ≠ a2
R
So Imin. = Intensity of Dark fringe ⇒
= (a1 ~ a2)2 C R2 C
≠ 0 So, dark fringe will be of blue colour
Option (B) is correct R2
Option (D) is correct
4. The equivalent circuit is
R 8. Maximum current through the resistance
a b Imax
R R v (ε / R ) + ( −ε 2 / R 2 ) / 1 / R 1 + 1 / R 2 ε eq
R = ab = 1 1 =
R 5R R R R
R eq = 2R + = Option (C) is correct.
(a , b ) 2 2

Students' Forum
Expert’s Solution for Question asked by IIT-JEE Aspirants
PHYSICS
1. A sphere of mass 50 g is attached to one end of a mv 2

steel wire, 0.315 mm diameter and one metre long. In Now, T sin θ =
r
order to form a conical pendulum, the other end is
50 × v 2
attached to a vertical shaft which is set rotating about or, 1.559 × 106 × 1 =
100.1
its axis. Calculate the number of revolutions
necessary to extend the wire by 1 mm. Young's 1.559 ×10 6 × 100.1
∴ v2 =
modulus of elasticity of steel = 2 × 1012 dynes/cm 2 50
and g = 980 cm/sec2. or v = 1766 cm/sec
Sol. Let T be the tension in the wire, when the extension 2πr 2π × 100.1
∴ Period of revolution = =
is 1 mm. According to definition, v 1766
= 0.3561 s
1 1
So, Frequency of revolution = =
period 0.3561
θ θ
= 2.808/sec
T L = 1m
T cos θ
θ 2. A wave travels out in all directions from a point
source. Justify the expression y = (a0/r) sin K(r – vt),
T sin θ at a distance r from the source. Find the speed,
mg periodicity and intensity of the wave.
Sol. If P be the power of the source then intensity
Tensile stress T/A T L
Y= = = ×
Tensile strain l/L A l P
I=
4πr 2
T L
= 2
× 1
πr l or, I∝
r2
Yπr 2 l 2 × 1012 × π × (0.01575) 2 × 0.1
∴ T= = 1 a
L 100 But I ∝ a2, so a∝ or a = 0
r r
= 1.559 × 10 6 dynes Where a0 is constant.
When the sphere is revolving, it is acted upon by two The equation in standard form is, y = a sin K (r – vt)
forces namely the tension T along the wire and its Therefore, above equation is written as :
weight mg acting vertically downwards. Resolving T
a0
into vertical and horizontal components, we get y= sin K(r – vt)
r
mg 50 × 980 Now, comparing this equation with
T cos θ = mg or cos θ = =
T 1.559 ×10 6 y = a sin (Kr – ωt)
∴ sin θ = (1 − cos 2 θ) = 0.9998 = 1.00 (nearly) Kv

We have, ω = Kv or n= and
2π
∴ Radius of the circle described = r = (L + l) sin θ 2π 2π
K= or λ=
= 100.1 cm λ K

 Kv   2π  4. Two coherent light sources emit light of wavelength
Speed c = nλ =   ×  = v 550 nm which produce an interference pattern on a
 2π   K 
screen. The sources are 2.2 mm apart and 2.2 m from
1 2π
Also, T= = the screen. Determine whether the interference at the
n Kv
point O is constructive or destructive. Calculate the
Thus, intensity is given by fringe width.
1 2 2 1 a2 S1 2d S2
I= ρa ω c = ρ 20 . K2v2 . v
2 2 r
1 ρ a 20 K 2 v 3
or I=
2 r2 D
l
3. A conducting bar of mass m, length l is pushed with a
speed v0 on a smooth horizontal conducting rail
containing an inductance L. If the applied magnetic O
field has inward field of induction B, find the
Sol. The path difference at O is given by
maximum distance covered by the bar before it stops.
∆ = S2O – S1O
m From figure, S2O = [l 2 + (2d)2]1/2
B 1/ 2
L ⊗ l v0   2d  2   1  2d  2 
∴ S2O = l 1 +    = l 1 +   
  l    2  l  
 1  2 d  2  (2 d ) 2
Sol. If the bar slides a distance dx, the flux linkage Now, ∆ = l 1 +   − 1 =
 2  l   2l
– dφ = Bldx
dφ dx (2.2 ×10 −3 ) 2
The induced e.m.f. = = – Bl = = 1.1 × 10–6 m
dt dt 2 × 2.2
dI The difference will be constructive if path
Since the induced e.m.f. across the inductor = – L
dt difference is an integral multiple of wavelength i.e.,
dx dI n = 1, 2, 3, …….
∴ – Bl =–L
dt dt
∆ 1.1× 10 −6
or, LdI = Bl dx ∴ n= = =2
λ 5.5 × 10 −7
or, LI = Bl x
Fringe width,
Bl
or, I= x λD 5.5 ×10 −7 × 2.2
L β= =
2d 2.2 × 10 −3
This induced current interacts with the applied
magnetic field of induction and imparts a restoring = 5.5 × 10–4 m = 0.55 mm
(magnetic) force
5. Light from a discharge tube containing hydrogen
 Bl  atoms falls on the surface of a piece of sodium. The
F = IlB = –  x  l B
 L  kinetic energy of the fastest photoelectrons emitted
from sodium is 0.73 eV. The work function for
dv B2 l 2
or, mv =– x sodium is 1.82 eV. Find
dx L
(a) the energy of the photons causing photoelectric
0 B2 l 2 s B2 l 2 s 2
or, ∫ v0
v dv = –
ML ∫ 0
x dx = –
2mL
emission
(b) the quantum numbers of the two levels involved in
v the emission of these photons
∴ s = ( mL ) 0
Bl

(c) the change in the angular momentum of the hydrogen hν 2.55 × 1.6 × 10 −19 J
atom in the above transition, and p Ph = = = 1.36 × 10–27 Kg.m/s
c 3 ×10 8 m / s
(d) the recoil speed of the emitting atoms assuming it to According to the law of conservation of momentum,
be at rest before the transition. the recoil momentum of a hydrogen atom will be
(Ionization potential of hydrogen is 13.6 volt and the equal and opposite to the momentum of the emitted
mass of the hydrogen atom is 1.67 × 10 –27 Kg, 1 eV = photon.
1.6 × 10 –19 J)
→ → → →
Sol. (a) According to Einstein’s photo-electric equation, ( p Ph + p A = 0 or p A = – p Ph )
the maximum kinetic energy Ek of the emitted Hence, the recoil speed of the atoms is :
electrons is given by
→ →
EKmax = hν – W, | Momentum | | p A | | p Ph |
V= = =
mass mA mA
Where hν is the energy of photons causing the photo-
electric emission and W is the work-function of the 1.36 × 10 −27 kg − m / s
= = 0.814 m/s
emitting surface. 1.67 × 10 − 27 kg
Given that, EKmax = 0.73 eV and W = 1.82 eV
∴ hν = E Kmax + W = 0.73 eV + 1.82 eV = 2.55 eV
(b) These photons (where energy is 2.55 eV) are emitted SCIENCE TIPS
by hydrogen atoms.
As (I.E.)H = 13.6 eV, hence • A porcelain funnel used for filtration by suction is
E1H = – (I.E.)H = – 13.6 eV known as ® Bucher Funnel
• What is diazomethane ?
The energy of higher levels is given by
+ –
® [CH 2 = N = N or CH 2 N 2 ]
E1H
E aH = • A drying chamber, containing chemicals such as
n2
concentrated sulphuric acid or silica gel is known as
13.6 ® Desiccator
Hence, E H
2 =– = – 3.4 eV
4
• Reforming of a gasoline fraction to increase
13.6 branching in presence of AlCl3 is known as
E 3H = – = – 1.5 eV
9 ® Isomerization
13.6 • A condenser consisting of glass tube surrounded by
and EH
4 =– = – 0.85 eV another glass tube through which cooling water
16
flows is known as ® Liebig condenser
The energy of the emitted photon is 2.55 eV
• For wattles current what should be the value of the
Now EH H
4 – E 2 = – 0.85 – (– 3.4) = 2.55 eV power factor of the circuit ? ® Zero
Thus, the quantum numbers of two levels involved in • For which colour is the critical angle of light, pasing
the emission of photon of energy 2.55 eV are 4 and 2. from glass to air, minimum ? ® Violet
(c) The electron transition causing the emission of • Give an example of application of mutual induction
photon of energy 2.55 eV is from n = 4 level to n = 2 in any device. ® Transformer
level. Now, according to Bohr’s 2 nd postulate, the • What is the correct sequence of the semiconductors
angular momentum of electron in the hydrogen atom silicon, tellunium and germanium in the increasing
is (n h/2π). Thus, the change in angular momentum in order of their energy gap ?
above transition is ® Tellurium, germanium, silicon
• Which ammeter is used to measure alternating
4h 2h h
∆L = – = current ? ® Hot wire ammeter
2π 2π π
• What quantity has the ampere-second as its unit ?
(d) The momentum of the photon emitted from the
hydrogen atom ® Quantity of electricity

P HYSICS F UNDAMENTAL F OR IIT-J EE
Refraction at plane & curved surface

KEY CONCEPTS & PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY
Laws of Refraction :
(e) For a given time, optical path remains constant.
The incident ray, the refracted ray and normal on
incidence point are coplanar. i.e., µ1x1 = µ2x2 = ... constant
dx1 dx
µ 1 sin θ1 = µ 2 sin θ2 = ... = constant. ∴ µ1 = µ2 2
dt dt
∴ µ1c1 = µ2c2 (where c1 and c2 are speed
θ1
µ1 of light in respective mediums)
µ2 c
µ2 ∴ = 1
µ1 c2
θ2 1
i.e., µ∝
c
Snell's law in vector form : (f) The frequency of light does not depend upon
n̂ medium.
∴ c1 = fλ 1, c2 = fλ 2
ê1 µ1 c λ
µ1 ∴ = 2 = 2
µ2 c1 λ1
µ2
ê 2 1
∴ µ∝
λ
Let, ê1 = unit vector along incident ray When observer is rarer medium and object is in
denser medium :
ê 2 = unit vector along refracted.
real depth
n̂ = unit vector along normal on incidence point. Then µ=
apparent depth
Then µ1( ê1 × n̂ ) = µ 2( ê 2 × n̂ )
Air
Some important points : Observer
(a) The value of absolute refractive index µ is always
greater or equal to one.
(b) The value of refractive index depends upon Apparent
Real
depth P Denser medium
material of medium, colour of light and depth
(µ)
temperature of medium.
P
(c) When temperature increases, refractive index Object
decreases. When object is in rarer and observer is in denser
(d) Optical path is defined as product of geometrical medium :
path and refractive index.
apparent position
µ=
i.e., optical path = µx real position

 1 Rarer
The shift of object due to slab is x = t 1 –  90º µ1
 µ
t Denser
µ c µ2
P P´ Q µ1
Mathematically, sin c =
µ2
Object
shiftness Rarer medium
(µ1)
(a) This formula is only applicable when observer is
in rarer medium. r
(b) The object shiftiness does not depend upon the

i c i i
position of object.
(c) Object shiftiness takes place in the direction of i<c i=c Denser medium
(µ2)
incidence ray.
(i) When angle of incidence is lesser than critical
The equivalent refractive index of a combination of a
angle, refraction takes place. The corresponding
Σt i
number of slabs for normal incidence is µ = deviation is
t
Σ i
µi µ 
δ = sin–1  2 sin i  – i for i < c
µ
 1 
µ1 t1 (ii) When angle of incidence is greater than critical
angle, total internal reflection takes place. The
µ2 t2
corresponding deviation is
δ = π – 2i when i < c
Here, Σti = t1 + t2 + ...
The δ – i graph is :
t t t
Σ i = 1 + 2 + ... (i) Critical angle depends upon colour of light,
µi µ1 µ2
material of medium, and temperature of medium.
ti
The apparent depth due to a number of media is Σ (ii) Critical angle does not depend upon angle of
µi
incidence
The lateral shifting due to a slab is d = t sec r sin(i – r).
i
µ
r t δ
c
i π/2
d
Refractive surface formula,
Critical angle : When a ray passes from denser µ2 µ µ − µ1

– 1 = 2
v u r
medium (µ2) to rarer medium (µ 1), then for 90º angle
of refraction, the corresponding angle of incidence is Here, v = image distance,
critical angle. u = object distance,
r = radius of curvature of spherical surface.

(a) For plane surface , r = ∞ (a) Thin lens formula is only applicable for paraxial
(b) Transverse magnification, ray.
Im age size µv (b) This formula is only applicable when medium on

m= = 1
object size µ2u both sides of lens are same.
(c) Refractive surface formula is only applicable for (c) Intensity is proportional to square of
paraxial ray. aperture.
Lens : (d) When lens is placed in a medium whose refractive
Lens formula : index is greater than that of lens. i.e., µ 1 > µ2.
1 1 1 Then converging lens behaves as diverging lens
– = and vice versa.
v u f
(a) Lens formula is only applicable for thin lens. (e) When medium on both sides of lens are not same.
(b) r = 2f formula is not applicable for lens. Then both focal lengths are not same to each
other.
image size v
(c) m = = (f) If a lens is cut along the diameter, focal length
object size u
does not change.
(d) Magnification formula is only applicable when
object is perpendicular to optical axis. (g) If lens is cut by a vertical, it converts into two
lenses of different focal lengths.
(e) lens formula and the magnification formula is
only applicable when medium on both sides of 1 1 1
i.e., = +
lenses are same. f f1 f2
(f)
+
f(+ve) f(–ve)
(i) (ii) f1 f1
f
(h) If a lens is made of a number of layers of different
refractive index (shown in figure)
f(–ve) f(+ve)
µ1
µ2
(iii) (iv) µ3
+++
+++ µ4
µ5
f(–ve) f(+ve) µ6
(v) (vi) Then number of images of an object by the lens is
(g) Thin lens formula is applicable for converging as equal to number of different media.
well diverging lens. Thin lens maker's formula : (i) The minimum distance between real object and
 µ − µ1  1 1 real image in is 4f.
1
=  2   − 
f  µ1   r1 r2  (j) The equivalent focal length of co-axial
combination of two lenses is given by
µ1 µ1
1 1 1 d
µ2 = + –
F f1 f 2 f1f 2

f1 f2 u p +1
d<f1 In 1 st case, = (Q m = p)
d<f2 f p
o1 o2 u − a q +1 u a q +1
In 2 nd case, = or, – =
f q f f q
d
p +1 a q +1 a p +1 q +1
or, – = or, = – –
(k) If a number of lenses are in contact, then p f q f p q
1 1 1 a pq + q − pq − p q − p
= + + ...... or, = =
F f1 f 2 f pq pq
1 apq
(l) (i) Power of thin lens, P = ∴ f=
F q−p
1
(ii) Power of mirror is P = –
F 2. A convex refracting surface of radius of curvature
(m) If a lens silvered at one surface, then the system 30 cm separates two media of refractive indices
behaves as an equivalent mirror, whose power n1 = 4/3 and n2 = 3/2 respectively. Find the position
of image formed by refraction of an object placed at a
P = 2P L + Pm
distance of (i) 280 cm and (ii) 80 cm, from the
Here, PL = Power of lens surface.
 µ − µ1  1 1 Sol. (i) Given that n1 = 4/3,
=  2   − 
 µ1   r1 r2  n2 = 3/2, |u| = 280 cm, |R| = 30cm
1 For refraction through a spherical surface :
Pm = Power of silvered surface = –
Fm
n 2 n 1 (n 2 − n 1 )
– =
Here, Fm = r2/2, where r2 = radius of silvered surface. v u R
Here, u = – 280 cm, R = + 30 cm. Hence
3 4 [(4 / 3) − (3 / 2)]
– =
2 v − 3 × 280 +3
3 1 1
or + =
P = – 1/F 2 v 210 180
Here, F = focal length of equivalent mirror. 3 1 1 1
∴ = – =
2 v 180 210 1260
or, v = (3/2) × 1260 = 1890 cm = 18.9 m
Solved Examples
As v is positive, hence the image is real and is
1. A thin converging lens forms the image of a certain formed in second medium at a distance of 18.9 m
from the refracting surface.
object magnified p times. The magnification becomes
q when the lens is moved nearer to the object by a (ii) In this case, u = – 80 cm, R = + 30 cm
distance a. Calculate the focal length of the lens. Again from the formula for refraction through a
surface,
Sol. The magnification (m) produced by a lens in terms of
(3/2v) – [4/–3 × 80)] = [{(4/3) – (3/2)} / + 30]
u and f i : given by or (3/2v) + (1/60) = (1/180)
f u m +1 or 3/2v = [(1/180) – (1/60)]
m= or =
u−f f m or v = (3/2) × (– 90) = – 135 cm

As v is negative, hence the image is virtual and is
Screen
formed in the first medium of refractive index 4/3 at
a distance of 135 cm from the pole.
O I1 I
3. There is a small air bubble in side a glass sphere (n =

10 cm
1.5) of radius 10 cm. The bubble is 4 cm below the
surface and is viewed normally from the outside  1  1 
I1I = t 1 −  = (1.5 cm) 1 −  = 0.5 cm.
(Fig.). Find the apparent depth of the air bubble.  n  1.5 
P n2 = 1 Thus, the lens forms the image at a distance of 9.5 cm

A
I from itself. Using
O
C 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
– = , we get = – = –
n1 = 1.5 v u f u v f 9.5 10
or u = – 190 cm.
i.e. the object should be placed at a distance of

Sol. The observer sees the image formed due to refraction
190 cm. from the lens.
at the spherical surface when the light from the
bubble goes from the glass to air.
5. A candle is placed at a distance of 3 ft from the wall.
Here u = – 4.0 m, R = – 10 cm, n1 = 1.5 and n2 = 1
Where must a convex lens of focal length 8 inches be
We have [(n2/v) – (n1/u) = (n2 – n1)/R placed so that a real image is formed on the wall ?
or (1/v) – (1.5/ –4.0 cm) = (1 – 1.5)/ (– 10 cm) Sol. According to formula for refraction though a lens
36 – v v
or (1/v) = (0.5/10 cm) – (1.5/4.0 cm)
or v = – 3.0 cm
Thus, the bubble will appear 3.0 cm below the

surface. f = 8"
d = 3 ft = 36"
4. A convex lens focuses a distance object on a screen
placed 10 cm away from it. A glass plate (n = 1.5) of 1 1 1 1 1 1
– = or – =
v u f v − (36 − v) 8
thickness 1.5 is inserted between the lens and the
screen. Where should the object be placed so that its 1 1 1 36 − v + v 1
or + = or =
image is again focused on the screen ? v 36 − v 8 v(36 − v) 8
Sol. The situation when the glass plate is inserted between or, v2 – 36 v + 8 × 36 = 0
the lens and the screen, is shown in fig. The lens or v = 12" or 24" = 1 ft or 2 ft.
forms the image of object O at point I1 but the glass
∴ u = 24" or 12" = 2 ft or 1 ft
plate intercepts the rays and forms the final image at I
Hence, lens should be placed at either 1 ft or 2 ft
on the screen. The shift in the position of image after
away from the wall.
insertion of glass plate

P HYSICS F UNDAMENTAL F OR IIT-J EE
Properties of Matter
KEY CONCEPTS & PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY
Key Concepts :
Stress :
The restoring force setup inside the body per unit φ
area is known as stress.
Restoring forces : If the magnitude of applied Shear strain
deforming force at equilibrium = F
Stress-strain graph :
F
Then, Stress = From graph, it is obvious that in elastic limit, stress is
A proportional to strain. This is known as Hooke's law.
In SI system, unit of stress is N/m2.
∴ Stress ∝ Strain
Difference between pressure and stress :
∴ Stress = E .strain
(a) Pressure is scalar but stress is tensor quantity.
stress
(b) Pressure always acts normal to the surface, but ∴ E=
stress may be normal or tangential. strain
(c) Pressure is compressive in nature but stress may where E is proportionality dimensional constant
be compressive or tensile. known as coefficient of elasticity.
Strain : Plastic
region
change in dimension Breaking
Strain = strength B C
original dimension
Elastic A
∆L
Stress
(a) Longitudinal strain = limit

L
L
F F
O Strain
Longitudinal strain is in the direction of
deforming force but lateral strain is in Types of coefficient of elasticity :
perpendicular direction of deforming force. logitudinal stress
(a) Young's modulus = Y =
Poisson ratio : longitudinal strain
lateral strain ∆d/D F FL
σ= = ∴ Y= =
longitudinal strain ∆L/L ∆L A∆L
A
Here ∆d = change in diameter. L
∆V
(b) Volumetric strain =
V
L
F
∆L
F F
F
volumetric stress
(b) Bulk modulus = B =
V volumetric strain
F
(c) Shear strain = φ Compressibility = 1/B

F shear stress Surface tension :
(c) Modulus of rigidity = η = =
Aφ shear strain F
T=
(d) For isothermal process, B = P. L
F Here L = length of imaginary line drawn at the
surface of liquid. and F = force acting on one side of
φ line (shown in figure)
φ
(a) Surface tension does not depend upon surface
F area.
(e) For adiabatic process, B = γP (b) When temperature increases, surface tension
decreases.
Adiabatic bulk modulus
(f) =γ (c) At critical temperature surface tension is zero.
Isothermal bulk modulus
(g) Esolid > E liquid > E gas
F
(h) Young's modulus Y and modulus of rigidity η
exist only for solids.
(i) Bulk modulus B exist for solid, liquid and gas. L
(j) When temperature increases, coefficient of F
elasticity (Y, B, η) decreases.
1 3 9 Rise or fall of a liquid in a capillary tube :
(k) + =
B η Y
2T cos θ
(l) Y = 2(1 + σ)η h=
rρg
(m) Poisson's ratio σ is unitless and dimensionless.
Here θ = angle of contact.
1 r = radius of capillary tube
Theoretically, –1 < σ <
2 ρ = density of liquid
1 For a given liquid and solid at a given place,
Practically, 0<σ<
2 hr = constant
(n) Thermal stress = Yα∆θ Surface energy :
(o) Elastic energy stored, Surface energy density is defined as work done
1 1 1 against surface tension per unit area. It is numerically
U= × load × extension = Fx = kx2 equal to surface tension.
2 2 2
= stress × strain × volume W = work = surface tension × area
For twisting motion, (a) For a drop of radius R, W = 4πR2T
1 (b) For a soap bubble, W = 8πR2T
U= × torque × angular twist Excess pressure :
2
1 1 2T
= τ × θ = cθ2 (a) For drop, P =
2 2 R
Elastic energy density, 4T
(b) For soap bubble, P =
1 1 R
u= × stress × strain J/m3 = Y × strain2J/m3 Viscosity :
2 2
Thermal stress = Yα∆θ and Thermal strain = α∆θ (a) Newton's law of viscous force :
Work done in stretching a wire : dv
F = – ηA
1 dy
(a) W = F∆L
2 dv
where = velocity gradient
1 dy
(b) Work done per unit volume = × stress × strain
2 A = area of liquid layer
(c) Breaking weight = breaking stress × area η = coefficient of viscosity
The unit of coefficient of viscosity in CGS is poise.

(b) SI unit of coefficient of viscosity or r = d/2 = 0.25 cm, F = 5.0 × 1000 × 980 dynes.
= poiseuille = 10 poise. FL
(c) In the case of liquid, viscosity increases with Y=
πr 2 l
density.
FL 5.0 ×1000 × 980 × 200
(d) In the case of gas, viscosity decreases with or l = =
density. πr 2 Y 3.142 × (0.25) 2 × 1.1× 10 2
(e) In the case of liquid, when temperature increases, = 4.99 × 10–3 cm
viscosity decreases. Also, elastic limit for copper = 1.5 × 10 9 dynes/cm2
(f) In the case of gas, when temperature increases, If d' is the minimum diameter, then maximum stress
viscosity increases.
F 4F
Poiseuille's equation : on the wire = =
πd '2 / 4 πd' 2
Pπr 4 4F
V= Hence, = 1.5 × 10 9
8ηL πd ' 2
where V = the volume of liquid flowing per second 4F 4 × 5.0 × 1000 × 980
through a capillary tube of length L and radius r or d'2 = 9
=
π × 1.5 × 10 3.142 × 1.5 × 10 9
η = coefficient of viscosity –4
= 41.58 × 10
and P = pressure difference between ends of the tube
d' = 0.0645 cm.
Stoke's law :
The viscous force acting on a spherical body moving 2. A uniform horizontal rigid bar of 100 kg in supported
with constant velocity v in a viscous liquid is
horizontally by three equal vertical wires A, B and C
F = 6πηrv
each of initial length one meter and cross-section I
where r = radius of spherical body mm2. B is a copper wire passing through the centre of
Determination of η : the bar; A and C are steel wires and are arranged
2r 2 (ρ − σ)g symmetrically one on each side of B YCu = 1.5 × 1012
η=
9v dynes / cm2, Y s = 2 × 10 12 dynes/cm2. Calculate the
where r = radius of spherical body moving with tension in each wire and extension.
constant velocity v in a viscous liquid of coefficient Sol. The situation is shown in figure. Because the rod is
of viscosity η and density ρ horizontally supported, hence extensions in all the
and σ = density of spherical body wires must be equal i.e., strains in all the wires are
Critical velocity (v 0) : equal as initial lengths are also equal.
kη Stress
v0 = As Y =
ρr Strain
where k = Reynold's number for narrow tube, k ≈ 1000.
(a) For stream line motion, flow velocity v < v0.
A B C
(b) For turbulant motion, flow velocity v > v0. S Cu S
Solved Examples 100 Kg

FCu / A
Hence, YCu = … (1)
1. A mass of 5 kg is suspended from a copper wire of 5 Strain
mm diameter and 2 m in length. What is the Fs / A
and Ys = … (2)
extension produced in the wire ? What should be the Strain
minimum diameter of the wire so that its elastic limit YCu FCu 1.5 3
is not exceed ? Elastic limit for copper = 1.5 × 10 9 ∴ = = = or 4FCu = 3FS ...(3)
YS FS 2 4
dynes/cm2. Y for copper = 1.1 × 1012 dynes/cm2.
According to figure, we can write
Sol. Given that Y = 1.1 × 10 12 dynes/cm2,
2FS + FCu = 100 g or 2 × (4/3) FCu + FCu = 100 g
L = 2m = 200 cm, d = 5 mm = 0.5 cm
or [(8/3) + 1] FCu = 100 g

∴ FCu = (3/11) × 100g 4. A ring is cut from a platinum tube 8.5 cm internal
= (3/11) × 100 Kgwt = 27.28 Kgwt and 8.7 cm external diameter. It is supported
horizontally from a pan of a balance so that it comes
and FS = (4/3) FCu = (4/3) × (3/11) × 100g
in contact with the water in a glass vessel. What is
= (400/11)g = 36.36 Kgwt the surface tension of water if an extra 3.97 gm
Extension in each wire, weight is required to pull it away from water (g = 980
cm/sec2).
FCu L 27280 × 980 × 100
l= = = 0.178 cm Sol. The ring is in contact with water along is inner and
AYCu 10 − 2 × 1.5 × 1012
outer circumference. So when pulled out the total
3. A copper rod of length L and radius r is suspended force on it due to surface tension will be
from the ceiling by one of its ends. Find: (a) the F F
elongation of the rod due to its own weight when ρ
and Y are density and Young's modulus of the copper
T T
respectively, (b) the elastic potential energy stored in
the rod due to its own weight.
Sol. (a) Consider any length x of the rod from the fixed
end. Weight of lower portion of rod will exert
stretching force on the upper portion.
F = T (2πr1 + 2πr2)
∴ Stress over the portion at a distance x from fixed
end = (L – x) mg/πr2 mg 3.97 × 980
∴ T= =
2π(r1 + r2 ) 2 × 3.14 × (8.5 + 8.7)
where m is the mass per unit length of the rod
(m = πr 2ρ) = 72.13 dyne/cm.
∴ Strain at x = (L – x)mg/πr2Y 5. Two long capillary tubes of diameter 5.0 mm and 4.0
mm are held vertically inside water one by one. How
[Q Strain = (Stress/Y)]
much high the water will rise in each tube ? (g = 10
Hence, increase in length in elementary length dx at m/s 2, surface tension of water = 7.0 × 10–2 N/m).
(L − x ) mg Sol. Height of water column in a capillary tube of radius r
x= dx
πr 2 Y is given by
L ( L − x )mg
∴ Total increase in length =
∫ 0 πr 2 Y h=
2T cos θ
rρg
… (1)
mg L2 πr 2ρgL2 ρgL2 where T is surface tension, ρ is density and θ is angle

dx = = =
πr 2 Y 2 2πr 2 Y 2Y of contact of water-glass which can be assumed zero.
1 For the first tube, r = 2.5 mm = 2.5 × 10 –3 m
(b) Energy density at x = × Strain × Stress
2 2 × (7.0 × 10 −2 N / m )
∴ h=
1 (L − x ) mg ( L − x )mg ( 2.5 ×10 − 3 ) × (1× 10 3 Kg / m 3 ) × (10 N / Kg )
= × ×
2 πr 2 πr 2 Y = 5.6 mm
1 (L − x ) 2 ρ 2 g 2 According to equation (1), for the same liquid, we
= .
2 Y have
∴ Energy stored in the volume of length element 2T cos θ
hr = = Constant
1 (L − x ) 2 ρ 2 g 2 ρg
dx = × πr2dx
2 Y If a liquid rises to a height h1 in a capillary tube of
∴Total potential energy stored in the rod of length L, radius r 1 and to a height of h2 in a capillary tube of
radius r 2, then
1 πr 2ρ 2 g 2 L 1 πr 2ρ 2 L3g 2
U=
2 Y ∫ 0
(L − x ) 2 dx =
6 Y h1r1 = h2r2 or h2 =
h1r1 5.6 × 2.5
= = 7.0 mm
r2 2.0

KEY CONCEPT
Organic
Chemistry CARBOHYDRATES
Fundamentals
Definition and Classification : By 1895 it had become clear that the picture of D-
Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes, (+)-glucose as a pentahydroxy aldehyde had to be
polyhydroxy ketones, or compounds that can be modified.
hydrolyzed to them. A carbohydrate that cannot be Among the facts that had still to be accounted for
hydrolyzed to simpler compounds is called a were the following:
monosaccharide. A carbohydrate that can be (a) D-(+)-Glucose fails to undergo certain
hydrolyzed to two monosaccharide molecules is reactions typical of aldehydes. Although it is
called a disaccharide. A carbohydrate that can be readily oxidized, it gives a negative Schiff test and
hydrolyzed to many monosaccharide molecules is does not form a bisulfite addition product.
called a polysaccharide. (b) D-(+)-Glucose exists in two isomeric forms
A monosaccharide may be further classified. If it which undergo mutarotation. When crystals of
contains an aldehyde group, it is known as an aldose; ordinary D-(+)-glucose of m.p. 146ºC are dissolved
if it contains a keto group, it is known as a ketose. in water, the specific rotation gradually drops from an
Depending upon the number of carbon atoms. It initial + 112º to + 52.7º. On the other hand, when
contains, a monosaccharide is known as a triose, crystals of D-(+)-glucose of m.p. 150ºC (obtained by
tetrose, pentose, hexose, and so on. An aldohexose, crystallization at temperatures above 98ºC) are
for example, is a six-carbon monosaccharide dissolved in water, the specific rotation gradually
containing an aldehyde group; a ketopentose is a rises from an initial + 19º to + 52.7º. The form with
five-carbon monosaccharide containing a keto group. the higher positive rotation is called α-D-(+)-glucose
Most naturally occurring monosaccharides are and that with lower rotation β-D-(+)-glucose. The
pentoses or hexoses. change in rotation of each of these to the equilibrium
Carbohydrates that reduce Fehling’s (or Benedict’s) value is called mutarotation.
or Tollens’ reagent are known as reducing sugars. (c) D-(+)-Glucose forms two isomeric methyl D-
All monosaccharides, whether aldose or ketose, are glucosides. Aldehydes react with alcohols in the
known as reducing sugars. Most disaccharides are presence of anhydrous HCl to form acetals. If the
reducing sugars; sucrose (common table sugar) is a alcohol is, say methanol, the acetal contains two
notable exception, for it is a non-reducing sugar. methyl groups :
(+)-Glucose : an aldohexose : H H H
CH3 OH,H+ CH3 OH,H+
Because it is the unit of which starch, cellulose, and –C=O –C–OCH3 –C–OCH3
glycogen are made up, and because of its special role
in biological processes, (+)-glucose is by far the most OH OCH3
abundant monosaccharide- there are probably more Aldehyde Hemiacetal Acetal
(+)-glucose units in nature than any other organic
group–and by far the most important When D-(+)-glucose is treated with methanol and
monosaccharide. HCl, the product, methyl D-glucoside, contains only
one –CH3 group; yet it has properties resembling
Cyclic structure of D-(+)-glucose. Formation of those of a full acetal. It does not spontaneously revert
glucosides : to aldehyde and alcohol on contact with water, but
D-(+)-glucose is a pentahydroxy aldehyde. D-(+)- requires hydrolysis by aqueous acids.
glucose had been definitely proved to have structure. Furthermore, not just one but two of these
CHO monomethyl derivatives of D-(+)-glucose are known,
H OH one with m.p. 165ºC and specific rotation + 158º, and
HO H the other with m.p. 107 ºC and specific rotation –33º.
H OH The isomer of higher positive rotation is called
H OH methyl α-D-glucoside, and the other is called methyl
β-D-glucoside. These glucosides do not undergo
CH2 OH mutarotation, and do not reduce Tollens’ or Fehling’s
D-(+)-Glucose reagent.

D-(+)-Glucose has the cyclic structure represented We shall study four disaccharides : (+)-maltose (malt
crudely by IIa and IIIa, more accurately by IIb and IIIb. sugar), (+)-cellobiose, (+)-lactose (milk sugar), and
6
CH2OH (+)-sucrose (cane or beet sugar).
1 H OH
2 H OH O H 5 O H (+)-Maltose :
3 HO H 4
H 1 (+)-Maltose can be obtained, among other products,
OH H
4 H OH HO 3 2 OH by partial hydrolysis of starch in aqueous acid. (+)-
5 H Maltose is also formed in one stage of the
H OH
fermentation of starch to ethyl alcohol; here
6 CH2OH
IIb hydrolysis is catalyzed by the enzyme diastase, which
IIa
is present in malt (sprouted barley).
α-D-(+)-Glucose (m.p. 146 ºC, [α] = +112º)
Let us look at some of the facts from which the
6
1 HO H CH2OH structure of (+)-maltose has been deduced.
2 H OH O H 5 O OH (+)-Maltose has the molecular formula C12H22O 11. It
3 HO H H
4
OH H
1 reduces Tollens’ and Fehling’s reagents and hence is
4 H OH HO 3 2 H a reducing sugar. It reacts with phenylhydrazine to
5 H yield an osazone, C12H20O9(=NNHC6H5)2. It is
H OH
6 CH2OH oxidized by bromide water to a monocarboxylic acid,
IIIb (C11H21O10)COOH, maltobionic acid. (+)-Maltose
IIIa
β-D-(+)-Glucose (m.p. 150 ºC, [α] = +19º) exists in alpha ([α] = + 168º) and beta ([α] = + 112º)
forms which undergo mutarotation in solution
D-(+)-Glucose is the hemiacetal corresponding to (equilibrium [α] = + 136º).
reaction between the aldehyde group and the C-5
(+)-Cellobiose :
hydroxyl group of the open-chain structure. It has a
cyclic structure simply because aldehyde and alcohol When cellulose (cotton fibers) is treated for several
are part of the same molecule. days with sulfuric acid and acetic anhydride, a
combination of acetylation and hydrolysis takes
There are two isomeric forms of D-(+)-glucose
place; there is obtained the octaacetate of (+)-
because this cyclic structure has one more chiral
cellobiose. Alkaline hydrolysis of the octaacetate
centre than Fisher’s original open-chain structure. α-
yields (+)-cellobiose itself.
D-(+)-Glucose and β-D-(+)-glucose are
diastereomers, differing in configuration about C-1. Like (+)-maltose, (+)-cellobiose has the molecular
Such a pair of distereomers are called anomers. formula C12H22O 11, is a reducing sugar, forms an
osazone, exists in alpha and beta forms that undergo
As hemiacetals, α-and β-D-(+)- glucose are readily mutarotation, and can be hydrolyzed to two
hydrolyzed by water. In aqueous solution either molecules of D-(+)-glucose. The sequence of
anomer is converted –via the open-chain form–into oxidation, methylation, and hydrolysis (as described
an equilibrium mixture containing both cyclic for (+)-maltose) shows that (+)-cellobiose contains
isomers. This mutarotation results from the ready two pyranose rings and glucoside linkage to an –OH
opening and closing of the hemiacetal ring. group on C–4.
The typical aldehyde reactions of D-(+)-glucose – (+)-Cellobiose differs from (+)-maltose in one
osazone formation, and perhaps reduction of Tollens’ respect : it is hydrolyzed by the enzyme emulsin
and Fehling’s reagents– are presumably due to a (from bitter almonds), not by maltase. Since emulsin
small amount of open-chain compound, which is is known to hydrolyze only β-glucoside linkages.
replenished as fast as it is consumed. The
concentration of this open-chain structure, however, (+)-Lactose :
is too low (less than 0.5%) for certain easily (+)-Lactose makes up about 5% of human milk and
reversible aldehyde reactions like bisulfite addition of cow’s milk. It is obtained commercially as a by-
and the Schiff test. product of cheese manufacture, being found in the
Disaccharides : whey, the aqueous solution that remains after the
milk proteins have been coagulated. Milk sours when
Disaccharides are carbohydrates that are made up of lactose is converted into lactic acid (sour, like all
two monosaccharide units. On hydrolysis a molecule
acids) by bacterial action (e.g., by Lactobacillus
of disaccharide yields two molecules of bulgaricus).
monosaccharide.

(+)-Lactose has the molecular formula C12H22O11, is a influence of enzymes, the components of starch are
reducing sugar, forms an osazone, and exists in alpha hydrolyzed progressively to dextrin (a mixture of
and beta forms which undergo mutarotation. Acidic low-molecular-weight polysaccharides), (+)-maltose,
hydrolysis or treatment with emulsin (which splits β and finally D-(+)-glucose. (A mixture of all these is
linkages only) converts (+)-lactose into equal found in corn sirup, for example.) Both amylose and
amounts of D-(+)-glucose and D-(+)-galactose. (+)- amylopectin are made up of D-(+)-glucose units, but
Lactose is evidently a β-glycoside formed by the differ in molecular size and shape.
union of a molecule of D-(+)glucose and a molecule Cellulose :
of D-(+)-galactose. Cellulose is the chief component of wood and plant
(+)-Sucrose : fibers; cotton, for instance, is nearly pure cellulose. It
(+)-Sucrose is our common table sugar, obtained is insoluble in water and tasteless; it is a non-
from sugar cane and sugar beets. Of organic reducing carbohydrate. These properties, in part at
chemicals, it is the one produced in the largest least, are due to its extremely high molecular weight.
amount in pure form. Cellulose has the formula (C6H10O5)n. Complete
(+)-Sucrose has the molecular formula C12H22O11. It hydrolysis by acid yields D-(+)-glucose as the only
does not reduce Tollen’s or Fehling’s reagent. It is a monosaccharide. Hydrolysis of completely
non-reducing sugar, and in this respect it differs from methylated cellulose gives a high yield of 2, 3, 6-tri-
the other disaccharides we have studied. Moreover, O-methyl-D-glucose. Like starch, therefore, cellulose
(+)-sucrose does not form an osazone, does not exist is made up of chains of D-glucose units, each unit
in anomeric forms, and does not show mutarotation joined by a glycoside linkage to C–4 of the next.
in solution. All these facts indicate that (+)-sucrose Cellulose differs from starch, however, in the
does not contain a “free”aldehyde or ketone group. configuration of the glycoside linkage. Upon
(+)-Sucrose is made up of a D-glucose unit and a D- treatment with acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid,
fructose unit; since there is no “free” carbonyl group, cellulose yields octa-O-acetylcellobiose.
if must be both a D-glucoside and a D-fructoside. Reactions of cellulose :
Polysaccharides : Like any alcohol, cellulose form esters. Treatment
Polysaccharides are compounds made up of many- with a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acid converts
hundreds or even thousands-monosaccharide units cellulose into cellulose nitrate. The properties and
per molecule. uses of the product depend upon the extent of
Polysaccharides are naturally occurring polymers, nitration.
which can be considered as derived from aldoses or In the presence of acetic anhydride, acetic acid, and a
ketoses by polymerization with loss of water. A little sulfuric acid, cellulose is converted into the
polysaccharide derived from hexoses, for example, triacetate. Partial hydrolysis removes some of the
has the general formula (C6H10O5)n. acetate groups, degrades the chains to smaller
The most important polysaccharides are cellulose and fragments (of 200–300 units each), and yields the
starch. Both are produced in plants from carbon vastly important commercial cellulose acetate
dioxide and water by the process of photosynthesis. (roughly a diacetate). Cellulose acetate is less
flammable than cellulose nitrate and has replaced the
Starch : nitrate in many of its applications, in safety-type
Starch occurs as granules whose size and shape are photographic film, for example. When a solution of
characteristic of the plant from which the starch is cellulose acetate in acetone is forced through the fine
obtained. When intact, starch granules are insoluble holes of a spinnerette, the solvent evaporates and
in cold water; if the outer membrane has been broken leaves solid filaments. Threads from these filaments
by grinding, the granules swell in cold water and make up the material known as acetate rayon.
form a gel. Industrially, cellulose is alkylated to ethers by action
In general, starch contains about 20% of a water- of alkyl chlorides (cheaper than sulfates) in the
soluble fraction called amylose, and 80% of a water- presence of alkali. Considerable degradation of the
insoluble fraction called amylopectin. These two long chains is unavoidable in these reactions. Methyl,
fractions appear to correspond to different ethyl, and benzyl ethers of cellulose are important in
carbohydrates of high molecular weight and formula the production of textiles, films, and various plastic
(C6H10O5)n. Upon treatment with acid or under the objects.

KEY CONCEPT
Inorganic
Chemistry SALT ANALYSIS
Fundamentals
Identification of acidic radicals 2. Sulphite :

For the identification of the acidic radicals, the The sulphites give out sulphur dioxide gas having
following scheme is followed. suffocating smell of burning sulphur.
Group I : The radicals which are analysed by dilute CaSO3 + H2SO4 → CaSO4 + H2O + SO2 ↑
H2SO 4 or dilute HCl. These are (i) carbonate (ii)
When acidified potassium dichromate paper is
sulphite, (iii) sulphide, (iv) nitrite, and (v) acetate
exposed to the gas, it attains green colour due to
Group II : The radicals which are analysed by the formation of chromic sulphate.
concentrated H2SO4 . These are (i) chloride, (ii)
bromide, (iii) iodide (iv) nitrate, and (v) oxalate K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 + 3SO2 →
Group III : The radicals which are not analysed by K2SO4 + Cr2 (SO4)3 + H2O
dilute and concentrated H2SO4. These are (i) The sulphite also gives white precipitate with
sulphate, (ii) Phosphate, (iii) borate, and (iv) fluoride. BaCl2, Soluble in dil. HCl
Group I : Na2SO3 + BaCl2 → 2 NaCl + BaSO 3 ↓
Add dilute HCl or H2SO4 to a small amount of 3. Sulphide, S–2:
substance and warm gently, observe.
The sulphide salts form H2S which smells like
1. Carbonate or CO32– : rotten eggs.
The carbonates are decomposed with the
Na2S + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + H2S ↑
effervescence of carbon dioxide gas.
On exposure to this gas, the lead acetate paper
Na2CO3 + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2 ↑
turns black due to the formation of lead sulphide.
When this gas is passed through lime water, it
turns milky with the formation of calcium Pb(CH3COO)2 + H2S → PbS ↓ + 2CH3COOH
carbonate. black ppt.
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O The sulphides also turn sodium nitroprusside
solution violet (use sodium carbonate extract for
Lime water White ppt.
this test).
If the CO2, gas is passed in excess, the milky
solution becomes colourless due to the formation Na2S + Na2[FeNO(CN)5] →
of soluble calcium bicarbonate. Na4 [Fe(NOS) (CN)5]
CaCO3 + H2O + CO 2 → Ca(HCO3)2 Sulphides of lead, calcium, nickel, cobalt,
White ppt. Soluble antimony and stannic are not decomposed with
Note : dilute H2SO4. Conc. HCl should be used for their
Carbonates of bismuth and barium are not easily test.However brisk evolution of H2S takes place
decomposed by dilute H2SO 4. Dilute HCl should even by use of dilute H2SO 4 if a pinch of zinc
be used. dust is added.
Sulphur dioxide evolved from sulphites also turns Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + 2H
lime water milky. HgS + 2H →Hg + H2S ↑
Ca(OH)2 + SO2 → CaSO3 + H2O 4.
–
Nitrite, NO2 :
White ppt.
The nitrites yield a colourless nitric oxide gas
However SO 2 can be identified by its pungent which in contact with oxygen of the air becomes
odour of burning sulphur. brown due to the formation of nitrogen dioxide.
PbCO3 reacts with HCl or H2SO4 to give in the
2KNO2 + H2SO4 →`K2SO4 + 2HNO2
initial stage some effervescence but the reaction
Nitrous acid
slows down due to formation of a protective
insoluble layer of PbCl2 or PbSO4 on the surface 3HNO2 → H2O + 2NO + HNO3
of remaining salt or mixture. 2 NO + O2 → 2NO 2 ↑
brown coloured gas

On passing the gas through dilute FeSO4 solution, 1. Chloride Cl–:
brown coloured complex salt is formed. Colourless pungent fumes of hydrogen chloride are
FeSO4.7H2O + NO → evolved.
[Fe(H2O)5NO].SO4 + 2H2O NaCl + H2SO4 → NaHSO4 + HCl ↑
Brown coloured The gas evolved forms white fumes of ammonium
(panta aquo nitroso ferrous sulphate) chloride with NH4OH.
When a mixture of iodide and nitrite is treated NH4OH + HCl → NH4Cl + H 2O
with dilute H2SO4, the iodides are decomposed White fumes
giving violet vapours of iodine, which turns
The gas evolved or solution of chloride salt forms
starch iodide paper blue.
a curdy precipitate of silver chloride with silver
2NaNO2 + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2HNO2 nitrate solution.
2KI + H2SO4 → K2SO 4 + 2HI AgNO3 + HCl → AgCl ↓ + HNO3
2HNO 2+ 2HI → 2H2O + I2 + 2NO Yellowish : green chlorine gas with suffocating
Violet vapours odour is evolved on addition of MnO2 to the
above reaction mixture.
I2 + Starch → Blue colour
NaCl + H2SO4 –→ NaHSO4 + HCl
5. Acetate :
MnO2 + 4HCl –→ MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2
Acetates decompose to give acetic acid vapours
having characteristic smell of vinegar. Note :
2CH3COONa + H2SO4 → The curdy precipitate of AgCl dissolves in
ammonium hydroxide forming a complex salt.
2CH3COOH + Na2SO4
AgCl + 2NH4OH → Ag(NH3)2Cl + 2H2O
All acetates are soluble in water and their aqueous
solution on addition to neutral FeCl3 solution The solution having the silver complex on
develops a blood red colour due to the formation acidifying with dilute nitric acid gives again a
of ferric acetate. white precipitate of silver chloride.
FeCl3 + 3CH3COONa → Ag(NH3)2Cl + 2HNO3 → AgCl + 2NH4NO3
(CH3COO)3Fe + 3NaCl Chromyl chloride Test : When solid chloride is
Blood Red colour heated with conc. H2SO4 in presence of K2Cr2O7,
Acetates are also decomposed with oxalic acid deep red vapours of chromyl chloride are
and give off acetic acid. evolved.
2CH3COONa + H2C2O4 → NaCl + H2SO4 → NaHSO4 + HCl
Na2C2O4 + 2CH3COOH K2Cr2O7 + 2H2SO4 → 2KHSO4 + 2CrO3 + H2O
Note : CrO3 + 2HCl → CrO2Cl2 + H2O
The ferric chloride solution supplied in the Chromyl chloride
laboratory is always acidic due to hydrolysis. It is These vapours on passing through NaOH
made neutral by the addition of dilute solution solution, form the yellow solution due to the
of NH4OH drop by drop with constant stirring till formation of sodium chromate.
the precipitate formed does not dissolve. The CrO2Cl2 + 4NaOH → Na2CrO4 +2NaCl+ 2H2O
filtrate is called neutral ferric chloride solution. Yellow colour
Before testing acetate in the aqueous solution by The yellow solution neutralised with acetic acid
FeCl3, it must be made sure that the solution does gives a yellow precipitate of lead chromate with
not contain lead acetate.
(i) CO3–2, (ii) SO 3–2
Na2CrO4 + Pb(CH3COO)2 –→
(iii) PO4–3, (iv) I–
PbCrO4 + 2CH3COONa
Since these also combine with Fe+3. Therefore , Yellow ppt.
the test of acetate should be performed by neutral
Note :
ferric chloride solution only after the removal of
these ions by AgNO 3 solution. This test is not given by the chloride of mercuric,
tin, silver, lead and antimony.
Group II:
The chromyl chloride test is always to be
Add concentrated H2SO4 to a small amount of the salt performed in a dry test tube otherwise the
or mixture and warm gently, observe.

chromyl chloride vapours will be hydrolysed in 4. Nitrate, NO3– :
the test tube. Light brown fumes of nitrogen dioxide are
CrO2Cl2 + 2H2O →H2CrO4 + 2HCl evolved.
Bromides and iodides do not give this test. NaNO3 + H2SO4 → NaHSO4 + HNO3
2. Bromide, Br– : 4 HNO 3 → 2H2O + 4 NO2 + O 2
Reddish- brown fumes of bromine are formed. These fumes intensify when copper turnings are
NaBr + H2SO4 → NaHSO4 + HBr added.
2HBr + H2SO4 →Br2 + 2H2O + SO2 Cu + 4HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO 2 + 2H2O
More reddish brown fumes of bromine are Ring Test : An aqueous solution of salt is mixed
evolved when MnO2 is added. with freshly prepared FeSO4 solution and conc.
H2SO4 is poured in test tube from sides, a brown
2NaBr + MnO2 + 3H2SO4 → ring is formed on account of the formation of a
2NaHSO 4 + MnSO4 + 2H2O + Br2 complex at the junction of two liquids.
The aqueous solution of bromide or sodium NaNO3 + H2SO4 → NaHSO4 + HNO3
carbonate extract gives pale yellow precipitate of
6 FeSO4 + 2HNO3 + 3H2SO4 →
silver bromide which partly dissolves in excess of
NH4OH forming a soluble complex. 3Fe2 (SO4)3 + 4H2O + 2NO
NaBr + AgNO3 → AgBr ↓ + NaNO 3 [Fe(H2O)6]SO4. H2O + NO →
Ferrous sulphate
Pale yellow ppt.
[Fe(H2O)5 NO]SO 4 + 2H2O
AgBr +2NH4OH → Ag(NH3)2Br + 2H2O
Brown ring
3. Iodide, I– :
The nitrates can also be tested by boiling nitrate
Violet vapours of iodine are evolved. with Zn or Al in presence of concentrated NaOH
2KI + H2SO4 → 2KHSO4 + 2HI solution when ammonia is evolved which can be
2 HI + H2SO4 → I2 + SO2 + 2H2O detected by the characteristics odour.
Violet vapours with starch produce blue colour. Zn + 2NaOH → Na2ZnO 2 + 2H
I2 + Starch → Blue colour Al + NaOH + H2O → NaAlO 2 + 3H
More violet vapours are evolved when MnO2 is NaNO3 + 8H → NaOH + 2H2O + NH3
added. Note : Ring test is not reliable in presence of
2KI + MnO2 + 3H2SO 4 –→ nitrite, bromide and iodide.
2KHSO4 + MnSO 4 + 2H2O + I2 5. Oxalate, C2O4–2 :
A mixture of CO and CO2 is given off. The CO
Aqueous solution of the iodide or sodium burns with blue flame.
carbonate extract gives yellow precipitate of AgI
with silver nitrate solution which does not Na2C2O4 + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + H2C2O4
dissolve in NH4OH. H2C2O4 + [H2SO4] → CO + CO2 + H2O + [H2SO4]
NaI + AgNO3 → AgI + NaNO3 2CO + O2 → 2CO 2
Yellow ppt.
A solution of oxalates give the white precipitate
Note : with CaCl2 solution. This precipitate get dissolved
Sodium carbonate extract of bromide and iodide in dil. H2SO4 and decolourises KMnO4 (acidified)
on addition of CHCl3 and chlorine water gives solution.
brown or violet layer to CHCl3 respectively. Na2C2O4 + CaCl2 → CaC2O4 ↓ + 2NaCl
2NaBr + Cl2 → 2NaCl + Br2 ; CaC2O4 + H2SO 4 → CaSO4 + H2C2O4
Br2 + CHCl3 → Brown 5H2C2O4 + 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 →
2NaI + Cl2 → 2NaCl + I2 ; 2 MnSO4 + K2SO4+ 8 H2O + 10CO2
I2 + CHCl3 → Violet Group III :
Excess of chlorine water should be avoided as the 1. Sulphate ,SO4–2 :
layer may become colour less due to conversion
of Br2 into HBrO and I2 into HIO 3. Add conc. HNO3 to a small amount of substance or
take sodium carbonate extract and then add BaCl2
Br2 + 2H2O + Cl2 → 2HBrO + 2HCl solution. A white precipitate of BaSO 4 insoluble in
I2 + 5Cl2 + 6H2O → 2HIO3 + 10 HCl conc. acid is obtained.

Na2SO 4 + BaCl2 → 2NaCl + BaSO4 3SiF4 + 4H2O → H4SiO4 + 2H2SiF6
White ppt. Silicic acid (white)
Note : Silver and lead if present, may be precipitated Note :
as silver chloride and lead chloride by the addition of The test should be performed in perfectly dry test
barium chloride. To avoid it, barium nitrate may be tube otherwise waxy white deposit will not be
used in place of barium chloride. formed on the rod.
2. Borate : HgCl2 and NH4Cl also give white deposits under
To a small quantity of the substance (salt or mixture), these conditions, but these are crystalline in
add few ml. of ethyl alcohol and conc. H2SO4. Stir nature.
the contents with a glass rod. Heat the test tube and Sodium carbonate extract :
bring the mouth of the test tube near the flame. The
One part of the given substance is mixed with
formation of green edged flame indicates the
about 3 parts of sodium carbonate and nearly 10
presence of borate.
to 15 ml. of distilled water. The contents are then
2Na3BO3 + 3H2SO4 → 3Na2SO 4 + 2H3BO3 heated for 10-15 minutes and filtered. The filtrate
H3BO3 + 3C2H5OH → (C2H5)3BO3 + 3H2O is known as sodium carbonate extract or soda
extract and this contains soluble sodium salts due
Ethyl borate
to exchange of partners in between sodium
3. Phosphate : carbonate and salts.
Add conc. HNO 3 to a small amount of substance or CaCl2 + Na2CO3 → CaCO3 + 2NaCl
take sodium carbonate extract, heat and then add
Insoluble Sodium chloride
ammonium molybdate. A canary yellow precipitate
(soluble)
of ammonium phospho molybdate is formed.
PbSO4 + Na2CO3 → PbCO3 + Na2SO4
Ca3(PO4)2 + 6HNO 3 → 3Ca (NO 3)2 + 2H3PO4
Insoluble Sodium sulphate
H3PO 4 + 12 (NH4)2 MoO4 + 21 HNO 3 →
(Soluble)
(NH4)3 PO4. 12 MoO 3 + 21 NH4NO3 + 12 H2O
BaCl2 + Na2CO3 → BaCO3 + 2 NaCl
Canary yellow ppt.
Insoluble Sodium chloride
Note : (Soluble)
Arsenic also yields a yellow precipitate of The carbonates of the cations of the mixtures are
(NH4)3. AsO4.12 MoO3 (Ammonium arseno mostly insoluble in water and are obtained in the
molybdate).Thus in presence of As, phosphate is residue. On the other hand, sodium salts of the
tested in the filtrate of second group. anions (acidic radicals) of the mixture being
The precipitate of ammonium phosphomolybdate soluble in water are obtained in the filtrate.
dissolves in excess of phosphate. Thus, the The sodium carbonate extract is basic in nature
reagent (ammonium molybdate) should always be and before it is used for the analysis of a
added in excess. particular acidic radical, it is first neutralised by
HCl interferes in this test. Hence, before the test the addition of small quantity of an appropriate
of phosphate is to be performed, the solution acid. The acid is added to the extract till the
should be boiled to remove HCl. effervescence cease to evolve.
Reducing agents such as sulphites, sulphides, etc., Advantages of preparing sodium carbonate
interfere as they reduce Mo+6 to molybdenum extract-
blue (Mo3O8.xH2O). The solution, therefore, turns The preparation of sodium carbonate extract
blue. In such cases, the solutions should be boiled affords a convenient method for bringing the
with HNO 3 so as to oxidise them before the anions of the mixture into solution which were
addition of ammonium molybdate. otherwise insoluble with cation of salt.
4. Fluoride : It removes the basic radicals (usually coloured)
Take small amount of the substance in dry test tube which interferes in the usual tests of some of the
and add an equal amount of sand and conc. acidic radicals.
H2SO 4.Heat the contents and place a glass rod The residue can be used for the tests of basic
moistened with water over the mouth of the test tube. radicals of I to VI groups. Such a solution does
A gelatinous waxy white deposit on the rod is not involve the problem of removing interfering
formed. radicals like oxalate, fluoride, borate and
2NaF + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + H2F2 phosphate.
SiO2 + 2H2F2 → SiF4 + 2H2O

UNDERSTANDING
Organic Chemistry
1. A hydrocarbon (A) [C = 90.56%, V.D. = 53] was CH3 COOH
6[O] + 2H2O
subjected to vigrous oxidation to give a dibasic acid
(B). 0.10 g of (B) required 24.10 ml of 0.05 N NaOH CH3 COOH
for complete neutralization. When (B) was heated o-xylene
strongly with soda-lime it gave benzene. Identify (A) COOH
CH3
and (B) with proper reasoning and also give their 6[O] + 2H2O
structures.
Sol. Determination of empirical formula of (A) : CH3 COOH
m-xylene
Element % Atomic Relative no. Simplest ratio CH3 COOH
wt. of atoms
6[O] + 2H2O
C 90.56 12 90.56 7.55
= 7.55 = 1 or 4
12 7.55 CH3 COOH
H 9.44 1 9.44 9.44 All the above three acids on heating with soda-lime
= 9.44 = 1.25
1 7.55 yields only benzene.
or 5 COOH COOH
, ,
COOH
The empirical formula of (A) = C4H5 COOH
Empirical formula weight = 48 + 5 = 53 COOH
Molecular weight = V.D. × 2 = 53 × 2 = 106
NaOH + CaO + 2CO2
Molecular wt. 106
Hence, n = = =2 ∆
Empirical wt. 53 COOH
Molecular formula = 2 × C4H5 = C8H10 Of the three acids, one which on heating gives an
The given equation may be outlined as follows : anhydride, is o-isomer.
HOOC COOH CO
C 8 H 10 Vigrous
 oxidation
 → C6H4+ 2H2O ∆ O
(A) 6[O ] HOOC COOH –H2O CO
(B) One acid which on nitration gives a mono nitro
Meq. of dicarboxylic acid = Meq. of NaOH compounds is p-dicarboxylic acid.
0.1× 1000 COOH COOH
= 24.1 × 0.05
E HNO3 NO2
Equivalent of acid = 83 ∆; H2SO4
Molecular wt. = Basicity × Equivalent weight COOH COOH
= 2 × 83 = 166 One acid which on nitration gives three mono nitro
Since (B) on heating with soda-lime gives benzene, compounds will be the m-isomer.
the C6H4 represents to benzene nucleus having two COOH COOH COOH
side chains, thus (B) is a benzene dicarboxylic acid. HNO3 NO2
There are three benzene dicarboxylic acids.
COOH H2SO4 COOH , COOH ,
COOH COOH
COOH NO2
COOH
COOH COOH
COOH NO2 COOH
Phthalic acid Isophthalic acid Terphthalic acid
2. An organic compound (A) contains 69.42% C, 5.78%
All the above three acids are obtained by the H and 11.57% N. Its vapour density is 60.5. It
oxidation of respectively xylenes. evolves NH3 when boiled with KOH. On heating
with P2O5, it gives a compound (B) having C =
81.55%, H = 4.85% and N= 13.59%. On reduction

with Na + C2H5OH (B) gives a base, which reacts The formula of benzoic acid indicates that the
with HNO 2 giving off N2 and yielding an alcohol (C). compound (A) is an aromatic amide. Hence, the
The alcohol can be oxidised to benzoic acid. Explain reactions are :
the above reactions and assign structural formulae to CONH2 COOK
(A), (B) and (C) KOH
Sol. (i) Calculation of empirical formula of (A) : + NH3 ↑
Boil
Benzamide
Element At. % Relative no. of Simplest (A)
wt. atoms ratio
CONH2 C≡N
C 12 69.42 69.42 5.785
= 5.785 =7 P2O5 + H2O
12 0.826 ∆
H 1 5.78 5.78 5.78 Benzonitrile
= 5.78 =7 (A)
(B)
1 0.826
N 14 11.57 11.57 0.826 C≡N CH2NH2
= 0.826 =1 Na +C2H5OH
14 0.826 + 4[H]
O 16 13.23 13.23 0.827 Benzyl amine
= 1.827 =1 (B)
16 0.826 (Base)
Hence, empirical formula of (A) = C7H7NO CH2NH2 CH2OH

Empirical formula wt. = 84 + 7 + 14 + 16 = 121 HNO2 + N2 + H2O
(ii) Calculation of molecular weight of (A) :
Molecular weight = 2 × V.D. = 2 × 60.5 = 121 Benzyl alcohol
(iii) Determination of molecular formula of (A): (C)
Molecular wt. 121 CH2OH COOH

n= = =1
Empirical wt. 121 2[O]
– H2O
Hence, molecular formula = empirical formula
(C) Benzoic acid
i.e., C7H7NO
(iv) Calculate of empirical formula of (B) :
3. A (C 6 H12 ) HCl
→ B+C
Element At. % Relative no. of Simplest (C 6 H13Cl)
wt. atoms ratio
C 12 81.55 B alc
. KOH
→ D isomer of A
81.55 6.80
= 6.80 =7 D Ozonolysis
  → E (it gives negative test with Fehling
12 0.97
H 1 4.85 solution but responds to
4.85 4.85
= 4.85 =5 iodoform test)
1 0.97
A Ozonolysis
  → F + G Both gives positive Tollen's
N 14 13.59 13.59 0.97
= 0.97 =1 test but do not give iodoform test.
14 0.97
F + G Conc . NaOH
→ HCOONa + primary alcohol
Identify to A to G
Hence, empirical formula of (B) = C7H5N
(v) Determination of structural formulae : Sol. A (C 6 H12 ) HCl
→ B+C
(a) Since compound (A) on heating with KOH gives (C 6 H13Cl)
NH3, a characteristic test of amide, hence the B Ozonolysis
  → E (it gives negative test with Fehling
compound (A) is an amide (–CONH2). solution but responds to
(b) Since compound (B) is obtained by heating (A) iodoform test)
with P2O5, a dehydrating agent.
P2 O5 A Ozonolysis
  → F + G Both gives positive Tollen's
C 7 H 7 ON → C 7 H 5 N + H 2 O test but do not give iodoform test.
(A) ( B)
The above reaction confirms that (A) is an amide, F + G Conc
 . NaOH
→ HCOONa + primary alcohol
and the remaining reaction are : Both F and G are aldehydes because they give
COOH positive Tollen's test and do not give iodoform test.
[H] HNO2 [O] These aldehydes give Cross Cannizzaro's reaction. So
C7H5N N2 + (C) they do not have α-hydrogen atoms. In cross
(B) Alcohol Cannizzaro's reaction HCOONa is formed along with
p-alcohols. So in these an aldehyde is HCHO and

another is (CH3) 3C.CHO. F and G are obtained by Hence,
ozonolysis of A. Therefore compound 'A' is CH3
CH2 = CH – C(CH3)3.
Structure of compound 'A' is Compound 'A' = CH3 – C – CH = CH2 (C6H12)
CH3
CH3 – C – CH = CH2 CH3
CH3 CH3
Compound 'A' on reaction with HCl gives comp. B Compound 'B' = CH3 – C – CH – CH3
and C which have molecular formula C 6H13Cl. Thus,
CH3 CH3 CH3 Cl
HCl CH3
CH3 – C – CH = CH2 → CH3 – C — CH – CH3
Compound 'C' = CH3 – C – CH2 – CH2Cl
CH3 CH3 Cl
Comp. 'B' CH3
+
CH3 CH3 CH3
Compound 'D' = C=C
CH3 CH3
CH3 – C – CH2 – CH2Cl
O
CH3
Comp. 'C' Compound 'E' = CH3 – C – CH3
O
Compound 'B' gives 'D' on dehydrohalogenation with
alc. KOH. H–C–H
Compound 'F' =
CH3 CH3
+ CH3
alc. KOH
CH3 – C — CH – CH3 CH3 – C — CH – CH3
–
Boil (–Cl ) Compound 'G' = CH3 – C – CH2OH
CH3 Cl CH3
CH3
Sec. carbonium ion
CH3 4. A hydrocarbon (A) of the formula C8H10, on
CH3 H+ CH3 CH3
CH3 – C – CH C=C ozonolysis gives compound (B), C4H6O2, only. The
+ CH3 CH3 CH3 compound (B) can also be obtained from the alkyl
bromide, (C) (C3H4Br) upon treatment with Mg in
Compound 'D'
dry ether, followed by treatment with CO2 and
Compound 'D' on ozonolysis to give compound 'E' acidification. Identify (A), (B) and (C) and also
CH3 CH3 Ozonolysis equations for the reactions.
C=C 2CH3 – C – CH3
CH3 CH3 Sol. A(C8H10) (
i ) O3
→ C 4 H 6 O 2
O (ii ) H 2 O ( B)
Compound 'E'
Since compound (A) adds one mol of O3, hence it
Compound 'E' has methyl ketonic groups (–COCH3)
so it gives positive iodoform test and does not give should have either C=C or a – C ≡ C – bond.
the test with Fehling solution due to absence of If it was alkene its formula should be C8H16 (CnH2n),
–CHO group. and if it was alkyne it should have the formula C8H14;
Compound 'A' on ozonolysis to give compounds F it means it is neither a simple alkenen or simple
and G as follows : alkyne. However it is definite that the compound has
Ozonolysis an unsaturated group, it appears that it is a
(CH3)3CCH = CH2 → (CH3)3C – CHO + CH2O
'F' cyclosubstituted ethyne.
Comp. 'G'
H – C ≡ C – H −
2H
→ C3H5 – C ≡ C – C3H5
Compound G and F gives crossed Cannizzaro's + C 6 H10
reaction with conc. NaOH solution. the C3H5 – corresponds to cyclopropyl (∆ ) radical,
CH3 hence compund (A) is
Ozonolysis CH2 CH2
CH3 – C — CHO + CH2O + conc. NaOH → CH – C≡C – CH
'F'
CH2 CH2
CH3 CH3 1,2-dicyclopropyl ethyne
Comp. 'G' The ozonolysis of above compound would give two
HCOONa + CH3 – C – CH2OH moles of cyclopropane carboxylic acid (C4H 6O2).
CH3

CH2 CH2 compound (E) gives Cannizaro's reaction with
(i) O3
CH – C≡C – CH NaOH. So, (E) is an aldehyde which does not contain
CH2 CH2 α–H atom. Hence it is HCHO. Compound (D) can
(A)
O also be prepared by the hydration of propyne in the
CH2 CH2 presence of acidic solution and Hg++.
CH – C — C – CH H2O ++
CH3 – C ≡ CH + H2O Hg  → CH 3 − C = CH 2
CH2 CH2 Warm H +
|
(A) O O OH
CH2 CH2
CH – C – C – CH + H2O2 → CH 3 − C − CH 3
CH2 CH2 ||
O O O
CH2 (D)
2 CH – COOH Hence (D) is acetone and (E) is formaldehyde.
CH2 Therefore, alkene (C) is 2-methyl propene.
(B)
(CH3)2–C=CH2
Compound (B) is prepared from cyclopropyl bromide
(D) reacts with hydroxyl amine (NH2OH) to form
as follows :
O
oxime (F).
CH2 CH2 CH3 –H2O CH3
Mg C=O C = O + H2 NOH C = NOH
CH – Br CH . MgBr CH3 CH3
CH2 ether CH2 ∆
(D) (F)
Cyclopropyl OH Cl
magnesium bromide | |
CH2 HOH
CH2 (B) = CH 3 − C − CH 3 and (A) = CH 3 − C − CH 3
CH .COOMgBr CH–COOH | |
CH2 dil. HCl; CH2
–MgBrOH
CH 3 CH 3
Addition compound Reactions :
Cl OH
5. An organic compound (A), C4H9Cl, on reacting with | |
aqueous KOH gives (B) and on reaction with CH 3 − C − CH 3 Aq.KOH CH 3 − C − CH 3
|  → |
alcoholic KOH gives (C) which is also formed on ∆;– KCl
CH 3 CH 3
passing vapours of (B) over heated copper. The (A ) ( B)
compound (C) readily decolourises bromine water.
Cu / 300 º C
Ozonolysis of (C) gives two compounds (D) and (E).  → CH 3 − C = CH 2 + H 2 O
− H 2O
Compound (D) reacts with NH2OH to gives (F) and |
the compound (E) reacts with NaOH to give an CH 3
alcohol (G) and sodium salt (H) of an acid. (D) can ( C)
also be prepared from propyne on treatment with Alc.KOH / ∆
→ CH 3 − C = CH 2
water in presence of Hg++ and H 2SO4. Identify (A) to − KCl; − H 2O
|
(H) with proper reasoning. CH 3
Alc. KOH ( C)
Sol. C4H9Cl C4H8
(A) ∆; –KCl (C) O
(Alkyl halide) (Alkene) (I) O3 CH3
Aq.KOH Cu CH3 – C = CH2 C=O+H–C–H
C4H9OH
∆; –KCl
(B)
∆; –H2O (II) H2O/Zn CH3 (E)
CH3
(Alcohol) (D)
We know that p-alcohol on heating with Cu gives (C)
aldehyde while s-alcohol under similar conditions CH3 ∆ CH3
gives ketone. Thus, (B) is a t-alcohol because it, on C = O + H2NOH C = NOH
CH3 –H2O CH3
heating with Cu gives an alkene (C). Since a t- (D)
alcohol is obtained by the hydrolysis of a t-alkyl (F)
halide, hence (A) is t-butyl chloride. 2HCHO + NaOH → CH 3OH + HCOONa
(E) ( H)
Cl OH (G)
| | O
(A) = CH 3 − C − CH 3 and (B) = CH 3 − C − CH 3 Hg + +
| | CH3 – C ≡ CH + H2O → CH3 – C – CH3
+
CH 3 CH 3 H
(D)
The alkene (C) on ozonolysis gives (D) and (E),
hence (C) is not symmetrical alkene. In these

9
Set
`tà{xÅtà|vtÄ V{tÄÄxÇzxá
This section is designed to give IIT JEE aspirants a thorough grinding & exposure to variety
of possible twists and turns of problems in mathematics that would be very helpful in facing
IIT JEE. Each and every problem is well thought of in order to strengthen the concepts and
we hope that this section would prove a rich resource for practicing challenging problems and
enhancing the preparation level of IIT JEE aspirants.
By : Shailendra Maheshwari
So lu tio n s w ill b e p ub lis h ed in n ex t iss u e Joint Director Academics, Career Point, Kota
( x − b ) ( x − c) Show that the dip θ (angle with horizontal) of the oil

1. Given that φ (x) = f (a) +
( x − b ) (a − c ) bed which is assumed to be a plane is given by tan θ .
( x − c) ( x − a ) ( x − a ) ( x − b) y2 z2 2 yz
f (b)+ f (c) - f (x) where sin A = + − cos A where b and c are the
( b − c) ( b − a ) (c − a ) (c − b ) c 2
b 2 bc
a < c < b and f ′′(x) exists at all points in (a, b) . lengths of the sides CA and AB respectively and A is
the angle between CA and AB.
Prove that there exists a number µ,
a< µ < b , such that cos 8x − cos 7 x
6. Evaluate : ∫ 1 + 2 cos 5x
f (a ) f ( b)
+
(a − b ) (a − c ) ( b − c) ( b − a )
7. Let f (x) be an even function such that f ′ (x) is
f ( c) 1
+ = f ′′(µ). x
(c − a ) (c − b ) 2 d2y
continuous, find y for which
dx 2
=
∫ f (t) dt
−x
2. An unbiased die is tossed until it lands the same way

up twice running. Find the probability that it requires 8. Prove the inequality (aα + bα)1/α < (aβ + bβ)1/β,
r tosses. for a > 0, b > 0 & α > β > 0.
3. Given the base of a triangle and the sum of its sides 9. A circle of radius 1 rolls (without sliding) along
prove that the locus of the centre of its incircle is an the x-axis so that its centre is of the form (t, 1)
ellipse. with t increasing. A certain point P touches the
x-axis at the origin as the circle rolls. As the circle
4. Let f (x) = ax2 + bx + c & g (x) = cx2 + bx + a, such rolls further, the point P passes through the point
that | f (0) | ≤ 1, | f (1) | ≤ 1 and |f (-1) | ≤ 1 , prove that |
(x, 1/2). Find x, when it passes through (x, 1/2)
f (x) | ≤ 5/4 and | g (x) | ≤ 2.
first time.
5. In order to find the dip of an oil bed below the

10. Find all positive integers n for which
surface of the ground, vertical borings are made from
the angular points, A, B, C of a triangle ABC which n −1 + n + 1 is rational.
is in horizontal plane. The depth of the bed at these
points are found to be x, x + y and x + z respectively.

MATHEMATICAL CHALLENGES
SOLUTION FOR NOVEMBER ISSUE (SET # 8)
1.
3. If A is the area of the triangle with sides a, b and c,
A a then A2 = s (s − a) (s − b) (s − c) ;
where 2s = a + b + c.
dd using AM - GM inequality for s − a, s − b, s − c, we

Bb have
3
 (s − a ) + (s − b) + (s − c) 
A2 ≤ s  
C c  3 
Plane through mid pt of AB, ⊥ to CD is 3
 3s − 2s  s4 s2
r r r r r A2 ≤ s   = 3 ⇒ A≤
( r – 1/2 ( a + b )).( c – d ) = 0; Let centroid  3  3 3 3
r r r r
a +b+c+d p2
= 0 at origin Let 2s = p , then A ≤
4 12 3
r r r r r
( r + 1/2 ( c + d )). ( c – d ) = 0
r p2
r r r Amax = , As condition of equality holds iff
| r + c |2 = | r + d |2 12 3
r r
it is the locus of pt. equidistance from – c & – d s − a = s − b = s − c which happen if a = b = c.
similarly. p2
r r r r r r r r so Amax = ; for a = b = c
| r + c |2 = | r + d |2 = | r + a |2 = | r + b |2 12 3
r r r r
so the pt. is equidistant from – a , – b , – c , – d Now again p ≥ 12 3 A
r r r r
(i.e. circumcentre of tetrahedron a , – b , – c , – d ) p min = 12 3 A , and
again equality holds if a = b = c.

2. As the function is symmetrical about x = a & x = b
lines
4ac 4ac
so f (a + x) = f (a − x) ................(1) & 4. b 2 − 4ac ≤ | b | 1− ≤|b| 1+
b 2
b2
f (b + x ) = f (b − x) ................(2)
 2ac 
As it is defined for x ∈ R. ≤ | b | 1 + 2 
 b 
Let x = b − a − t in (1)
2ac
f (b − t) = f (2a − b + t)
so b 2 − 4ac ≤ | b | +
b
use (2) in it
b b 2 − 4ac b b c
f (b + t) = f (2a − 2b + b + t) so that − ± ≤ + +
2a 2a 2a 2a b
so the function is periodic & its possible period
b c
may be |2a − 2b| = 2b - 2a (as b > a). = +
a b

Hence the solutions of az2 + bz + c = 0 satisfy ab (1 + sin θ)
=
b c sin 2 θ cos 2 θ
condition | z | ≤ + + .
a b
[– cos2θ + sin2θ + sin3θ + cos 2θ sinθ]
dA
5. P (a cos θ , b sin θ) for max / min . =0
dθ
x y sinθ (cos2θ + sin2θ) + sin2θ − cos2θ = 0
Equation of AC ⇒ cos θ + sin θ = 1
a b
sinθ + sin2θ − (1 − sin2θ) = 0
A
⇒ 2sin2θ + sinθ – 1 = 0
(2 sinθ − 1) (sin θ + 1) = 0
as sin θ ≠ −1
P(θ) sin θ = 1/2 ; θ = π/6
B C dA
when θ > π/6 ; >0
D dθ
Point A : (0 , b cosec θ) dA
when θ < π/6 ; <0
dθ
Equation of BC ⇒ y = −b
x π
Point C = cos θ − sin θ = 1 so θ = ; is the pt of min.
a 6
min. area.
(1 + sin θ) a
x=
cos θ ab (1 + sin θ) 2
Amin =
sin θ cos θ
 a (1 + sin θ) 
Point C  ,−b 
 cos θ  ab . (1 + 1 / 2) 2 ab × 9
= =
1 1/ 2 . 3 / 2 1 3
Area A = AD . BC = AD . DC 4. .
2 2 2
=3 3 ab sq. units.
 b  a (1 + sin θ)
= b+ .
 sin θ  cos θ
6. ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0; (y – M1x) (y – M2x) = 0
ab (1 + sin θ) 2
= 2h a
sin θ cos θ where M1 + M2 = – & M1M2 =
b b
(1 + sin θ) 2 Now as given the second pair must be given by
A = ab
sin θ cos θ (y – M1x)(M2y + x) = 0
dA M2y2 + (1 – M1M2)xy – M1x2 = 0
=
dθ Compare it with a´x 2 + 2h´xy + bý2 = 0
2 (1 + sin θ) cos 2 θ sin θ − (1 + sin θ) 2 (cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ) M2 1 − M1M 2 −M1
ab . 2 2
= =
sin θ cos θ b´ 2h´ a´
ab (1 + sin θ) M2 −M1 M + M2 −2h

= [2cos2θ sinθ − (1 + sinθ) cos2θ so =– = 1 =
sin 2 θ cos 2 θ b´ a´ b´−a´ b( b´−a´)
+ (1 + sinθ) sin3θ)] 1 − M1M 2 1− a / b

= =
2h´ 2h´

2hb´ (b − a )a´ 2n + 1
M2 = – & M1 = – 9. tn =
b( b´−a´) 2h´b n . (n + 1) 2
2
a 2hb´ (b − a )a´ a 1 1
Since M1M2 = so . = = −
b b( b´−a´) 2h´b b n 2
( n + 1) 2
ha´b´ háb 1 1 1 1 1
Thus = Sn = 1− + 2 – 2 + 2 − 2 .................
b´−a´ b−a 22 2 3 3 4
1
7. LHS = coeff. of xn in [ nC0(1 + x)m + nC1(1 + x)m+1 + Sn = 1−
( n + 1) 2
n m+n
.... + Cn(1 + x) ]
Required sum = Lim S n = 1.
n →∞
n m n n n
= coeff. of x in (1 + x) [ C0 + C1(1 + x) + ..... + C0
(1 + x)n] 10. Let the given circle be x2 + y2 = r2 & parametric
= coeff. of xn in (1 + x)m(2 + x)n angles of A, B, C are respectively θ1 , θ2 & θ3. Let
n
the slopes of the given two lines are m1 & m2. Sides
= coeff of xn in (1 + x)m ∑
r =0
n
C r x n − r .2 r AB & BC are parallel to these lines.
n m n m
A(θ1)
= C0 . C0 + C1 . C1 . 2 + nC 2 . mC 2 . 22 + .... + nCnmC n . 2n
∫ (1 − x
2 n
8. In = ) cos mx dx
−1
1 1 B(θ2) C(θ3)
 sin mx  2n
= (1 − x 2 ) n

+
m  −1 m
−1
x (1 − x 2 ) n −1 sin mx dx ∫
Equation of AB;
2n θ1 + θ 2 θ + θ2 θ − θ2
=0+ x cos + y sin 1 = r cos 1
m 2 2 2
 1  θ1 + θ 2
( )
1
n −1 cos mx  1 so m1 = – cot = θ1 + θ2 = α
 − x (1 − x 2
∫ (2 (n − 1)x (1 − x 2 ) n −2 + (1 − x 2 ) n −1 cos mx dx 
2
 +
 n  −1 m
−1
 2
θ2 + θ3
similarly : m2 = − cot =θ2 + θ3 = β
1
2
=
2n
m2 ∫ (1− x
2 n −2
) [(−2n + 2) x 2
]
+ 1 − x 2 cosmx dx Here α, β are constants as m1 & m2 are constants.
−1
Now equation of AC ;
[(−2n + 1) x + 1] cos mx dx
1
2n  θ + θ3  θ +θ θ − θ3
∫ (1− x x cos  1
2 n −2 2
 + y sin 1 3 = r cos 1
= )
m 2
 2  2 2
−1
 θ + θ3  θ +θ
2n x cos  1  + y sin 1 3 = rk
=  2  2
m2
α−β
where k = cos (i . e. constant)
 1 1  2
∫ (1 − x ∫ (1 − x
2 n −1
(2 n − 1) ) cos mx dx − (2 n − 2) 2
) n −2 cos mx dx 

 −1 −1

 so foot of the perpendicular from centre of given
m2In = (2n (2n − 1) In–1 − 4n (n − 1) In–2.  θ + θ3 θ +θ 
circle on AC  r k cos 1 , r k 1 3  is
 2 2 
Hence proved.
which lies on x2 + y2 = (rk)2.

Students' Forum
Expert’s Solution for Question asked by IIT-JEE Aspirants
MATHS
 x + x 5 + x 6 y 4 + y5 + y 6 
1. There are two die A and B both having six faces. Die G is  4 , 
 3 3 
A has 3 faces marked with 1, 2 faces marked with 2
and 1 face marked with 3. Die B has 1 face marked  α − α1 β − β1 
G is  , 
with 1, 2 faces marked with 2 and 3 faces marked  3 3 
with 3. Both dice are thrown randomly once. If E is The point dividing OG. in the ratio 3 : 1 is
the event of getting sum of the numbers appearing on α β
top faces equal to x and let P(E) be the probability of  ,  ≡ (2,1) ⇒ h + k = 3
 4 4
event E, then
(i) find x, when P(E) is maxm. 3. Suppose a function f(x) satisfies the following
(ii) find x, when P(E) is minm f ( x ) + f ( y)
conditions f(x + y) = ∀ x, y and
1 + f ( x ).f ( y)
Sol. X can be 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
f´(0) = 1. Also – 1 < f(x) < 1 for all x ∈R, then find
The no of ways in which sum 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
the set of values of x where f(x) is differentiable and
can occur are the coefficients of x2, x3, x4, x5, x6 is
also find the value of lim [f(x)]x.
(3x + 2x2 + x3) (x + 2x2 + 3x3) x →∞
2 3 4 5 6
= 3x + 8x + 14x + 8x + 3x Sol. First put x = 0, y = 0 ⇒ f(0) = 0
This shows that sum that occurs most often is 4, and f (x + h) − f (x)
Now, f´(x) = lim
sum that occurs minimum times is 2 or 6. x →0 h
f (x) + f (h)
− f ( x)
2. Six points (xi, yi), i = 1, 2, 3, .... 6 are taken on the 1 + f ( x ).f (h )
= lim
x →0 h
6 6
circle x2 + y2 = 4 such that ∑x
i =1
i = 8 and ∑y
i =1
i = 4.  f ( h ) − f (0)  1 − {f ( x )}2 
= lim   
x →0 h − 0  − 1 + f ( x ).f (h ) 
The line segment joining orthocentre of a ∆ made by
= 1 – {f2(x)}
any three points and the contrioid of the ∆ made by
other three points passes through a fixed points (h, k), 1 1 + f ( x ) 
integrating we get ln   =x+c
then find h + k. 2 1 − f ( x) 
6 6 ex − e−x
Sol. Let ∑
i =1
x i = α and ∑
i =1
yi = β ⇒ f(x) =
e x + e−x
clearly f(x) is differentiable for all x ∈R.
let 0 be orthocentre of ∆ made by (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and
x
(x3, y3)  e x − e−x 
lim [f ( x )] x = lim  x 

x →∞ x →∞ e + e − x
⇒ 0 is (x1 + x2 + x3, y1 + y2 + y3) = (αi , β 1)  
 ex −e− x 
similarly let G be the centroid of the ∆ made by other lim  
x →∞  e x + e − x 
= e   x=1
three points.

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4. Let z1, z2, z3 be the complex nos. represent the 1
given that =a+b ...(1)
vertices of the ∆ABC which is circumscribed by the 4
circle |z| = 1. Altitude from A meets the side BC at D 0 = 2a + b ...(2)
and circum circle at E. Let P be the image of E about
from (1) and (2)
BC, then find
1 1
(i) the complex no. of point P. a=– ,b=
4 2
(ii) the complex no. of point E.
2x − x 2
A(z1) f(x) =
4
 1
since 4x + 4y – 5 = 0 passes through A 1,  and
P O  4
1 
D B  ,1 so area bounded is OAB = 2OAC
B C(z3) 4 
(z2)
= 2[ar(OCP) + ar(CAQP) – ar(OAQ)]
E(z4)
Sol. (i) we know that the image of orthocentre about any 1 5 5 1  5 1  3 1 2x − x 2 
side of the ∆ lies on the circum circle of ∆.
=2 × × +  +  −
 2 8 8 2  8 4  8 ∫ 0 4
dx 

Point P = z1 + z2 + z3 37
= (unit)2
(ii) Let O (origin) be the circum centre of ∆. 96
∠BOE = π – 2B and ∠AOC = 2B

6. Let P(x) be a polynomial of degree n such that
z1
= ei 2B ...(1) i
z3 P(i) = for i = 0, 1, 2 ..... n. If n is odd than find
i +1
z4 the value of P(n + 1).
= ei(π–2B) ...(ii)
z2
Sol. Let Q(x) = (x + 1) P(x) – x
z1 z 4 z z clearly Q(x) is polynomial of degree n + 1. Also
. = –1 ⇒ z4 = – 3 2
z3 z 2 z1
i
Q(i) = (i + 1) – i = 0 for i = 1, 2, 3 .....n
i +1
5. If A be the area bounded by y = f(x), y = f–1(x) and Thus we can assume
the line 4x + 4y – 5 = 0 where f(x) is a polynomial of
Q(x) = kx(x – 1) (x – 2) ...... (x – n) where k is a
2 nd degree passing through the origin and having
constant.
1
maximum value of at x = 1, then find A. Now Q(–1) = k(–1)(–2)(–3) ...... (–1 – n)
4
1 = (–1)n + 1 k(n + 1) !
–1
y = f (x)
y=x 1
⇒ k= (Q n is odd)
( n + 1) !
BC
A
1  x ( x − 1)(x − 2)....( x − n ) 
y=f(x) Thus P(x) =  + x ,
x +1  ( x + 1) ! 
O P Q x=1
where n is odd
Sol. Let f(x) = ax 2 + bx ∴ P(n + 1) = 1

DIFFERENTIAL
MATH
EQUATIONS
Mathematics Fundamentals
Differential Equation : Formation of Differential Equation :

An equation involving independent variable x, (1) Write down the given equation.
dependent variable y and the differential coefficients
(2) Differentiate it successively with respect to x that
dy d 2 y number of times equal to the arbitrary constants.
, , .... is called differential equation.
dx dx 2
(3) And hence on eliminating arbitrary constants
Examples : results a differential equation which involves x, y,
dy dy d 2 y
(1) =1+x+y , .....
dx dx dx 2
Solution of Differential Equation :
dy
(2) + xy = cot x A solution of a differential equation is any function
dx
which when put into the equation changes it into an
3 identity.
 d4 y  dy
(3)  4  – 4 + 4y = 5 cos 3x
 dx  dx General and particular solution :
 
The solution which contains a number of arbitrary
2 constant equal to the order of the equation is called
d2y  dy 
(4) x2 2 + 1+   =0 general solution by giving particular values to the
dx  dx  constants are called particular solutions.
Order of a Differential Equation : Several Types of Differential Equations and their
The order of a differential equation is the order of the Solution :
highest derivative occurring in the differential (1) Solution of differential equation
equation. For example, the order of above differential
equations are 1, 1, 4 and 2 respectively. dy
Degree of a Differential Equation : dx
= f(x) is y =
∫ f (x)dx + c
The degree of the differential equation is the degree (2) Solution of differential equation
of the highest derivative when differential dy dy
coefficients are free from radical and fraction. For
example, the degree of above differential equations dx
= f(x) g(y) is ∫ g( y) = ∫ f ( x) dx + c
are 1, 1, 3 and 2 respectively.
dy
(3) Solution of diff. equation = f(ax + by + c) by
Linear and Non-linear Differential Equation : dx
A differential equation in which the dependent dy 1  dv 
putting ax + by + c = v and =  −a
variable and its differential coefficients occurs only dx b  dx 
in the first degree and are not multiplied together is
called a linear differential equation. The general and dv
nth order differential equation is given below : = dx
a + bf ( v)
dn y d n −1y dy Thus solution is by integrating
a0(x) n
+ a1(x) n −1
+ .... + an – 1
dx dx dx
dv
+ an(x)y + φ(x) = 0 ∫ a + bf (v) = ∫ dx
Those equations which are not linear are called non-
linear differential equations.

(4) To solve the homogeneous differential equation dy 2x − 6 y + 7 2( x − 3y) + 7
Solve = =
dy f ( x, y) dx x − 3y + 4 x − 3y + 4
= , substitute y = vx and so
dx g ( x, y)
 a b 
dy dv obviously = = 2
=v+x .  a´ b´ 
dx dx
Put x – 3y = v
dv
Thus v + x = f(v) dy dv
dx ⇒1–3 = (Now proceed yourself)
dx dx
dx dv
⇒ =
x f ( v) − v
Solution of the linear differential equation :
dx dv
Therefore solution is ∫ x
= ∫ f ( v) − v
+c dy
+ Py = Q, where P and Q are either constants or
dx
Equation reducible to homogeneous form : functions of x, is
A differential equation of the form  
ye ∫ ∫  Qe ∫
P dx P dx
=  dx + c
dy a x + b1y + c1 
= 1 ,
dx a 2x + b2 y + c2
Where e ∫
P dx
is called the integrating factor.
a b
where 1 ≠ 1 , can be reduced to homogeneous Equations reducible to linear form :
a2 b2
form by adopting the following procedure : Bernoulli's equation : A differential equation of
dy
Put x = X + h, y = Y + k, the form + Py = Qyn, where P and Q are
dx
dY dy functions of x alone is called Bernoulli's equation.
so that =
dX dx dy
Dividing by yn, we get y–n + y–(n – 1). P = Q
The equation then transformed to dx
dY a X + b1Y + (a 1h + b1k + c1 ) (1 − n ) dy dY
= 1 Putting y–(n – 1) = Y, so that = ,
dX a 2 X + b 2 Y + (a 2 h + b 2 k + c 2 ) y n dx dx
Now choose h and k such that a1h + b1k + c1 = 0 and dY
a2h + b2k + c2 = 0. Then for these values of h and k, we get + (1 – n)P. Y = (1 – n)Q
the equation becomes dx
which is a linear differential equation.
dY a X + b1Y
= 1
dX a 2X + b2Y If the given equations is of the form
This is a homogeneous equation which can be solved dy

+ P. f(y) = Q . g(y), where P and Q are
by putting Y = vX and then Y and X should be dx
replaced by y – k and x – h. functions of x alone, we divide the equation by
g(y) and get
Special case :
1 dy f ( y)
dy ax + by + c a b + P. =Q
If = and = = m (say), i.e. g( y) dx g ( y)
dx a´x + bý + c´ a´ b´
when coefficient of x and y in numerator and f ( y)
Now substitute = v and solve.
denominator are proportional, then the above g ( y)
equation cannot be solved by the discussed before Solution of the differential equation :
because the values of h and k given by the equations
will be indeterminate. d2y
= f(x) is obtained by integrating it with respect
In order to solve such equations, we proceed as dx 2
explained in the following example. to x twice.

TRIGONOMETRICAL
MATH
RATIOS
Mathematics Fundamentals
Some Important Definitions and Formulae : Trigo.

Domain Range
Measurement of angles : The angles are measured Function
in degrees, grades or in radius which are defined as sin x R, the set of all the real –1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1
follows: number
Degree : A right angle is divided into 90 equal cos x R – 1 ≤ cos x ≤ 1
parts and each part is called a degree. Thus a right
angle is equal to 90 degrees. One degree is denoted  π 
tan x R – ( 2n + 1) , n ∈ I R
by 1º.  2 
A degree is divided into sixty equal parts is called a
cosec x R – {n π, n ∈ I} R – {x : –1 < x < 1}
minute. One minute is denoted by 1´.
A minute is divided into sixty equal parts and each  π 
sec x R – ( 2n + 1) , n ∈ I R – {x : –1 < x < 1}
parts is called a second. One second is denoted by 1´´.  2 
Thus, cot x R – {n π, n ∈ I} R
1 right angle = 90º (Read as 90 degrees)
1º = 60´ (Read as 60 minutes) Relation between Trigonometrically Ratios and
1´ = 60´´ (Read as 60 seconds). identities:
Grades : A right angle is divided into 100 equal sin θ cos θ
parts and each part is called a grade. Thus a right tan θ = ; cot θ =
cos θ sin θ
angle is equal to 100 grades. One grade is denoted
by 1g. sin A cosec A = tan A cot A = cos A sec A = 1
A grade is divided into 100 equal parts and each sin2θ + cos2θ = 1
part is called a minute and is denoted by 1´. or sin2θ = 1 – cos2θ or cos2θ = 1 – sin2θ
A minute is divided into 100 equal parts and each 1 + tan2θ = sec2θ
part is called a second and is denoted by 1" or sec2θ – tan2θ = 1 or sec2θ – 1 = tan2θ
Thus,
1 + cot2θ = cosec2θ
1 right angled = 100g (Read as 100 grades)
or cosec2θ – cot2θ = 1 or cosec2θ – 1 = cot2θ
1 g = 100´ (Read as 100 minutes)
Since sin 2A + cos2A = 1, hence each of sin A
1´ = 100´´ (Read as 100 seconds) and cos A is numerically less than or equal to
Radians : A radian is the angle subtended at the unity. i.e.
centre of a circle by an arc equal in length to the | sin A| ≤ 1 and | cos A | ≤ 1
radius of the circle.
or –1 ≤ sin A ≤ 1 and – 1 ≤ cos A ≤ 1
Domain and Range of a Trigono. Function :
Note : The modulus of real number x is defined as
If f : X → Y is a function, defined on the set X, |x| = x if x ≥ 0 and |x| = – x if x < 0.
then the domain of the function f, written as Domf
is the set of all independent variables x, for which Since sec A and cosec A are respectively
the image f(x) is well defined element of Y, called reciprocals of cos A and sin A, therefore the values
the co-domain of f. of sec A and cosec A are always numerically
greater than or equal to unity i.e.
Range of f : X → Y is the set of all images f(x)
which belongs to Y, i.e., sec A ≥ 1 or sec A ≤ – 1
Range f = {f(x) ∈ Y : x ∈ X} ⊆ Y and cosec A ≥ 1 or cosec A ≤ – 1
The domain and range of trigonmetrical functions In other words, we never have
are tabulated as follows : –1 < cosec A < 1 and –1 < sec A < 1.

Trigonometrical Ratios for Various Angles : Formulae Involving Double, Triple and Half Angles :
2 tan θ
π π π π 3π sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ =
θ 0 π 2π 1 + tan 2 θ
6 4 3 2 2
cos 2θ = cos2 θ – sin 2 θ = 2 cos2θ – 1
1 1 3
sin θ 0 1 0 –1 0 1 − tan 2 θ
2 2 2 = 1 – 2 sin2θ =
1 + tan 2 θ
3 1 1
cos θ 1 0 –1 0 1 θ 1 − cos θ θ 1 + cos θ
2 2 2 sin =± ; cos =±
2 2 2 2
1
tan θ 0 1 3 ∞ 0 ∞ 0 θ 1 − cos θ
3 tan =±
2 1 + cos θ
Trigonometrical Ratios for Related Angles : 2 tan θ
tan 2θ =
θ –θ π π±θ 3π 2π ± θ 1 − tan 2 θ
±θ ±θ
2 2 sin 3θ = 3 sin θ – 4 sin3θ
sin – sin θ cos θ m sin θ – cos θ ± sin θ 1
or sin3θ = (3 sin θ – sin 3θ)
cos cos θ m sin θ – cos θ ± sin θ cos θ 4
tan – tan θ ± tan θ ± tan θ cos 3θ = 4 cos3θ – 3 cos θ
m cot θ m cot θ
cot – cot θ ± cot θ ± cot θ 1
m tan θ m tan θ or cos3θ = (3 cos θ + cos 3θ)
4
Addition and Subtraction Formulae : 3 tan θ − tan 3 θ  π
sin (A ± B) = sin A cos B ± cos A sin B
tan 3θ = θ ≠ nπ + 6 
1 − 3 tan 2 θ  
cos (A ± B) = cos A cos B m sin A sin B
Trigonometrical Ratios for Some Special Angles :
tan A ± tan B
tan (A ± B) = 1º 1º
1 m tan A tan B θ 7 15º 22
2 2
cot A cot B m 1
cot (A ± B) =
cot B ± cot A 4− 2 − 6 3 −1 2− 2
sin θ
sin (A + B) sin (A – B) = sin2A – sin2B 2 2 2 2 2
= cos2B – cos2A
4+ 2 + 6 3 +1 2+ 2
cos (A + B) cos (A – B) = cos2A – sin 2B cos θ
= cos2B – sin2A 2 2 2 2 2
Formulae for Changing the Sum or Difference into ( 3– 2)
Product : tan θ 2– 3 2 –1
( 2 –1)
C+D C−D
sin C + sin D = 2 sin cos
2 2 θ 18º 36º
C+D C−D
sin C – sin D = 2 cos sin 5 −1 10 − 2 5
2 2 sin θ
4 4
C+D C−D
cos C + cos D = 2 cos cos 5 +1
2 2 cos θ 10 + 2 5
4 4
C+D D−C
cos C – cos D = 2 sin sin
2 2 25 − 10 5
tan θ 5−2 5
Formulae for Changing the Product into Sum or 5
Difference :
Important Points to Remember :
2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A – B)
Maximum and minimum values of
2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) – sin (A – B)
2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A – B) a sin x + b cos x are + a 2 + b2 , – a 2 + b2
2 sin A sin B = cos (A – B) – cos(A + B) respectively.

sin2x + cosec2x ≥ 2 for every real x. A B C A B C
2 2
sin2 +sin2 –sin2 = 1 – 2cos cos cos
cos x + sec x ≥ 2 for every real x. 2 2 2 2 2 2
tan2x + cot2x ≥ 2 for every real x A B C A B C
cos2 + cos2 – cos2 = 2cos cos sin
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
If x = sec θ + tan θ, then = sec θ – tan θ
x 5. If x + y + z = π/2, then
1 sin2x + sin2y + sin2z = 1 – 2 sin x sin y sin z
If x = cosec θ + cot θ, then = cosec θ – cot θ
x cos2x + cos2y + cos2z = 2 + 2 sin x sin y sin z
cos θ . cos 2θ . cos 4θ . cos 8θ sin 2x + sin 2y + sin 2z = 4 cos x cos y cos z
sin 2 n θ 6. If A + B + C = π, then
.... cos 2n–1θ = tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C
2 n sin θ
cot B cot C + cot C cot A + cot A cot B = 1
1
sin θ sin (60º – θ) sin (60º + θ) = sin 3θ B C C A A B
4 tan tan + tan tan + tan tan = 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
cos θ cos (60º – θ) cos (60º + θ) = cos 3θ A B C A B C
4 cot + cot + cot = cot cot cot
2 2 2 2 2 2
tan θ tan (60º – θ) tan (60º + θ) = tan 3θ
7. (a) For any angles A, B, C we have
Conditional Identities :
sin (A + B + C)
1. If A + B + C = 180º, then
= sin A cos B cos C + cos A sin B cos C
sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C = 4 sin A sin B sin C + cos A cos B sin C – sin A sin B sin C
sin 2A + sin 2B – sin 2C = 4 cos A cos B sin C
cos (A + B + C)
sin (B + C – A) + sin (C + A – B) + sin (A+B – C)
= cos A cos B cos C – cos A sin B sin C
= 4 sin A sin B sin C
– sin A cos B sin C – sin A sin B cos C
cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C
tan(A + B + C)
= –1 – 4 cos A cos B cos C
tan A + tan B + tan C – tan A tan B tan C
cos 2A+ cos 2B – cos 2C = 1 – 4 sin A sinB cosC =
1 − tan A tan B − tan B tan C − tan C tan A
2. If A + B + C = 180º, then
(b) If A,B, C are the angles of a triangle, then
A B C
sin A + sin B + sin C = 4 cos cos cos sin(A + B + C) = sin π = 0 and
2 2 2
cos (A + B + C) = cos π = –1
A B C
sin A + sin B – sin C = 4 sin sin sin then (a) gives
2 2 2
sin A sin B sin C
A B C = sin A cos B cos C + cos A sin B cos C
cos A+ cos B+ cos C = 1 + 4 sin sin sin
2 2 2
+ cos A cos B sin C
A B C and (a) gives
cos A+ cos B – cos C = –1 + 4cos cos sin
2 2 2 1 + cos A cos B cos C
cos A cos B cos C = cos A sin B sin C + sin A cos B sin C
+ + =2
sin B sin C sin C sin A sin A sin B + sin A sin B cos C
3. If A + B + C = π, then Method of Componendo and Dividendo :
sin2A + sin 2B – sin2C = 2 sin A sin B cos C p a
cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = 1– 2 cos A cos B cos C If = , then by componendo and dividendo we
q b
sin2A + sin 2B + sin2C = 2 + 2 cos A cos B cos C can write
cos2A + cos2B – cos2C = 1 – 2 sin A sin B cos C p−q a −b q−p b−a
4. If A + B + C = π, then = or =
p+q a +b q+p b+a
A B C A B C
sin2 +sin2 + sin2 = 1– 2 sin sin sin p+q a+b q+p b+a
2 2 2 2 2 2 or = or =
p−q a−b q−p b−a
A B C A B C
cos2 +cos2 +cos2 =2 + 2 sin sin sin
2 2 2 2 2 2

Based on New Pattern
IIT-JEE 2010
XtraEdge Test Series # 9
Time : 3 Hours
Syllabus :
Physics : Full Syllabus, Chemistry : Full Syllabus, Mathematics : Full syllabus
Instructions :
Section - I
• Question 1 to 9 are multiple choice questions with only one correct answer. +3 marks will be awarded for correct
answer and -1 mark for wrong answer.
• Question 10 to 14 are multiple choice questions with multiple (one or more than one) correct answer. +4 marks and
-1 mark for wrong answer.
• Question 15 to 20 are passage based single correct type questions. +4 marks will be awarded for correct answer and
Section - II
• Question 21 to 22 are Column Matching type questions. +6 marks will be awarded for the complete correctly
matched answer and No Negative marks for wrong answer. However, +1 marks will be given for a correctly
marked answer in any row.
(A) 10 m/s (B) 10 m/s

PHYSICS (C)
1
m/s (D) None of these
10
Questions 1 to 9 are multiple choice questions. Each
3. If x grams of steam at 100ºC becomes water at
question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of
which ONLY ONE is correct. 100ºC which converts y grams of ice at 0ºC into
water at 100ºC, then the ratio x/y will be –
a sin θ + b cos θ
1. If x = , then – 1 27
a+b (A) (B)
(A) The dimension of a and x are same 3 4
(B) The dimension of b and x are same 4
(C) 3 (D)
(C) Both (A) and (B) 27
(D) x is dimensionless
2. ABCD is a smooth horizontal fixed plane on 4. A gas is at pressure P and temperature T.
which mass m1 = 0.1 kg is moving in a circular Coefficient of volume expansion of one mole of
path of radius 1 m. It is connected by an ideal gas at constant pressure is –
string which is passing through a smooth hole and 1 1
1 (A) (B) T (C) 2 (D) T2
connects mass m2 = kg at the other end as T T
2
shown. m2 also moves in a horizontal circle of 5. A source of light is placed at double focal length
same radius of 1 m with a speed of 10 m/s. If from a convergent lens. The focal length of the
g = 10 m/s2, then the speed of m1 is – lens is f = 30 cm. At what distance from the lens
A B should a flat mirror be placed so that ray reflected
m1 from the mirror are parallel after passing through
the lens for the second time ?
D (A) Beyond 2 F
C
(B) Between lens and F
(C) Between F and 2F near 2F
m2 (D) Between F and 2F equidistant from F and 2F

6. Consider a toroid of circular cross-section of Questions 10 to 14 are multiple choice questions. Each
radius b, major radius R much greater than minor question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of
radius b, (see diagram) find the total energy which MULTIPLE (ONE OR MORE) is correct.
stored in magnetic field of toroid –
10. Path of three projectiles are shown. If T1, T2 and
T3 are time of flights and ignoring air resistances -
y
1
2
3
x
R
B2 π 2 b 2 R B2 π 2 b 2 R 1.5R
(A) (B) 2R
2µ 0 4µ 0
(A) T1 > T3 (B) T1 < T3
B2 π 2 b 2 R B2 π 2 b 2 R
(C) (D) T +T
8µ 0 µ0 (C) T2 = 1 3 (D) T1 = T2 = T3
2
11. Two blocks of masses 2 kg each are moving in
7. A small charged ball is hovering in the state of
opposite direction with equal speed collides at
equilibrium at a height h over a large horizontal t = 5 sec. The magnitude of relative velocity (v) is
uniformly charged dielectric plate. What would plotted against time 't'. The loss in kinetic energy
be the instantaneous acceleration of the ball if a is K and coefficient of restitution in e, then –
v
disc of radius r = 0.001 h is removed from the
plate directly underneath the ball –
2 2
4 m/s
g r g h
(A)   (B)  
2 h 2 r
g r
2
g h
2 t
(C)   (D)   t = 5 sec
4 h 4 r (A) K = 8J (B) K = 16J
(C) e = 0.5 (D) e = 0
8. For pair production i.e. for the production of
electron and positron incident photon must have 12. A constant voltage is applied between two ends of
minimum frequency of the order of – a uniform conducting wire. If both the length and
radius of the wire are doubled –
(A) 10 18/sec (B) 10 21/sec
(A) the heat produced in the wire will be doubled
(C) 10 25/sec (D) 10 30/sec (B) the electric field across the wire will be
doubled
→ →
9. For the vectors a and b shown in figure, (C) the heat produced will remain unchanged
→ → (D) the electric field across the wire will become
a = 3 î + ĵ and | b | = 10 units while θ = 23º, half
→ →
then the value of R = | a + b | is nearly – 13. A solenoid is connected to a source of constant
y → emf for a long time. A soft iron piece is inserted
b into it. Then –
→ (A) self inductance of the solenoid gets increased
a
(B) flux linked with the solenoid increases hence
θ steady state current gets decrease
x (C) energy stored in the solenoid gets increased
O
(D) magnetic moment of the solenoid increased
(A) 12 (B) 13 (C) 14 (D) 15

14. In radioactivity decay according to law N = N0e–πt Scientists can observe the spectral lines of atoms
which of the following is/are true ? that are dominant in far-away galaxies. Due to
(A) Probability that a nucleus will decay is 1 – e–λt the speed at which these galaxies are travelling,
(B) Probability that a nucleus will decay four half these lines are shifted, but their pattern remains
lives is 15/16
the same. This allows researchers to use the
(C) Fraction nuclei that will remain after two half
lives is zero spectral pattern to determine which atoms they
(D) Fraction of nuclei that will remain after two are seeing. Table - 1 below shows spectroscopic
half-lives is 1/4 measurements made by researchers trying to
determine the atomic makeup of a particular far-
This section contains 2 paragraphs; each has away galaxy. Light energy is not measured
3 multiple choice questions. (Questions 15 to 20) Each directly, but rather is determined from measuring
question has 4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which
the frequency of light, which is proportional to
ONLY ONE is correct.
the energy.
Passage : I (No. 15 to 17) Table – 1
ε
V Frequencies Measured
10 Ω
6 868440
Al foil
10×106Ω 880570
879910
Voltmeter is ideal and two aluminum foil is given at 856390
certain separation. In this set up upper aluminum foil
jumps to the lower Al foil at the potential difference 18. For each of three hypothetical atoms (Atom 1,
between the plates (or foils) of 500 V. Atom 2 and Atom 3), Figure 1 depicts the -
(A) number of electrons and the amount of
15. When emf ε of the battery is 400 volt and foil has energy the atom contains
not jumped, approximate reading of the voltmeter
(B) distance an electron travels from one part of
is -
(A) 500 V (B) 400 V the atom to another
(C) 0 V (D) 250 V (C) energy released by the atom as an electron as
it moves from one energy state to another
16. What is the reading of voltmeter just after the foil (D) frequency with which the atom’s electrons
has jumped and connected the two plates -
move from one energy state to another
(A) 500 V (B) less than 500 V
(C) more than 500 V (D) 600 V
19. Based on the spectroscopic measurements shown
17. What is the emf of the battery just after the foil in Table - 1, which of the atoms in Figure (i)
has jumped and connected the two plates - (Atom 1, Atom 2, or Atom 3) is most similar to
(A) 500 V (B) 600 V
the one the scientists were observing, and why ?
(C) 700 V (D) 800 V
(A) Atom 2, because it contains four different
Passage : II (No. 18 to 20) energy levels
(B) Atom 3, because it contains four different
Figure (i), below depicts three hypothetical energy levels
atoms. Energy levels are represented as (C) Atom 1, because the frequencies listed in
horizontal segments. The distance between the Table 1 indicate a high level of atomic
segments is representative of the energy activity
difference between the various levels. All
(D) Atom 3, because there is a comparatively
possible transitions between energy levels are
indicated by arrows. small difference between exactly two of the
Atom # 1 Atom # 2 Atom # 3 four frequencies listed in Table 1
20. The laws of atomic physics prohibit electron
movements between certain energy states. In
atomic physics, these prohibitions are called
“forbidden transitions.” Based on Figure (i),
which of the following is most accurate ?
(A) Atom 2 has the same number of forbidden
Fig (i) transitions as Atom 1

(B) Atom 2 has more forbidden transitions than
Atom 3 CHEMISTRY
(C) Atom 3 has the same number of forbidden
transitions as Atom 1 Questions 1 to 9 are multiple choice questions. Each
(D) Atom 1 has fewer forbidden transitions than question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of
Atom 2 which ONLY ONE is correct.
This section contains 2 questions (Questions 21 to 22). 1. Brown ppt. (A) dissolve in HNO3 gives (B) which
Each question contains statements given in two gives white ppt. (C) with NH4OH. (C) on reaction
columns which have to be matched. Statements (A, B, with HCl gives solution (D) which gives white
C, D) in Column I have to be matched with statements turbidity on addition of water. What is (D) ?
(P, Q, R, S) in Column II. The answers to these (A) BiCl3 (B) Bi(OH)3
questions have to be appropriately bubbled as (C) BiOCl (D) Bi(NO3)3
illustrated in the following example. If the correct
matches are A-P, A-S, B-Q, B-R, C-P, C-Q and 2. Histidine (A) has pKa values as indicated
D-S, then the correctly bubbled 4 × 4 matrix should be O
as follows :
P Q R S CH2 CH C OH
A P Q R S 6.04 +
NH3
B P Q R S 1.82
N NH
C P Q R S 9.17
D P Q R S (A)
What will be its form at pH = 4 ?
21. Column I Column II O
(A) Pair production (P) Few MeV CH2–CHCOH
(B) Inverse photoelectric (Q) 20 KeV (A) HN + ⊕
NH NH3
effect
(C) De-excitation of Be+3 (R) 54 eV O
–
atom from second CH2CHC O
excited state (B) HN + +
NH3
NH
(D) Kα – X-ray photons (S) 0.1 eV
of molybdenum O
–
Z = 42 CH2CHC O
(C) N NH
+
NH3
22.
O
–
µ1 60° µ1 µ1 CH2CHC O
(D) N NH NH2
µ2 µ2 µ2
θc α β
30°
(B) (C) α > θc 3. The correct order of M–C π bond and strength in
(A)
given metal carbonyl is-
Column I Column II (A) [Fe(CO)4]2– > [Co(CO)4]– > [Ni(CO)4]
(Α) θc (P) 45° (B) [Ni(CO)4] > [Co(CO)4]– > [Fe(CO)4]2–
(C) [Fe(CO)4]2– > [Ni(CO)4] > [Co(CO)4]–
 1 
(Β) sin–1   (Q) Critical angle (D) [Ni(CO)4] > [Co(CO)4]– = [Fe(CO)4]2–
 3
4. Compound 'A' (molecular formula C 3H 8O) is treated
 1 
(C) Refractive index of 1 (R)   with acidified potassium dichromate to form a
 3 product B (molecular formula C3H6O). 'B' form a
with respect to 2 shining silver mirror on warming with ammonical
(D) Total internal reflection (S) α = β silver nitrate 'B' when treated with an aqueous
solution of H2NCONHNH2.HCl and sodium acetate
gives a product 'C'. Identify the structure of C.

(A) CH3C NCONHNH2 1. AlCl3
+ A
CH3 9. O 2. H+/H2O
(B) CH3CH2CH N NHCONH2 The product 'A' is
(C) CH3 C NNHCONH2 Ph Ph
(A) Me (B)
CH3 OH OH
(D) CH3CH2CH = NCONHNH2 O
H
5. Vander Waal's equation for a real gas is (C) Ph (D) H
Me
 
2 Ph
 P + n a  (V – nb) = nRT OH
 2 
V 
 Questions 10 to 14 are multiple choice questions. Each
ab question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of
Plot of quantity Q = with temperature is
a+b which MULTIPLE (ONE OR MORE) is correct.
10. The following complexes are given
Q T
(1) trans – [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+
(A) (B) (2) cis – [Co(NH3)2 (en)2] 3+
(3) trans – [Co(NH3)2(en)2]3+
T Q (4) NiCl42–
(5) TiF62–
Q Q (6) CoF63–
(C) (D) Choose the correct code :
(A) (1), (2) are optically active, (3) is optically inactive
T T (B) (2) is optically active, (1), (3) are optically inactive
(C) (4), (6) are coloured and (5) is colourless
6. A solution containing NaOH and Na2CO3 was titrated (D) (4) is coloured and (5), (6) are colourless
against HCl using phenolphthalein as an indicator.
The tire value of HCl solution was found to be x ml. 11. Cellulose is made of glucose units joined together by
At the end point, methyl orange was added and the β-1, 4-glycosidic linkages. These molecules are held
titration continued. A further y ml of HCl solution by-
was required to get the end point with methyl orange. (A) ionic bonds
The volume of HCl solution used with Na2CO 3 (B) hydrogen bonds and van der Waal's forces
during the whole process is (C) weak van der Waal's forces only
(A) 2x (B) 2y (D) All of these
(C) x (D) y – x
12. Which of the following statements is/are correct. ?
(A) The monoatomic gas He has lower entropy than
7. For crystallisation of a solid from the aqueous the triatomic gas CO2, which has lower entropy
solution, if the values of ∆H and ∆S are –x J mol–1 than gaseous benzene
and – y J K–1 mol–1 respectively, which of the (B) For single atoms, the absolute entropy increases
following relationships is correct as the number of electrons and the protons
(A) x = T × y (B) x > T × y increases
(C) x < T × y (D) None of these (C) Among the solid elements the absolute entropy
generally increases as the atomic number
8. Reduction of but-2-yne with Na and liquid NH3 gives increases
an alkene which upon catalytic hydrogenation with (D) All metallic solids have entropies below 85 J.
D2/Pt gives an alkane. The alkene and alkane formed mole–1K–1
respectively are 13. In the Libermman test for phenols, the blue or green
(A) cis but-2-ene and racemic-2, 3-dideuterobutane colour produced is due to the formation of -
(B) trans but-2-ene and meso 2, 3-dideuterobutane
(C) trans but-2-ene and racemic 2, 3-dideuterobutane (A) OH OH
(D) cis but-2-ene and meso 2, 3-dideuterobutane
(B) O = = NOH

–+ 15. Aldehydes with H at α-carbon do not undergo this
(C) O = =N– – ONa type of reaction
O
(D) O = =N– – OH R CH2 C H OH (no reaction)
because -
14. Which of the following statements are correct for SN2 (A) aldehyde is enolised in basic condition
reaction. (B) bond energy of C–H increase
(A) Increasing the polarity of solvent causes a large (C) steric hinderance increase
increase in the rate of SN2 attack by NH3 on alkyl (D) all the above
halide
(B) Increasing the polarity of solvent causes a large 16. Identify the products in the following reactions ?
decrease in the rate of SN2 attack by OH– ion on
O
trimethyl sulphonium ions
(C) Increasing the polarity of solvent causes a small 2H C D + OH → acid salt(i) + alcohol(ii)
decrease in the rate of S N2 attack by trimethyl
amine on trimethyl sulphonium ion D
(D) Increasing the polarity of solvent causes a large 2D C O + OH → acid salt(iii) + alcohol(iv)
increase in the rate of S N2 attack by OH– ion on
trimethyl sulphonium ion (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
O O
This section contains 2 paragraphs; each has
3 multiple choice questions. (Questions 15 to 20) Each (A) D C O– CH2D–OH D C O– CH2DOH
question has 4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which O O
–
(B) H C O CH3OH H C O– CH2DOH
Passage : I (No. 15 to 17)
O O O O
–
R C H+R C H
OH (C) H C O CH2DOH D C O– CH2DOH
O O D C O–
R C O + R CH2OH (D) D C O– CH2DOH CD3OH
O
All non-enolisable aldehydes undergo such type of
ractions in strongly basic medium. These type of
17. Consider the following aldehydes :
reactions are disproportionation reaction in which
one molecule gets oxidised and other reduced. O O
–
O O H C H CCl3 C H
(i) R C H + OH R C H (i) (ii)
O O
OH
–
O O CH2 C H C H
(ii) R C H + R C H Cl
(iii) (iv)
OH The reaction is not given by-
–
O O
(A) (i), (ii) (B) (ii), (iii)
R C OH + R C H (C) (iii), (i) (D) only (iii)
H
Passage : II (No. 18 to 20)
O
Equilibrium constant are given (in atm) for the
(iii) R C OH + R CH2O following reaction at 0ºC :
O SrCl2. 6H2O(s) SrCl2.2H2O(s) + 4H2O(g) :
Kp = 5 × 10–12
R C O + R CH2OH Na2HPO4.12H2O(s) NaSO4.7H2O(s) +5H2O(g) :
Kp = 2.43 × 10–13

Na2SO 4.10H2O(s) Na2SO4 (s) + 10H2O(g) :
Kp = 1.024 × 10 –27
MATHEMATICS
The vapour pressure of water at 0ºC is 4.56 torr.
18. Which is the most effective drying agent at 0ºC ?
(A) SrCl2.2H2O (B) Na2HPO4.7H2O which ONLY ONE is correct.
(C) Na2SO4 (D) all equal
1. z1 and z2 lie on a circle with centre at the origin. The
19. At what relative humidities will Na2SO4.10H2O point of intersection z3 of the tangents at z1 and z2 is
lose water of hydration when exposed to air at given by -
0ºC? 1 2z1z 2
(A) ( z1 + z 2 ) (B)
(A) above 33.33% (B) below 33.33% 2 z1 + z 2
(C) above 66.66% (D) below 66.66% 1  1 1  z1 + z 2
(C)  +  (D)
20. At what humidities will Na2SO4 absorb moisture 2  z1 z 2  z1z 2
when exposed to air at 0ºC ?
(A) above 33.33% (B) below 33.33% 2. The set of all x satisfying the equation
(C) above 66.66% (D) below 66.66% x log 3 x
2
+ (log 3 x ) 2 −10
= 1/x2 is
(A) {1, 9} (B) {1, 9, 1/81}
This section contains 2 questions (Questions 21 to 22).
Each question contains statements given in two (C) {1, 4, 1/81} (D) {9, 1/81}
columns which have to be matched. Statements (A, B,
C, D) in Column I have to be matched with statements 3. Value of
(P, Q, R, S) in Column II. The answers to these S=1×2×3×4+2×3×4×5
questions have to be appropriately bubbled as + … + n (n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3) is -
matches are A-P, A-S, B-Q, B-R, C-P, C-Q and 1
(A) n (n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3) (n + 4)
D-S, then the correctly bubbled 4 × 4 matrix should be 5
as follows :
1 n+3
P Q R S (B) ( C5)
5!
A P Q R S
B P Q R S 1 n+4
(C) ( C4)
5
C P Q R S
(D) none of these
D P Q R S
−1
 1 − tan θ   1 tan θ   a − b
21. Column –I Column-II 4. If     =  ,
(A) NH3 → NO3– (P) M/20  tan θ 1  − tan θ 1  b a 
(B) Fe2S3 → 2FeSO4 + SO2 (Q) M/5 then -
(C) KMnO4 in acidic medium (R) M/8 (A) a = b = 1
(D) CuS → CuSO4 (S) M (B) a = cos 2θ, b = sin 2θ
(C) a = sin 2θ, b = cos 2θ
22. Column-I Column-II
(D) a = 1, b = sin 2θ
(A) CuCl2.2H2O (P) Colourless and
diamagnetic
(B) Cu2Cl2 (Q) Green coloured 5. A natural number x is chosen at random from the
first one hundred natural numbers. The probability
and
paramagnetic ( x − 20)( x − 40)
that < 0 is
(C) CuO (R) Calamine x − 30
(D) ZnCO 3 (S) Black in colour, (A) 1/50 (B) 3/50
basic in nature (C) 3/25 (D) 7/25

6. Two flagstaffs stand on a horizontal plane. A and B
are two points on the line joining their feet and
12.
∫
If I = sec 2 x cosec4 x dx = K cot3 x + L tan x +
between them. The angles of elevation of the tops of M cot x + C then -

the flagstaffs as seen from A are 30º and 60º and as (A) K = –1/4 (B) L = 2
seen from B are 60º and 45º. If AB is 30 m, then (C) M = – 2 (D) none of these
distance between the flagstaffs in metres is -
π/2 dx
(A) 30 + 15 3 (B) 45 + 15 3 13. ∫ 01 + tan x
is -
(C) 60 – 15 3 (D) 60 + 15 3 (A) a multiple of π/4 (B) a multiple of π/2
(C) equal to π/4 (D) a multiple of π
7. If g(x) is a polynomial satisfying g(x) g(y) = g(x) +
g(y) + g(xy) – 2 for all real x and y and g(2) = 5
14. The orthogonal trajectories of the system of curves
then lim g(x) is - 2
x →3  dy 
  = a/x are -
(A) 9 (B) 25  dx 
(C) 10 (D) none of these −2
(A) 9a(y + C)2 = 4x3 (B) y + C = x3/2
3 a
1+ x 2 −1
8. If y = tan –1 , then - 2
x (C) y + C = x3/2 (D) none of these
3 a
(A) y′ (1) = 1 (B) y′ (1) = 1/4
(C) y′ (1) = 0 (D) y′ (1) does not exist This section contains 2 paragraphs; each has
3 multiple choice questions. (Questions 15 to 20) Each
9. The degree of the differential equation satisfying question has 4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which
1 − x 2 + 1 + y 2 = a(x – y) is -
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 3 (D) none of these A polynomial
p(x) = a0 xn + a1 xn–1 + … + an–1 x + an, a0 ≠ 0 is said
Questions 10 to 14 are multiple choice questions. Each to be a reciprocal equation if ai = an – i for 0 ≤ i ≤ [n/2]
question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of where [x] denote the greatest integer ≤ x.
which MULTIPLE (ONE OR MORE) is correct.
15. If p(x) is a reciprocal polynomial of odd degree, then
10. The number of ways of choosing triplets (x, y, z) one of the roots of p(x) = 0 is -
such that z ≥ max {x, y} and (A) – 1 (B) 1
x, y, z ∈ {1, 2, …, n, n + 1} is - (C) 0 (D) (n + 1)/2
1 16. Sum of the rational roots of

(A) n+1C3 + n+2
C3 (B) n (n + 1) (2n + 1)
6 133x − 78
x5 =
(C) 12 + 22 + … + n2 (D) 2(n+2C3) – n+1C2 133 − 78x
is -
sec 2 x
1 1 (A) 2/9 (B) 9/2
11. If f(x) = cos 2 x cos 2 x cosec 2 x then - (C) 13/6 (D) 6/13
1 cos 2 x cot 2 x
17. Let m, n ∈ N and
π/4 p(x) = 1 + x + … + xm.
1
(A)
∫ f ( x)dx = 16 (3π + 8)
−π / 4
p(x) will divide p(xn) if
(A) hcf (m, n) = 1
(B) f ′ (π/2) = 0 (B) hcf (m + 1, n) = 1
(C) hcf (m, n + 1) = 1
(C) Maximum value of f(x) is 1 (D) hcf (m+1, n+1) = 1
(D) Minimum value of f(x) is 0

Passage : II (No. 18 to 20) This section contains 2 questions (Questions 21 to 22).
Each question contains statements given in two
A straight line is called an asymptote to the curve columns which have to be matched. Statements (A, B,
y = f(x)( if the distance from the variable point M of C, D) in Column I have to be matched with statements
(P, Q, R, S) in Column II. The answers to these
the curve to the straight line approaches zero as the questions have to be appropriately bubbled as
point M recedes to infinity along some branch of the illustrated in the following example. If the correct
curve. We have three kinds of asymptotes; vertical, matches are A-P, A-S, B-Q, B-R, C-P, C-Q and
D-S, then the correctly bubbled 4 × 4 matrix should be
horizontal and inclined.
as follows :
There are three types of asymptotes vertical, P Q R S
horizontal and inclined. A P Q R S
Vertical asymptotes If at least one of lim f(x) or B P Q R S
x →a +
C P Q R S
lim f(x) is equal to infinity then x = A is a vertical
x →a − D P Q R S
asymptote. If lim f(x) = A then y = A is a
x →± a
21. Column-I Column-II
f ( x)
horizontal asymptote. If limits lim =k2, lim (A) locus of point of intersection (P) x2 + y2 = 2a2
x →± a x x →± a
of the lines x = at2, y = 2at
[f(x) – kx] = b 2 then y = k 2x + b 2 is an inclined
asymptote. (B) locus of the point of (Q) y2 = 4ax
intersection of the
3x
18. Let y = + 3x be curve 1 and y = xe1/x be curve 2 perpendicular tangents to
x −1 the circle x 2 + y2 = a2
then - (C) locus of the point of (R) x2 + y2 = ax
(A) curve 1 has no horizontal asymptote and curve 2 intersection of the lines
has no vertical asymptote x cos θ = y cot θ = a
(B) y = 3x + 3 and y = x + 2 inclined asymptotes to (D) The locus of the mid (S) x2 – y2 = a2
curve 1 curve 2 points of the chords of the
circle x2 + y2 – 2ax = 0
(C) y = 3x + 3 and y = x + 1 are inclined asymptotes
passing through the origin
to curve 1 and curve 2
(D) y = x + 1 and y = 3x + 3 are inclined asymptotes 22. Column-I Column-II
to curve 1 and curve 2 ( x + 3) 2
(A) f(x) = , (P) 0 ≤ f(x) ≤ 3
x 2 +1
5x
19. Let y = then –∞<x<∞
x −3
(B) R = {(x, y): x, y ∈ R, (Q) 3 ≤ f(x) ≤ 9
(A) There are no vertical asymptotes
2 2
x + y ≤ 25}
(B) There are no horizontal asymptotes
R′ = {(x, y): x, y ∈ R,
(C) There are no inclined asymptotes
y ≥ 4x2/9}
(D) x = 3 and y = 5 are the only asymptotes
and let (x, f(x)) = R ∩ R′
2
20. Let y = x + 1 sin 1/x 9
(C) f(x) = (R) 0 ≤ f(x) ≤ 10
(A) There are no horizontal asymptotes 2 − cos 3x
(B) There is only one horizontal asymptote (D) f(x) = (S) 0 ≤ f(x) ≤ 5
(C) There are only two horizontal asymptotes 3 2 sin ( π 2 / 16) − x 2

(D) There is one vertical asymptote

Based on New Pattern
IIT-JEE 2011
XtraEdge Test Series # 9
Time : 3 Hours
Syllabus :
Physics : Full Syllabus, Chemistry : Full Syllabus, Mathematics : Full syllabus
Instructions :
Section - I
• Question 1 to 9 are multiple choice questions with only one correct answer. +3 marks will be awarded for correct
answer and -1 mark for wrong answer.
• Question 10 to 14 are multiple choice questions with multiple (one or more than one) correct answer. +4 marks and
• Question 15 to 20 are passage based single correct type questions. +4 marks will be awarded for correct answer and
Section - II
• Question 21 to 22 are Column Matching type questions. +6 marks will be awarded for the complete correctly
matched answer and No Negative marks for wrong answer. However, +1 marks will be given for a correctly
marked answer in any row.
y
PHYSICS
which ONLY ONE is correct. L
1. Two blocks A and B, have equal masses. They are

placed next to each other on a horizontal x
frictionless fixed table. Compare the velocities of L
the blocks as each of them reaches the opposite L L  2L L 
(A)  ,  (B)  , 
end of the table – 2 2  3 2
4F L L L L
A A (C)  ,  (D)  , 
3 3 3 6
F
B B
3. A body of mass 1 kg starts moving from rest at
t = 0, in a circular path of radius 8 m. Its kinetic
energy varies as a function of time as :
(A) vA = 2 vB (B) vA = 4 vB KE = 2t2 Joules, where t is in seconds. Then -
(C) vA = 8 vB (D) vA = 16 vB (A) Tangential acceleration = 4 m/s2
(B) Power of all forces at t = 2 sec is 8 watt
(C) First round is completed in 2 sec
2. Centre of mass of two thin uniform rods of same (D) Tangential force at t = 2 sec is 4 newton
length but made up of different materials and kept 4. With what minimum velocity should block be
as shown, can be, if the meeting point is the origin projected from left end A towards end B such that
of co-ordinates – it reaches the other end B of conveyer belt
moving with constant velocity v. Friction
coefficient between block and belt is µ .

m v0 B touching (event 1) or make an elastic head-on
A
µ collision (event 2) -
v (A) we can never make out which event has
occurred
(B) we can not make out which event has
L occurred only if v 1 = v 2
(C) we can always make out which event has
(A) µgL (B) 2µgL occurred
(D) we can make out which event has occurred
(C) 3µgL (D) 2 µgL only if v1 = v2
5. A block of mass m is attached to a pulley disc of 9. The escape velocity from the earth is about
equal mass m, radius r by means of a slack string 11 km/s. The escape velocity from a planet
as shown. The pulley is hinged about its centre on having twice the radius and the same mean
a horizontal table and the block is projected with density as the earth is -
an initial velocity of 15 m/s. Its velocity when the (A) 22 km/s (B) 11 km/s
string becomes taut will be – (C) 5.5 km/s (D) 15.5 km/s

which MULTIPLE (ONE OR MORE) is correct.
(A) 5 m/s (B) 6 m/s 10. The potential energy of a particle of mass 0.1 kg,
(C) 7.5 m/s (D) 10 m/s moving along x-axis is given by U = 5x (x – 4) J,
6. A beaker containing water is placed on the where x is in meters. It can be concluded that -
platform of a spring balance. The balance reads (A) The particle is acted upon by a constant force
1.5 kg. A stone of mass 0.5 kg and density (B) The speed of the particle is maximum at
500 kg/m3 is completely immersed in water x=2m
without touching the walls of beaker. Now the (C) The speed of the particle is maximum at
balance reading will be - x=0m
(A) 2 kg (B) 1 kg (D) The period of oscillation of the particle is
(C) 2.5 kg (D) 3 kg π
sec
5
7. A uniform rod of mass M1 is hinged at its upper
end. A particle of mass M2 moving horizontally 11. A particle of mass m is at rest in a train moving
strikes the rod at its mid point elastically. If the with constant velocity with respect to ground.
particle comes to rest after collision, the value of Now the particle is accelerated by a constant force
M1 F0 acting in the direction of motion of train for
is –
M2 time t0. A girl in the train and a boy on the ground
measure the work done by this force. Which of
the following are incorrect ?
(A) Both will measure the same work
v (B) Boy will measure higher value than the girl
M2 (C) Girl will measure higher value than the boy
(D) Data are insufficient for the measurement of
work done by the force F0
M1
3 4 2 3
(A) (B) (C) (D) 12. In figure, two blocks M1 and m2 are tied together
4 3 3 2
with an inextensible and light string. The mass M1
8. Two identical spheres move in opposite directions is placed on a rough horizontal surface with
with speeds v1 and v2 and pass behind an opaque coefficient of friction µ and the mass m2 is
screen, where they may either cross without hanging vertically against a smooth vertical wall.
The pulley is frictionless –

B
M1
1.5 m
Rough (µ) A
C 1m
Smooth m2
4m
D
Choose the correct statement (s) related to the

tension T in the string - 15. Velocity of the liquid coming out of siphon at D
is -
(A) When m2 < µM1, T = m2g
(B) When m2 < µM1, T = M1g (A) 4 5 m/s (B) 130 m/s
(C) When m2 > µM1, µM1g < T < m2g (C) 5 2 m/s (D) 10 m/s
(D) When m2 > µM1 , m2g < T < µM1g
16. Gauge pressure at the highest point B is -
13. Overall changes in volume and radii of a uniform (A) – 52 kPa (B) – 44 kPa
cylindrical steel wire are 0.2% and 0.002 % (C) – 20 kPa (D) – 12 kPa
respectively when subjected to some suitable
force. If Young’s modulus of elasticity of steel is 17. Gauge pressure at point C is -
Y = 2.0 × 1011 N/m2, then - (A) – 32 kPa (B) 8 kPa
(A) Longitudinal tensile stress acting on the wire (C) 20 kPa (D) 0
is 4.08 × 108 N/m2
(B) Longitudinal tensile stress acting on the wire Passage : II (No. 18 to 20)
is 3.92 × 108 N/m2
(C) Longitudinal strain is 0.204 % Two pulse are traveling in opposite direction with
(D) Longitudinal strain is 0.196 % speed 1 m/s. Figure shows the shape of pulse at
t = 0.
y
14. A particle falls freely near the surface of the earth.
Consider a fixed point O (not vertically below the 1 m/s
particle) on the ground - 10 mm
(A) Angular momentum of the particle about O is 5mm
increasing x
(B) Torque of the gravitational force on the 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
– 5mm
particle about O is decreasing Distance (in cm)
(C) The moment of inertia of the particle about O
is decreasing
(D) The angular velocity of the particle about O 18. Speed of particle at x = 2 cm and t = 0 is -
is increasing (A) 1 m/s (B) 0.75 m/s
(C) 0.5 m/s (D) 0.25 m/s
This section contains 2 paragraphs; each has
3 multiple choice questions. (Questions 15 to 20) Each 19. Displacement of particle at x = 8 cm and t = 6 sec
question has 4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which is -
ONLY ONE is correct. (A) 10 mm (B) 5 mm
(C) – 5 mm (D) zero
A siphon tube is discharging a liquid of specific 20. Speed of particle at x = 8 cm and t = 6 sec -
gravity 0.8 from a reservoir as shown in figure. (A) zero (B) 0.125 m/s
(Take g = 10 m/s2). (C) 0.25 m/s (D) None of these

This section contains 2 questions (Questions 21 to 22). Column – I Column – II
Each question contains statements given in two →
columns which have to be matched. Statements (A, B, (A) v1 = î + ĵ , (P) Pure rotation about
C, D) in Column I have to be matched with statements →
v2 = 2 î centre
→
questions have to be appropriately bubbled as (B) v1 = î + ĵ , (Q) Rolling without
→
matches are A-P, A-S, B-Q, B-R, C-P, C-Q and v3 = – î slipping to left
→ →
as follows : (C) v 2 = î , v 3 = 0 (R) Rolling without
P Q R S slipping to right
A P Q R S →
(D) v 4 = 0, (S) Not possible
B P Q R S →
C P Q R S v1 = – î – ˆj
D P Q R S
CHEMISTRY
21. In the situation shown, all surfaces are frictionless
and triangular wedge is free to move. In column II
the direction of certain vectors are shown. Match
the direction of quantities in column I with question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of
possible vector in column II. which ONLY ONE is correct.
A 1. A compression of an ideal gas is represented by curve

AB, which of the following is wrong
θ
B(vB)
Column-I Column-II
θ log P
(A) Acceleration of the block (P)
A(vA)
A relative to ground
log V
>θ VA
(B) Acceleration of block (Q) (A) number of collision increases times
VB
(B) number of moles in this process is constant
A relative to wedge
(C) it is isothermal process
θ (D) it is possible for ideal gas
(C) Normal force by (R)
2. A compound containing only sodium, nitrogen and
oxygen has 33.33% by weight of sodium. What is the
block on wedge
possible oxidation number of nitrogen in the
compound?
(D) Net force on the wedge (S)
(A) –3 (B) + 3 (C) –2 (D) + 5
22. A rigid cylinder is kept on a smooth horizontal 3. How many moles of nitrogen is produced by the
surface as shown. If column I indicates velocities oxidation of one mole of hydrazine by 2/3 mole
of various points (3-centre of cylinder, 2-top bromate ion
point, 4-bottom point, 1-on the level of 3 at the 1 2
rim) on it shown. Choose correct state of motion (A) (B) 1 (C) 1.5 (D)
3 3
from column – II.
2
y
4. For the reaction
BaSO4 (s) BaSO4 (aq)
1 3
x
The equilibrium moles of BaSO4(aq) were
0.2 moles. The equilibrium constant of the above
4 reaction is -

(A) 0.2 (B) 0.2 mol L–1 12. The order of Keq values for the following keto-enol
(C) 2 × 10 –4 mol L–1 (D) Data insufficient equilibrium constants is
k
CH3 CHO 1 CH2 CH OH
5. Which of the following correctly explain the nature O O
of boric acid in aqueous medium - k2
CH3 C CH2 C CH3
(A) H3BO3 H
2O
→ H3O + + H2BO3– OH O
2 H 2O
(B) H3BO3  → 2H3O + + HBO 32– CH3 C CH C CH3
O OH
(C) H3BO3 3
H 2O
→ 3H3O+ + BO 3
3–
k3
CH3 C CH3 CH2 C CH3
(D) H3BO3 H
2O –
→ B(OH)4 + H+
(A) K1 > K2 > K3 (B) K2 > K3 > K1
(C) K2 > K1 > K3 (D) K1 > K3 > K2
6. The shape of TeCl4 is -
(A) Linear (B) Square planar 13. In the purification Zr and B, which of the following
(C) Tetrahedral (D) See-Saw is/are true ?
passed over
7. Arrange NH4+, H2O, H3O +, HF & OH– in increasing (A) Zr + 2I2 → ZrI4(g) the
white
 →
hot W
order of acidic nature - the pure Zr is deposited on W

(A) OH– < H2O < NH4+ < HF < H3O+ passed over
(B) 2B + 3I2 → 2BI3(g) the
white
 →
(B) H3O + > HF > H2O > NH4+ > OH– hot W
(C) NH4+ < HF < H3O+ < H2O < OH– the pure B is deposited on W
(D) H3O+ < NH4+ < HF < OH– < H2O mixed with W
(C) Zr + 2I2 → ZrI4 (s) &
then
 →
heated
8. The correct order of increasing boiling point is - ZrI4 is reduced to ZrI2

(A) NH3 > HF > H2O (B) H2O > HF > NH3 (D) none of these
(C) NH3 > H2O > HF (D) HF > H2O > NH3
14. Which of the following statements is correct ?
(A) At 273ºC, the volume of a given mass of a gas at
9. Oxidation states of carbon and nitrogen in KCN are, 0ºC and 1 atm. pressure will be twice its volume
respectively -
(B) At –136.5ºC, the volume of a given mass of a gas
(A) – 3, + 2 (B) + 2, – 3 at 0ºC and 1 atm. pressure will be half of its
(C) + 1, – 2 (D) zero each volume
Questions 10 to 14 are multiple choice questions. Each (C) The mass ratio of equal volumes of NH3 and H2S
under similar conditions of temperature and
pressure is 1 : 2
which MULTIPLE (ONE OR MORE) is correct. (D) The molar ratio of equal masses of CH4 and SO2
is 4 : 1
10. Which of the following samples of reducing agents
is/are chemically equivalent to 25 mL of 0.2 N
KMnO4, to be reduced to Mn2+ + H2O ? This section contains 2 paragraphs; each has
3 multiple choice questions. (Questions 15 to 20) Each
(A) 25 mL of 0.2 M FeSO4 to be oxidized to Fe3+
question has 4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which
(B) 50 mL of 0.1 MH3AsO3 to be oxidized to H3AsO 4 ONLY ONE is correct.
(C) 25 mL of 0.2 M H2O2 to be oxidized to H+ and O2
(D) 25 mL of 0.1 M SnCl2 to be oxidized to Sn4+ Passage : I (No. 15 to 17)
11. A sample of water has a hardness expressed as 77.5 Entropy is measure of degree of randomness. Entropy
ppm Ca2+. This sample is passed through an ion is directly proportional to temperature. Every system
exchange column and the Ca2+ is replaced by H+. tries to acquire maximum state of randomness or
Select correct statement(s) disorder. Entropy is measure of unavailable energy.
(A) pH of the water after it has been so treated is 2.4 Unavailable energy = Entropy × Temperature
(B) Every Ca2+ ion is replaced by one H+ ion The ratio of entropy of vapourisation and boiling
(C) Every Ca2+ ion is replaced by two H+ ions point of substance remains almost constant.
(D) pH of the solution remains unchanged

15. Which of the following process have ∆S = – ve ? K2 ∆H °  1 1 
(A) Adsorption ⇒ log =  – 
K1 2.3R  T1 T2 
(B) Dissolution of NH4Cl in water
(C) H2 → 2H
18. If standard heat of dissociation of PCl5 is 230 Cal.
(D) 2NaHCO3(s) → Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
1
16. Observe the graph and identify the correct then the slope of the graph of log K vs is -
T
statement(s) (A) + 50 (B) – 50
Β ∆Svap (C) 10 (D) None of these
19. For exothermic reaction of ∆S o < 0 then the

Entropy
Α ∆Sfusion 1
sketch of log K vs may be -
T
log K log K
(A) (B)
T1 T2
Temperature 1/T 1/T
(A) T 1 is melting point, T2 is boiling point
log K log K
(B) T 1 is boiling point, T2 is melting point
(C) (D)
(C) ∆ Sfusion is more than ∆ S vap
(D) T 2 is lower than T1
1/T 1/T
17. The law of Thermodynamics invented by Nernst,
which helps to determine absolute entropy is 20. If for a particular reversible reaction if Kc = 57 at
(A) Zeroth law (B) 1 st law 355°C and Kc = 69 at 450°C then -
nd
(C) 2 law (D) 3 rd law (A) ∆H < 0
(B) ∆H > 0
Passage : II (No. 18 to 20) (C) ∆H = 0
Effect of temperature on the equilibrium process (D) ∆H sign can't be determined
is analysed by using the thermodynamics.
From the thermodynamics relation This section contains 2 questions (Questions 21 to 22).
∆G° = – 2.3 RT logK........(1) ∆ G° = Standard free
energy change columns which have to be matched. Statements (A, B,
C, D) in Column I have to be matched with statements
∆G° = ∆H° – T ∆S°….(2) ∆H° = Standard heat of
the reaction questions have to be appropriately bubbled as
From (1) & (2) illustrated in the following example. If the correct
– 2.3 RT log K = ∆H° – T ∆S° ; ∆S° : Standard matches are A-P, A-S, B-Q, B-R, C-P, C-Q and
Entropy change, D-S, then the correctly bubbled 4 × 4 matrix should be
∆H ° ∆S° as follows :
log K = + ........(3)
2.3RT 2.3R P Q R S
Clearly if a plot of log K vs 1/T is made then it is A P Q R S
– ∆H° B P Q R S
a straight line having slope = &
2.3R
C P Q R S
∆S°
y–intercept = . D P Q R S
2.3R
If at a temperature T1 equilibrium constant be K1
and at temperature T2 equilibrium constant be K2 21. Match the temperature (in column I) with its value (in
then, the above equation reduces to : column II)
– ∆H ° ∆S° Column –I Column II
⇒ log K1 = + ........(4) (A) Critical temperature (P) a/Rb
2.3RT1 2.3R
(B) Boyle temperature (Q) 2a/Rb
– ∆H ° ∆S° (C) Inversion temperature (R) T/Tc
⇒ log K2 = + ........ (5)
2.3RT2 2.3R (D) Reduced temperature (S) 8a/27Rb
Subtracting (4) from (5) we get.

22. Match the half-reaction (in column I) with equivalent (A) 3(x – 21) = 3y + 92 = 3z – 32
mass (molar mass = M) (in column II)
Column –I Column II x − (62 / 3) y − 31 z + (31 / 3)
(B) = =
(A) Cr2O72– → Cr3+ (P) M 1/ 3 1/ 3 1/ 3
(B) C2O42– → CO2 (Q) M/2
x − 21 y − (92 / 3) z + (32 / 3)
(C) MnO4– → MnO2 (R) M/6 (C) = =
1/ 3 1/ 3 1/ 3
(D) HC2O 4– → C2O42– (S) M/3
x − 2 y + 3 z −1
(D) = =
MATHEMATICS 1/ 3 1/ 3 1/ 3
Questions 1 to 9 are multiple choice questions. Each 8. A vector c, directed along the internal bisector of
question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of the angle between the vectors a = 7i – 4j – 4k and
which ONLY ONE is correct. b = –2i – j + 2k, with |c| = 5 6 , is -
1. If iz3 + z2 – z + i = 0, then |z| equals - 5 5

(A) (i – 7j + 2k) (B) (5i + 5j + 2k)
(A) 4 (B) 3 3 3
(C) 2 (D) 1 5 5
(C) (i + 7j + 2k) (D) (–5i + 5j + 2k)
3 3
2. If log3 x + log3 y = 2 + log3 2 and log3 (x + y) = 2
then - 9. If a and b are two unit vectors such that a + 2b and
(A) x = 1, y = 8 (B) x = 8, y = 1 5a – 4b are perpendicular to each other then the
(C) x = 3, y = 6 (D) x = 9, y = 3 angle between a and b is -
(A) 45º (B) 60º
3. The exponent of 7 in 100C50 is - –1
(C) cos (1/3) (D) cos–1 (2/7)
(A) 0 (B) 2
(C) 4 (D) none of these Questions 10 to 14 are multiple choice questions. Each
4. The equation cos 2x + a sin x = 2a – 7 possesses a question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of
solution if - which MULTIPLE (ONE OR MORE) is correct.
(A) a < 2 (B) 2 ≤ a ≤ 6
10. Suppose a, b, c are positive integers and
(C) a > 6 (D) a is any integer
f(x) = ax2 – bx + c = 0 has two distinct roots in
(0, 1), then -
5. In a triangle ABC, 2a2 + 4b2 + c2 = 4ab + 2ac, then
numerical value of cos B is equal to - (A) a ≥ 5 (B) b ≥ 5
(A) 0 (B) 1/8 (C) abc ≥ 25 (D) abc ≥ 250
(C) 3/8 (D) 7/8
11. The coefficient of xk (0 ≤ k ≤ n) in the expansion of
6. The tangent at the point P(x1, y1) to the parabola E = 1 + (1 + x) + (1 + x)2 + … + (1 + x)n is -
y2 = 4ax meets the parabola y2 = 4a (x + b) at Q and (A) n+1Ck+1 (B) nCk
R, the coordinates of the mid-point of QR are - (C) n+1
Cn–k (D) nCn–k–1
(A) (x1 – a, y1 + b)
(B) (x1, y1) 12. The equation of a tangent to the hyperbola
3x2 – y2 = 3, parallel to the line y = 2x + 4 is -
(C) (x1 + b, y1 + a)
(D) (x1 – b, y1 – b) (A) y = 2x + 3
(B) y = 2x + 1
7. Equation of the line of shortest distance between the (C) y = 2x – 1
x y z x − 2 y −1 z + 2 (D) y = 2x + 2
lines = = and = = is -
2 −3 1 3 −5 2

13. The plane passing through the point (–2, –2, 2) and Passage : II (No. 18 to 20)
containing the line joining the points (1, 1, 1) and
f(x) = sin {cot–1 (x + 1)} – cos (tan–1 x)
(1, –1, 2) makes intercepts of lengths a, b, c
a = cos tan–1 sin cot–1 x
respectively on the axes of x, y and z respectively, b = cos (2 cos–1 x + sin–1 x)
then -
(A) a = 3b (B) b = 2c 18. The value of x for which f(x) = 0 is
(C) a + b + c = 12 (D) a + 2b + 2c = 0 (A) –1/2 (B) 0 (C) 1/2 (D) 1
2
19. If f(x) = 0 then a is equal to -
14. Let a = 4i + 3j and b be two vectors perpendicular (A) 1/2 (B) 2/3
to each other in xy-plane. The vectors c in the same (C) 5/9 (D) 9/5
plane having projections 1 and 2 along a and c are -
20. If a2 = 26/51, then b 2 is equal to -
2 11 (A) 1/25 (B) 24/25
(A) – i+ j (B) 2 i – j
3 2 (C) 25/26 (D) 50/51
2 11 2 11
(C) – i+ j (D) i+ j This section contains 2 questions (Questions 21 to 22).
5 5 3 2
columns which have to be matched. Statements (A, B,
This section contains 2 paragraphs; each has C, D) in Column I have to be matched with statements
3 multiple choice questions. (Questions 15 to 20) Each (P, Q, R, S) in Column II. The answers to these
question has 4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which questions have to be appropriately bubbled as
ONLY ONE is correct. illustrated in the following example. If the correct
matches are A-P, A-S, B-Q, B-R, C-P, C-Q and
For k, n ∈ N, we define as follows :
B(k, n) = 1.2.3 … k + 2.3.4 …(k + 1)
+ … + n(n + 1) … (n + k – 1), P Q R S
So (n) = n A P Q R S
and S k(n) = 1k + 2k + … + nk B P Q R S
To obtain value of B(k, n), we rewrite B(k, n) as
C P Q R S
follows:
[( ) ( ) ( ) (
B(k, n) = k! kk + kk+1 + kk+ 2 + ... n +kk −1 )] D P Q R S
= k! ( )
n+k
k +1 21. Centre of circle
n (n + 1).....(n + k ) Column-I Column-II
=
k +1
(A) |z – 2|2 + |z – 4i|2 = 20 (P) 1 – i
15. S 3(n) + S1(n) equals - z −1
(B) =2 (Q) 5/3 + 0i
1 z +1
(A) B(2, n) (B) B(2, n)
2 (C) z z – (1 + i)z (R) – 4 – i
1 – (1 – i) z + 7 = 0
(C) B(2, n) (D) none of these
6  z + 3 + 4i 
(D) arg   (S) 1 + 2i
16. S 3(n) + 3S 2(n) equals -  z + 5 − 2i 
(A) B(3, n) (B) B(3, n) – 2B(2, n)
22. cos α + cos β = a, sin α + sin β = b
(C) B(3, n) – 2B(1, n) (D) B(3, n) + 2B(1, n)
Column-I Column-II
17. ( ) S (n) + ( ) S (n) + … +
k +1
1 k
k +1
2 k–1 (A) cos (α + β) (P) 2ab/(a2 + b2)
( ) S (n) + ( ) S (n) equals -

k +1
k 1
k +1
k +1 0
(B) sin (α + β) (Q) b/a
(C) cos (α – β) (R) (a2 – b2)/(a2 + b 2)
(A) (n + 1)k (B) (n + 1)k – 1
(C) nk – (n – 1)k (D) (n + 1)k – (n – 1)k α+β
(D) tan (S) (a2 – b2 – 2)/2
2

MOCK TEST PAPER-2
CBSE BOARD PATTERN
CLASS # XII
SUBJECT : PHYSICS , CHEMISTRY & MATHEMATICS
S OLU TIONS WI LL BE PU BLI SH ED IN N EXT I S SU E
General Instructions : Physics & Chemistry
• Time given for each subject paper is 3 hrs and Max. marks 70 for each.
• All questions are compulsory.
• Marks for each question are indicated against it.
• Question numbers 1 to 8 are very short-answer questions and carrying 1 mark each.
• Question numbers 9 to 18 are short-answer questions, and carry 2 marks each.
• Question numbers 19 to 27 are also short-answer questions, and carry 3 marks each.
• Question numbers 28 to 30 are long-answer questions and carry 5 marks each.
• Use of calculators is not permitted.
General Instructions : Mathematics
• Time given to solve this subject paper is 3 hrs and Max. marks 100.
• All questions are compulsory.
• The question paper consists of 29 questions divided into three sections A, B and C.
Section A comprises of 10 questions of one mark each.
Section B comprises of 12 questions of four marks each.
Section C comprises of 7 questions of six marks each.
• All question in Section A are to be answered in one word, one sentence or as per the exact requirement of the question.
• There is no overall choice. However, internal choice has been provided in 4 questions of four marks each and
2 question of six marks each. You have to attempt only one of the alternatives in all such questions.
• Use of calculators is not permitted.
PHYSICS
A A C = ε0A/d
1. Write the name of the quantity whose SI Unit is Amp
m–1. a b
2. Name the material for which magnetic susceptibility d

is negative.
6. Why the 'CORE' of the transformer is laminated.
→ →
7. Draw the symbol of photodiode.
3. Write the value of
∫ B . ds
8. Write the name of maxwell's fourth equation for
→
electro-magnetic waves.
Here B = magnetic field strength.
→ 9. G/D is known as ground current detector. Find the
ds = small area vector over a closed surface. reading of it for the given circuit diagram
+3v +3v
4. If an electron is having the energy of 10 eV then find
its De-Broglie wavelength. +3v
5. If a thin foil of metal, parallel to capacitor plates get
introduced between the two plates of air capacitor 1Ω
then write the effect on capacitance C of air
G/D
capacitor.

10. α particle, β particle and Deutron are placed on the 15. Find the value of potential difference across tertninals
vertices of an equilateral triangle of side 'a' find the A and B.
electric potential energy of the given system. Also C
find the work done to place these particles from
equilateral triangle of side 'a' to the equilateral C
triangle of side '2a'.
A C B
α particle
5V
16. If potential difference across terminals X and B is

10V then find the potential difference across A and
β particle Deutron B.
a R R
R R
11. Draw the truth table of the following gates A B
A X
Y R R
(i)
B R R
10V
A
17. If the potential difference across the resistance
(ii) R = 10 Ω is 100 volt then
Y
B (i) find the current passing through R–L–C series
circuit.
(ii) Write the power factor of circuit.
12. In which case the bulb will glow and why ? R L C

(i) If V A = 0 volt
(ii) If V A = 3 volt
Here V A is the potential of A and B is the bulb
+5V ~
V= 100√2 sin 314t volt
B
18. Write Einstein's eqn for photoelectric effect.
RC A photon of energy 5eV falls on the surface a metal
whose work function is 2eV. Calculate the value of
stopping potential for metal.
A
19. Appratus of YDSE is shown in figure, the
interference fringes are observed on the screen. The
relation between x and y is given below
13. Calculate the no. of electric field lines emitted by the
stationary proton. y → f(t) : y = xt for 0 < t ≤ 4 sec.
14. An equilateral triangle current carrying coil of side 'b'

is placed near the intinite current carrying conductor S1
x
which is stationary then in which direction the
triangular loop will move (towards the conductor or
away from the conductor) and why ?
y
S2
Screen
i1 i2
Find the intensity ratio of maxima to minima on the
screen at
a
(i) t = 1s
(ii) t = 4s

20. A convex lens is made of two different materials 24. (i) Find the terminal voltages of Batteries BT-1 and
which are having the absolute refractive indices as µ 1 BT-2.
and µ 2, this is placed in a media of ARI µ3 as shown (ii) Why terminal voltage of battery BT-1 is more
below, then than it's emf and in case of battery BT-2 the terminal
Incident rays voltage is less than it's emf.
Medium - 1
µ1 Lens
Medium - 2
µ3 µ3 BT-1 BT-2
µ2 Surrounding Medium - 3 10V 1Ω 20V 2Ω

Incident rays
(i) Which is the most dense media
(ii) Arrange µ1, µ 2 and µ3 in increasing order RL = 2Ω
21. A monochromatic light Ray is incident as shown in Load Resistance

figure then
Normal 25. Explain the followings
(i) Why a metallic spring get shrinked when current
Reflected ray is flown through it
ip (ii) Why N-P-N transistor is preferred over P-N-P
incident ray
i Medium -1 air transistor in electronic industry
Medium -2 water
26. State inconsistency in Ampere's circuital law. What is
meant by displacement current? Prove that
Refracted ray displacement current is equals to conduction current.
ip, polarizing angle for air water 27. Find the electric flux passing through the cube for the
given arrangement of charges.
(i) Calculate the value of ip if wµ a = 3/4
(ii) Find the value of φ, φ is the angle between +1C –2C
reflected ray and refracted ray.
(iii)Out of reflected and refracted ray which of the
following is plane polarized.
(iv)Write the relation between polarizing angle and –4C +3C
critical angle for the two media interface.
22. Calculate the output voltage V 0 -6C +7C

2Ω
+5C –8C
a
Ge. Diode 7Ω V0
28. What type of feedback is used in transistor Amplifier.
Draw the circuit diagram of transistor oscillator and
explain it's working. What type of feedback is used in
10.3V 1Ω transistor oscillator. Write the expression for
frequency of signals generated by transistor
23. Draw the wave shape of the output signal Y. The
oscillator.
wave shapes of inputs A and B are shown.
A
1 29. Explain the principle, construction and working of
Vande Graff Generator.
0 A
t
B 30. Explain construction and working of Cyclotron.
Y Why cyclotron can not be used to accelerate the
1 B
electrons.
0
t

16. Write the chemical equations for all the steps
CHEMISTRY involved in the rusting of iron.
1. What are the co-ordination no. of Ca+2 & F– ions in 17. Give the reactions :
CaF2 structure ? (a) When phenol is treated with excess of Br2 water.
2. Name of ionisation isomer of [Cr(H2O)5Br]SO4. (b) Diethyl ether heated with conc. HI.
3. Write IUPAC name of following

18. From Fehling's solution, Schiff's reagent, Tollen's
(a) O2N – C6H4 – OCH3(p)
reagent & Grignard reagent, which reagent react with
both aldehyde & ketone.
CH3 CH3 H
(b) CH2 = C — C — C — C — OH 19. Why 2-pentanone give iodoform test but 3-pentanone
OH CH3 Br CH3 not ?
4. Why aromatic ketones are not react with NaHSO3 ? 20. Give the order of basicity in the following compound.
O
5. Why sulphanilic are amphoteric in nature ?
N N N N
6. Give monomer of Glyptal.
H H H
7. Explain terms Antacids. (II) (III) (IV)
(I)
8. Why carbohydrates are optically active ?
21. 0.2 molal acid HX is 20% ionised in solution,
9. +
In a compound AX, the radius of A ion is 95 pm and Kf = 1.86 K molality–1. Calculate the freezing point
that of X– is 181 pm. Predict the crystal structure of of the solution.
AX and write the co-ordination number of each of the
ions.
22. How long a current of 3-ampere has to be passed
through a solution of AgNO3 to coat a metal surface
10. MgO has structure of NaCl and TlCl has the structure
of 80 cm2 with a 0.005 mm thick layer. Density of
of CsCl. What are the co-ordination number of ions
in MgO & TlCl ? silver is 10.5 g/cm3.
11. What is meant by mole fraction of solute & solvent? 23. Explain that the rate of physisorption increases with
decrease in temperature.
12. A solution containing one mole per litre of each
Cu(NO3)2, AgNO3, Hg2(NO3)2 is being electrolyzed 24. Explain that boric acid is monobasic & weak lewis
by using inert electrodes, the value of standard
acid.
electrode potential in volts (reduction potential) are
Ag/Ag+ = 0.80 V, 2Hg/Hg2++ = + 0.79 V
+2
Cu/Cu = 0.34 V, Mg/Mg++ = – 2.37 V 25. Give the reason :
with increasing voltage, give the sequence of (a) VOCl2 & CuCl2 give same colour in aqueous
deposition of metal on cathode ? solution.
(b) CuSO4 decolourise on addition of KCN.
13. Give the structure of dichromate dianion.
14. Which compound is form when excess of KCN is 26. Complete the reaction.
added to aqueous solution of CuSO4. CHO CHO
(i) NaOH/100ºC
15. Give the number & structure of possible enantiomeric
(ii) H+/H2O
pairs that can be produced during monochlorination
of 2-methyl butane. CHO CHO

27. Aspartame, an artificial sweetner, is a peptide having y y
following structure.
CH2 – C6H5
x x
H2N – CH – CONH – CH – COOCH3
(a) (b)
CH2 – COOH
(i) Identify the four functional group. 2. What is the principal value of
(ii) Write the zwitter ionic structure.  2π   2π 
(iii) Write the structure of the amino acids obtained cos–1  cos  + sin–1  sin  ?
 3   3 
from the hydrochloride of aspartame.
28. The rate constant for the first order decomposition of 3. A matrix A of order 3 × 3 has determinant 5. What is
a certain reaction is described by the equation the value of |3A| ?
1.25 × 10 4
log (k) = 14.34 – . 4. For what value of x, the following matrix is singular?
T
(i) What is the energy of activation for this reaction. 5 − x x + 1
 2 4 
(ii) At what temperature will its half-life period be 
256 minutes.
5. Find the point on the curve y = x2 – 2x + 3, where the
29. The Haber process can be represented by following tangent is parallel to x-axis.
NH3 + H2O
CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 B → →
6. What is the angle between vectors a & b with
NaCl → →
H2O magnitude 3 and 2 respectively ? Given a . b = 3.
NaHCO3 + D
A
C + H2O + CO2 7. Cartesian equations of a line AB are.
NH3 + H2O + E 2x − 1 4 − y z +1
= =
Identify A, B, C, D & E. 2 7 2
Write the direction ratios of a line parallel to AB.
30. An alkene 'A' on ozonolysis yields acetone and an
aldehyde, the aldehyde is easily oxidised to an acid 8. Write a value of ∫e
3 log x
(x ) dx
4
(B). When (B) is treated with Br2 in presence of

phosphorus it yields a compound (C) which on
hydrolysis give a hydroxy acid (D). This acid can 9. Write the position vector of a point dividing the line
also be obtained from acetone by the reaction with →
segment joining A and B with position vectors a &
HCN followed by hydrolysis. Identify compound A,
→
B, C, & D. b externally in the ratio 1 : 4,
→ →
where a = 2î + 3 ĵ + 4k̂ and b = − î + ĵ + k̂
MATHEMATICS
 3 − 1
 2 1 4 2 2  .
10. If A =   and B =
Section A  4 1 5
 
1 3 
1. Which one of the following graphs represent the Write the order of AB and BA.
function of x ? Why ?

1
Section B most. Its semi vertical angles is tan–1   . Water is
 2
poured into it at a constant rate of 5 cubic meter per
11. Show that the function f : R → R defined by minute. Find the rate at which the level of the water
2x − 1 is rising at the instant when the depth of water in the
f(x) = , x ∈ R is one-one function. Also find tank is 10m.
3
the inverse of the function f.
OR 18. Evaluate the following integral as limit of
2
Examine which of the following is a binary operation
∫
2
sum (3x − 1) dx
a+b 1
(i) a * b = , a, b ∈ N
2 π/ 2
(ii) a * b =
a+b
, a, b ∈ Q
19. Evaluate
∫
0
log sin x dx
2
for binary operation check the commutative and 20. Find the vector equation of the line parallel to the line
associative property. x −1 3 − y z +1
= = and passing through (3, 0, –4).
5 2 4
12. Prove that Also find the distance between these two lines.
 63  5  3 → →
tan–1   = sin–1   + cos–1   21. In a regular hexagon ABCDEF, if AB = a and
 16   13   5 → → → → → → →
BC = b , then express CD , DE , EF , FA , AC ,
13. Using elementary transformations, find the inverse of → → → → →
AD , AE and CE in terms of a and b .
 2 − 6
1 − 2 
  22. A football match may be either won, drawn or lost by
OR the host country's team. So there are three ways of
Using properties of determinants, prove that forecasting the result of any one match, one correct
and two incorrect. Find the probability of forecasting
− bc b 2 + bc c 2 + bc at least three correct results for four matches.
a 2 + ac − ac c 2 + ac = (ab + bc + ca)3 OR
a 2 + ab b 2 + ab − ab A candidate has to reach the examination centre in
time. Probability of him going by bus or scooter or by
14. Find all the points of discontinuity of the function f 3 1 3
other means of transport are , , respectively.
defined by 10 10 5
x + 2, x ≤1 1 1
The probability that he will be late is and
f(x) = x − 2, 1 < x < 2 4 3
0, x≥2 respectively, if he travels by bus or scooter. But he
reaches in time if the uses any mode of transport. He
reached late at the centre. Find the probability that he
dy y
15. If x pyq = (x + y)p+q, prove that = travelled by bus.
dx x
OR
dy  1 + x 2 + 1− x 2  Section C
Find , if y = tan–1   , 0 < |x| < 1
dx  1 + x 2 − 1− x 2 
 
23. Find the matrix P satisfying the matrix equation
( x 2 + 1)( x 2 + 4)
16. Evaluate ∫ (x 2
+ 3)( x 2 − 5)
dx 2 1   − 3 2  1 2 
3 2 P  5 − 3 =  2 −1
     
17. A water tank has the shape of an inverted right 24. Find all the local maximum values and local
circular cone with its axis vertical and vertex lower minimum values of the function
π π
f(x) = sin 2x – x, – < x <
2 2

OR 29. A catering agency has two kitchens to prepare food at
A given quantity of metal is to be cast into a solid two places A and B. From these places 'Mid-day
half circular cylinder (i.e., with rectangular base and Meal' is to be supplied to three different schools
semicircular ends). Show that in order that the total situated at P, Q, R. The monthly requirements of the
surface area may be minimum, the ratio of the length schools are respectively 40, 40 and 50 food packets.
of the cylinder to the diameter of its circular ends is A packet contains lunch for 1000 students. Preparing
π : (π + 2). capacity of kitchens A and B are 60 and 70 packets
per month respectively. The transportation cost per
25. Sketch the graph of packet from the kitchens to schools is given below :
| x − 2 | +2, x ≤ 2
f(x) =  2
 x − 2, x>2 Transportation cost per packet (in rupees)
4
To From
Evaluate ∫0
f ( x ) dx. What does the value of this
A B
integral represent on the graph ?
P 5 4
26. Solve the following differential equation Q 4 2
dy R 3 5
(1 – x2) – xy = x2,
dx
given y = 2 when x = 0 How many packets from each kitchen should be
transported to school so that the cost of transportation
27. Find the foot of the perpendicular from P(1, 2, 3) on is minimum ? Also find the minimum cost.
the line
x −6 y−7 z−7 MEMORABLE POINTS
= =
3 2 −2
Also obtain the equation of the plane containing the
MECHANICS
1. Weight (force of gravity) decreases as you move
line and the point (1, 2, 3) away from the earth by distance squared.
2. Mass and inertia are the same thing.
28. Let X denote the number of colleges where you will 3. Constant velocity and zero velocity means the
apply after your result and P(X = x) denotes your net force is zero and acceleration is zero.
probability of getting admission in x number of 4. Weight (in newtons) is mass x acceleration
colleges. It is given that (w=mg). Mass is not weight!
5. Velocity, displacement [s], momentum, force
kx if x = 0 or 1 and acceleration are vectors.

P(X = x) = 2kx if x = 2 , k is +ve constant 6. Speed, distance [d], time, and energy (joules) are
k(5 – x) if x = 3 or 4 scalar quantities.
 7. The slope of the velocity-time graph is acceleration.
(a) Find the value of k. 8. At zero (0) degrees two vectors have a
(b) What is the probability that you will get resultant equal to their sum. At 180 degrees
admission in exactly two colleges ? two vectors have a resultant equal to their
difference. From the difference to the sum is the
(c) Find the mean and variance of the probability total range of possible resultants.
distribution. 9. Centripetal force and centripetal acceleration
OR vectors are toward the center of the circle-
while the velocity vector is tangent to the circle.
The bags A and B contain 4 white 3 black balls and 2
10. An unbalanced force (object not in equilibrium)
white and 2 black balls respectively. From bag A two must produce acceleration.
balls are transferred to bag B. Find the probability of 11. The slope of the distance-tine graph is velocity.
drawing 12. The equilibrant force is equal in magnitude but
(a) 2 white balls from bag B ? opposite in direction to the resultant vector.
13. Momentum is conserved in all collision systems.
(b) 2 black balls from bag B ?
14. Magnitude is a term use to state how large a
(c) 1 white & 1 black ball from bag B ? vector quantity is.

MOCK TEST PAPER SOLUTION
FOR PAPER – 1 PUBLISHED IN DECEMBER ISSUE
13. From Einsten's equation

PHYSICS Kmax = hv – hv0
eV0 = hv – hv0
1. Relation is not valid because charge is independent hν hν 0 hν φ
V0 = – = –
of motion of particle. e e e e
φ = work function.
2. No change because focal length of mirror is
independent of refractive index. From the graph. metal-2 has high value of φ
∴ threshold wavelength of metal-1 is high.
3. Galium Aresnide (ii) θ1 = θ2 because slope of the graph is constant
for all metals.
4. Yes, it get observed but the fringes are of
diffraction type. These are not the interference 14.
fringes. Ep K1 Rh
5. Zener diode is used as a voltage regulator to obtain ( )
constant voltage output.
6. Davison – Germer experiment.
G
7. n=0
R.B ( )
8. Because for alloys temperature coefficient of K2
resistivity is nearly constant for wide range of
temperature. 15. (i) Angle of Dip: It is the angle which the direction
of resultant intensity of earth's magnetic field
9. (i) V-m = electric flux subtends with horizontal line in magnetic meridian
(ii) C-m = Dipole moment at the given place.
B
10. (i) NPN transistor (ii) BH = B cos φ ⇒ tan φ = v
BH
(ii) Yes, the transistor is properly biased because
Bv = B sin φ
emitter-base junction is in forward bias and the
collector base junction is in reverse bais Bv = BH ⇒ tan φ = 1
If φ = 45º
T
1 2 16. (i) Algebric sum of currents meeting at a point is
11. irms =
T ∫
i (f ) dt equal to zero.
0 (ii) Current in 2 Ω resistor is 3A
i = 1 + 3 2 sin (314 t + 30º) ∴ Potential difference is = 2 × 3 = 6V
G = 1, i0 = 3 2 17. (i) Lenz's law : The direction of magnetic induction
from the above formulae in a circuit is such that so as to oppose the cause of
1/ 2 change in magnetic flux.
 i2 
irms  G 2 + 0  = (1 + 9)1/2 = 10 (ii) On increasing current i inwards magnetic field
 2  increases. Direction of induced current is such that
 
to produce outwards magnetic field i.e.
12. At P1 drift speed of the electron is maximum for a anticlockwise direction.
1 18. (i) The order of colours in secondary rainbow is
conductor vd ∝ (I = neAVd)
A opposite to that of primary rainbow
At P3 current density is minimum. (ii) This is due to total internal reflection.

19. (i) Potential difference on 1µF and 3µF is same The refractive index is related to the angle ip called
1 the polarising angle by a relation known as
∴ from energy = CV2 Brewster's law µ = tan ip.
2
E∝C Plane polarised
light
E2 1
=
E1 3
ip
(ii) Parallel combination of 1 µF and 3 µF is 4 µF
12 4 3µF µ
30V 30V
Q = CV = 90µC 1 1
(ii) sin θc = =
d 90 30 µ tan i p
P.d. on 12µF ⇒ V = = = = 7.5 Volt
c 12 4 θc = sin–1(cot ip)
(iii) Energy supplied by battery (iii) It is not correct.
E = QV = 9 ×10–6 × 30
= 2.7 × 10–3 J 23. Need for modulation
(i) Frequency of signal : The audio frequency signal
20. (i) Magnetic field in the solenoid is along the axis (20 Hz to 20 KHz) cannot the transmitted without
→ →
distortion over long distance due to less energy
∴ angle between v and B is 0º carried by low frequency audio waves.
→ → (ii) Number of channels: Audio frequencies are
∴ F = q( v × B ) = 0 concentrated in the range 20 Hz to 20 kHz. This
(ii) When current flows through the spring current range is so narrow that there will be overlapping of
in different coils of spring flows in same direction. signals. In order to separated the various signals it
Therefore due to magnetic force spring gets is necessary to convert all of them to different
compressed. portions of the electromagnetic spectrum
21. (i)
5Ω 10Ω
EC
EC
Mo dulating signal Carrier

x (100 – x)
1 x
let P be the null point =
2 100 – x
2x = 100 – x, x = 33.33 cm
A
(ii)
A.M. wave
B Y
24. To convert a galvanometer into an ammeter of
A B Y range I a small resistance S is connected in parallel
0 0 1 with the galvanometer so that the current passing
through the galvanometer G becomes equal to its
0 1 0
null scale deflection value Ig.
1 0 1 S
1 1 1
(I – Ig)
22. (i) When unpolarised light is incident on a
transparent surface of refractive index µ at a certain G
I Ig I
angle ip such that the refracted light ray and the
reflected light ray are perpendicular to each other,
the reflected light is plane polarised as shown here.

IgG 28. Working : During the positive half cycle of the
IgG = (I – Ig) × S ⇒ S = input signal, the forward bias across the emitter-
I − Ig
base junction will be increased while during the
25. (i) Equivalent ckt is negative half cycle of the signal, the forward bias
across emitter-base junction is decreased. Hence
R/2 R/2
R more electrons flow from the emitter to the
R R
collector via the base during positive half cycle.
R
The increased collector current will produce a large
R voltage drop across the load resistance RL.
However during the negative half cycle of the
4R/3 4R/3
collector, current decreases resulting in the
R decreased output voltage. Hence an amplified
output is obtained across the load.
Ans. 8R/7
(ii) Material will be constantan because for alloys IC
value of α varies very slightly with temperature as Vi IC
IB
Output
compared to metals. Signal RL
26. (i) Angle between electric field line and ~ IE IC
equipotential surface is 90º. t t
O
(ii) Electric field directed in the direction of BE VCE
decreasing potential. So electric potential is
maximum at point a and proton will have
29. Cyclotron
maximum potential energy at point a .
(iii) Electric field is maximum at point c. Thus
proton will have maximum force at c.
high frequency
–q –q AC source
Pt D2
2a 2a
27. (i) D1
Pnet
path of
+q +q accelerated
2a proton positive charged
B
–2q can be assumed as two –q charges placed at the beam
point p = q(2a)
Principle : Cyclotron device is based on the fact
P net = P 2 + P 2 + 2P 2 cos 60º = 3P= 3 q(2a) that heavy positive ions can be accelerated to the
(ii) Electric potential energy high energies with a comparatively smaller
–2q alternating potential difference by making them to
cross the field again and again using strong
magnetic field. Here the magnetic field used in
2a 2a cyclotron maintain the charged particles in circular
paths while the electric field imparts them energy
periodically.
+q Construction : Cyclotron consists of two D shaped
+q
hollow metallic enclosures D1 and D 2 called dees.
2a These dees have their diometric edge parallel to one
kq (−2q ) kq (−2q ) kq 2 other and are separated by a small gap. These dees
U = + + are connected to the terminals of a high frequency
2a 2a 2a
alternating potential difference. This potential
− 2kq 2 − 2kq 2 kq 2 difference creates an electric field of high
= – +
2a 2a 2a frequency in the gap between the dees. The whole
− 3kq 2 apparatus is placed between N-S poles of a
= powerful electro magnet which produces strong
2a
magnetic field.

Cyclotron can not be used to accelerate electrons 4. When two different molecules participate in the
because it is used to accelerate heavy ions. polymerization process it is called copolymeri-
→ zation.
30. Ampere's circuital law : The circulation of B along
a closed loop of any arbitary shap is µ0 times the 5. A metal which is more electropositive than iron
algebric sum of current embraced by the loop. such as Al, Zn, Mg can be used in cathodic
Determination of magnetic field for a solenoid : protection of iron against rusting.
l
b c 6. Lower value of bond dissociation energy of F2 is
due to the strong repulsion between the non
bonding electrons of F atoms in the small sized F 2
molecule. Also there is no multiple bonding due to
P
a d absence of d-orbitals.
7. Hydrolysis of sucrose produces change in optical

nature form dextro rotatory to laevorotatory, the
process is called inversion of sugar.
b c H+
C12H22O11 ((cane sugar) + H2O ) →

C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
B Turns of Glucose Fructose
Axis Solenoid Invert sugar
a dl d
8. Three types of lattice imperfections are possible
Let p be the point where B is to be determined.
From Ampere's law (a) Schottky defect (b) Frenkel defect
→ → b→ → c→ → (c) Interstitial defects
∫ B . dl = µ i ∫ 0 net
a
B . dl + ∫
b
B . dl
9. Mechanism of the formation of diethyl ether from
d→ → a→ →
+ ∫c
B . dl + ∫ d
B . dl ethanol : The formation of ether is a nucleophilic
bimolecular reaction (SN2) involving the attack of
b→ → d→ → → → alcohol molecule on a protonated alcohol, as
[ ∫
a
B . dl = ∫ c
B . dl = 0; B ⊥ dl indicated below
d→ → →
(i)
and ∫ c
B . dl = 0, Q B = 0] H
CH3 – CH2 – O – H + H+ → CH3 – CH2 – +O – H
a
a→ → Ethanol
∫ d ∫
B . dl = B dl cos 0 = BI ⇒ µ0(nil)
d H
⇒ B = µ0ni +
(ii) CH3 CH2 – O + CH3 – CH2 – O →
|
CHEMISTRY H H
5 4 3 2 1 +
1. CH3 – C = CH – C – CH3 CH3 CH2 – O – CH2 CH3 + H2O
| || |
CH3 O H
4-methyl-pent-3-en-2-one (iii)
2. CH3 – CH2 – CH = CH2 + HCl CH3 CH2 – +O – CH2 CH3 →
→ CH3 – CH2 – CH – CH3 |
| H
CH3 CH2 – O – CH2 CH3 + H+
Cl Diethyl ether
3. Enzyme streptokinase can dissolve blood clots. So (Ethoxyethane)
it is useful in medicines for checking heart attacks
caused by blood clotting.

10. The order of basicity in gaseous phase is 13. (i) Treat the compound with Lucas reagent (conc.
(i) (CH3)3 N > (CH3)2 NH > CH3NH2 > NH3 due to HCl + anhy. ZnCl2) 2-propanol gives turbidity
+I effect of alkyl group, there is more density at in 5 min whereas ethanol gives no turbidity at
N at tertiary amine. room temperature
(ii) The order of basicity in aqueous state is ZnCl
CH3CH2OH + HCl  
2 → No reaction
(CH3)2 NH > CH3 NH2 > (CH3) 3 N > NH3
The inductive effect, solvation effect, H- ZnCl
CH3CHCH3 + HCl   2→
bonding and steric hinderance of the alkyl group
decides the basic strength of alkyl amines in the |
aqueous state. OH
CH3 – CH – CH3 + H2O
|
11. (i) Monomer of Teflon is tetrafluro ethylene. Cl
Teflon is a addition polymer. Turbidity appears in 5 min
(ii) Monomer of Bakelite is formaldehyde and
(ii) Acetaldehyde reduces Tollen’s reagent to silver
phenol. Bakelite is a condensation polymer.
mirror but acetone does not.
(iii)Monomer of natural rubber is isoprene (2-
methyl-1, 3-butadiene). Natural rubber is a CH3CHO + 2 [Ag (NH3)2]+ + OH– –→
addition polymer. CH3COO + 2H2O + 2Ag ↓ + 4NH3
ONa Silver mirror
Tollen’s reagent
4 − 7 atm CH3COCH3     → No action
12. (i) + CO2   →
400 K
Sod. phenoxide 14.
OH Multimolecular Macromolecular
Colloids Colloids
COONa + The particles of this type The particles of this type
H
 → of colloids are of colloids are themselves
H O
2 aggregates of atoms or large molecules of
OH molecules with diameter colloidal dimension.
less than 1 nm.
COOH Examples : Sol of Examples : Starch,
sulphur conists of proteins etc.
colloidal particles which
sod. salicylate salicylic acid are aggregate of 58
OH molecules.
The atoms of molecules Covalent bonds are
CHCl , aq NaOH are held together with present in one chain and
(ii)  3   →
340 K Van der Waal’s forces different chains have the
force like H-bonds,
Phenol
dipole-dipole interaction
ONa and salt bridge etc.
CHCl2 15. Pyrophosphoric acid is prepared by the removal of

H2O from two molecules of orthophosphoric acid
(having tetrahedral shape). Hence two tetrahedra
ONa are attached through an oxygen.
OH OH
CHO H3O +
NaOH
 →   →
OH P P
O O O
CHO
O O
Salicylaldehyde

OH OH Formation of Ni (CO)4
| |
OR O=P–O–P=O ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ × × × ×
| |
OH OH Four electrons pairs from
four CO molecules
16. Cu2+ (aq) + 2e– → Cu (s)
The resulting complex has tetrahedral shape and is
0.059 [Cu 2+ ] diamagnetic due to absence of unpaired electrons.
E Cu 2+ / Cu = E°Cu 2+ / Cu + log
2 [Cu ]
0.059 0.1 0.059 1 19. (i) Markownikoff’s rule : According to this rule,
= 0.34 + log = 0.34 + log when addition across an unsymmetrical double
2 1 2 10
bond takes place, the positive part of the
0.059
= 0.34 + × (−1) [Q log 10 = 1] addendum goes to the carbon atom with the
2 larger number of hydrogen atoms.
= 0.34 – 0.0295 = 0.3105 V Absence of
When the concentration of Cu2+ ions is decreased, CH3 – CH = CH2 + HBr    →
Peroxide
propene
the emf for copper electrode decreases.
Br
|
17. Adsorption isobar for physical adsorption shows CH3 – CH – CH3
that the extent of adsorption decreases with the 2-Bromopropane
increase in temperature. The adsorption isobar of (ii) Hofmann Bromide Reaction : When amide is
chemical adsorption shows that the extent of treated with bromide in on alkaline solution, an
adsorption first increases and then decreases with amide yields an amine containing one carbon
the increase in temperature. The initial unexpected less than the starting amide.
increase in the extent of adsorption with O
temperature is due to the fact that the heat supplied ||
acts as activation energy required for chemical R – C – NH2 + Br2 + 4 KOH
adsorption which is much more than that of Amide
physical adsorption. RNH2 + K2 CO3 + 2KBr + 2H2O
Amine
Physical adsorption For example :
adsorption
Extent of
isobar O
||
CH3 CH – C – NH2 + Br2 + 4 KOH
Temperature Propanamide
CH3 CH2 NH2 + K2 CO3 + 2KBr + 2H2O
Chemical adsorption Ethylamine
isobar
adsorption
Extent of
20. (a) (i) CH2 = CH2 + H2SO4 –→ CH3CH2HSO4

Ethene conc. Ethyl
Temperature Sulphuric hydrogen
acid
18. In the complex [Ni (CO)4], the oxidation state of Ni H O
2→ CH3CH2OH + H2SO4
is ‘0’. Its electronic configurations is [Ar] 3d8 4s2. Boil
Ethanol
A.O. of Ni (28)
(ii)
3d 4s 4p OCOCH3
OH
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑↓
Pyridine
+ CH3 COCl + HCl
3
sp hybridised obritals of Ni Acetyl
chloride
Phenol Phenyl ethanoate
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
CH3 + CH MgI CH3 OMgI
sp 3 (iii) C = O  3→ C
H Dry ether H CH3
hybridisation Ethanal

(b) On dilution, the degree of ionization of the
H + , H 2O CH3 OH weak electrolyte increases. This increases the
   → C
− Mg(OH) I H CH3 molar conductance of the solution sharply.
2-Propanol
24. In [Co (NH3)6]3+, the oxidation state of Co is + 3.
Co (Z = 27) atom is ground state
21. (i) A is CH2 = CH2
3d 4s 4p 4d
B is CH2 – CH2 ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑↓
| |
Br Br Co3+ ion
+
N2Cl– ↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
(ii) A is (Benzene diazonium chloride) sp3 d2 hybridisation

Hybridisation
↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
CN
Formation of [Co(NH3)6]3+ ion

B is (Benzonitrile)
↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
NH3+ HSO4– × × × × ×
Six pairs of electrons from
six NH3 molecules
(iii) A is (Anilium hydrogen
Due to sp 3 d2 hybridisation, the complex ion has
sulphate)
octahedral shape. Due to the presence of four
NH2
unpaired electrons, the complex ion is
paramagnetic.
B is (Sulphanilic acid)
26. (i) A deep red sol of ferric hydroxide is obtained
by the hydrolysis of ferric chloride. The sol
SO3H particles are propositively charged because of
preferential adsorption of Fe3+ ions.
22. (a) Electronic configuration of Ti in [Ti (H2O)6]3+ (ii) Adsorption is an endothermic process. So the
is Ti3+ (d1) rate of physical adsorption decreases with the
Two vacant d orbitals are available for rise in temperature in accordance with Le
octahedral hybridization with 4s and 4p orbitals. Chatelier’s principle.
(b) The colour of the complex is purple. (iii)River water contains charged colloidal particles
The colour of complex is due to the jumping of of sand, clay, etc. As river water comes in
electron from lower level to higher level. When contact with saline sea water, the electrolytes of
an electron from a lower energy of orbital is sea water coagulate the suspended colloidal
excited to higher energy of level, the energy of particles which settle down at the point of
excitation corresponds to the frequency of light contact resulting in the rise of river bed. So
absorbed. This frequency lies in the visible water adopts a different course and a delta is
region. The colour observed corresponds to the formed in due course of time.
complementary colour of the light absorbed.
27. Solid catalysts are used in a number of gaseous
reactions. Such catalytic reactions called
23. (a) According to electrochemical theory during the heterogeneous reactions. Examples of
formation of just the impure iron surface
heterogeneous catalysis are
behaves like a small electrochemical cell in the
(i) Manufacture of ammonia from N2 and H2 by
presence of water containing dissolved oxygen
Haber’s process in the presence of catalyst.
or carbon dioxide. In such alls, pure iron acts as
Fe(s)
anode and impure surface acts as cathode. N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)
Moisture containing dissolved oxygen or CO 2 in (ii) V2O5 catalyst is used in the manufacture of
the electrolytic solution. Hence rusting is an H2SO4 by contact process
electrochemical phenomenon.

V O (s) 2Na2 CrO4 + H2 SO4 –→ Na2 Cr2 O7 + Na2 SO4 +
2SO 2(g) + O2 2 5 → 2SO3(g) H2O
Solid catalyst helps in the following ways : Na2 SO4 is separated by fractional crystallisation.
(a) Simultaneous adsorption of reactants increases Sod. dichromate is converted into potassium
the concentration at the surface of the catalyst dichromate by heating with KCl.
which increases the reaction rate. Na2 Cr2 O7 + 2KCl –→ K2 Cr2 O7 + 2NaCl
(b) Adsorption of reactant molecules makes the Potassium dichromate being less soluble is obtained
attack of other molecules on it easier. by fractional crystallisation.
(c) Some adsorbed molecules dissociate into atoms (i) Cr2 O72– + 14 H+ + 6I– –→ 2Cr3+ + 7H2 O + 3I2
which are very reactive. (ii) Cr 2 O72– + 4Fe2+ + 14 H+ – →
(d) Heat of adsorption released provides activation 2Cr3+ + 6Fe3+ + 7H2 O
energy for the reaction. Uses the potassium dichromate :
28. (a) A is aldehyde or Ketone. A gives Tollen’s test (i) In volumetric analysis for the estimation of Fe2+
hence it is an aldehyde and I– ions.
CH3 – CH = CH – CH2 – CHO (ii) In chrome tanning in leather industry.
CH2 CH3 30. (i) At elevated temperatures, sulphur vapours

exists, as S2 molecules which are paramagnetic
like O2.
KMn O / OH −
(b) (i)   4 → (ii) This is due to reluctance of silicon to form
Ethylbenzene pπ – pπ multiple bonds because of large size of
COOH silicon atom. Hence, silicon exists only in
diamond structure.
(iii) Xe has relatively lower ionization energy
among inert gases and thus the outermost shell
electrons of Xe are excited to d-subshell and
Benzoic acid
thereby showing unpaired electronic structure.
(iv) Nitrogen shows a little tendency for catenation,
CaO + NaOH due to weakness of N – N single bond whereas
    →
Benzene phosphorus shows a clear tendency for
Dil NaOH catenation due to its unexpectedly high bond
(ii) 2CH3CHO   → energy.
Acetaldehyde (Aldol condensati on )
4 3 2 1 NaBH 4
CH 3 − CHOH − CH 2 − CHO   →
(Reduction )
MATHEMATICS
4 3 2 1
CH3 – CHOH – CH2 CH2OH Section – A
Butane-1, 3-diol
CH3 1. Let (a, b) ∈ R [Q (1, 2) ∈ R ]
C = O + H2 –→ CH3 CHOH CH3 ∴ (b, a) ∈ R [Q (2, 1) ∈ R ]
(iii)
CH3 Hence R is symmetric.
Acetone
Conc. H SO
  2  4
→ CH3 CH = CH2 x2 x2 1
Dehydration Propene 2. ∫ x. tan −1 x dx =
2
tan −1 x – .∫
2 x2 +1
dx
29. Preparation of K2 Cr2 O7 : Chromite ore is fused (Integrating by parts)

with molten NaOH in the presence of air to get 1 2 1 x 2 + 1−1
sodium dichromate. =
2
x tan −1 x −
2 ∫
x 2 +1
dx
4 Fe Cr2 O4 + 16 NaOH + 7O2 – →
1 1  1 
Chromite ore
8 Na2 Cr O4 + 2Fe2 O3 + 8H2 O
= x 2 tan −1 x −
2
1− ∫
2  x 2 + 1 
dx
Sod. chromate 1 2 1
The fused mass is dissolved in water. The filtrate is = x tan −1 x − ( x − tan −1 x ) + C.
2 2
treated with dil H2 SO4

3. The given curves are  4 3 5
x2 + y2 = 2ax ….(1) ∴ | A | = O ⇒  3 − 2 7 
Here, a is arbitrary constant
10 − 1 x 
Diff. (1) w.r.t. x
dy ⇒ 4 (–2x + 7) –3 (3x – 70) + 5 (–3 + 20) = 0
2x + 2y = 2a ⇒ x = 19
dx
Substituting for 2a in (1), we get
→ → →
 dy  8. a + b + c = î + ĵ + ĵ + k̂ + k̂ + î = 2 ( î + ĵ + k̂ )
x2 + y2 = x  2x + 2 y 
 dx  → → →
a + b + c = 2 1+ 1 + 1 = 2 3
dy
⇒ 2xy + x2 – y2 = 0
dx → → →
which is the reqd. diff. eq. a + b+ c 2(î + ĵ + k̂ )
∴ unit vector = =
→ → →
| a + b+ c | 2 3
4. Let x = tan–1 (–1)
tan x = –1 î + ĵ + k̂
=
π 3
tan x = – tan
4
π → →
 → →
tan x = tan  π −  [Q tan( π – θ) = – 9. Here | a | = 3 and | b | = 2 ; a . b = 3
 4
→ →
tanθ] a .b 3 3
cos θ = = =
3π → →
3.2 2
tan x = tan | a || b |
4
π
3π θ=
x= 3
4
3π
∴ the principle value of tan–1 (–1) is 10. Let the equal angle = x
4
∴ l = cos α ; m = cos α and n = cos α
∴ l2 + m 2 + n 2 = 1
3 1  − 2 1
5. A=   and B =  cos2 α + cos2 α + cos2 α = 1
0 2  0 3
⇒ 3cos2α = 1
2A – B + C = 0 1
⇒ C = –2A + B ⇒ cos α = ± Hence direction cosines
3
3 1  − 2 1
⇒ C = –2  +  1 1 1
0 2   0 3 ± , ± , ±
3 3 3
− 6 − 2  − 2 1
⇒ C=  +
0 − 4  0 3 Section – B
− 8 − 1
C= 
0 − 1 11. We have f(x) = 2x, g (y) = 3y + 4 and h (z) = sin z
L.H.S. = ho (gof) (x) = h ( g ( f ( x )) = h ( g (2x))
= h (3 (2x) +4) = h (6x + 4) = sin (6x + 4)
6. Q | adj A | = | A | n – 1 R.H.S. = (hog) of (x) = (hog) (f (x)) = (hog) 2x
64 = | A | n – 1 = h (g (2x) = h (3 (2x) +4) = h (6x + 4)
64 = | A |3 – 1 {Order of matrix n=3} = sin (6x + 4)
| A |2 = 64 ∴ L.H.S. = R.H.S.
|A|=8
 1− x 
 4 3 5 12. Let y = cot–1  
1+ x 
7. Let A =  3 − 2 7 
1− x
10 − 1 x  Put : =u ...(1)
1+ x
Q the matrix A is singular

∴ y = cot–1 u ∴ The reqd. sol. of eq. (1) is
Diff. w.r.t. u
∫ 2x .x dx + c
2 −1
y . x–1 =
dy −1 −1
= =
du 1 + u 2 1− x 
2
= ∫ 2 x dx + c = x + c 2
1+  
1+ x  ⇒ y = x3 + cx.
2 2
− (1 + x ) (1 + x )
= 2 2
= ...(2)
(1 + x ) + (1 − x ) 2(1 + x 2 ) π/4
Diff. (1) w.r.t. x
du (1 + x ).(−1) − (1 − x ).1
= =
2
…(3)
14. ∫ sin 2 x sin 3 x dx
0
2
dx (1 + x ) (1 + x ) 2 π/4
1
From (2) and (3),
dy dy du
=
2 ∫ (2 sin 3x sin 2x)dx
0
= ⋅ π/4
dx du dx 1
=–
(1 + x ) 2
⋅
−2
=
1
.
=
2 ∫ (cos x − cos 5x)
0
2(1 + x ) (1 + x ) 2
1+ x2
1  sin 5x  π / 4
=
2 sin x − 5 
13. The given diff. eq. is  0
(1 + e2x) dy + ex (1 + y2) dx = 0 ...(1) 1  π 1 5π 
=
2 sin 4 − 5 sin 4 − 0
dy e x  
⇒ + dx = 0
1+ y 2
1 + e 2x 1 π 1 π 1  1  1 3
= sin + sin  = 1 +  =
Integrating, we get 2 4 5 4 2  5 2 5 2
dt OR
tan–1 y +
1+ t2∫ =c (where t = ex) π/4
⇒ tan–1 y + tan –1 t = c Sol. Let I =

∫ log(1 + tan x )dx …..(1)
⇒ tan–1 y + tan –1 ex = c 0
a a
when x = 0, y =1
⇒ tan–1 + tan–1 e° =c
By the formula,
∫
0
∫
f ( x )dx = f (a − x )dx
0
π π π
⇒ c= + = π/4
4 4 2  π 
π
=
∫ log 1 + tan 4 − x dx
tan–1 y + tan–1 ex = . 0
2 π/4
 1 − tan x 
This is the reqd. sol of (1)
OR
= ∫ log 1 + 1 + tan x dx
0
Sol. The given diff. eq. is π/ 4
 2 
x
dy
dx
− y − 2x 3 = 0.
=
∫ log 1 + tan x dx
0
dy 1 π/ 4
⇒ − y = 2x 2 ...(1)
dx x =
∫ [log 2 − log(1 + tan x)]dx
0
This is a linear diff. eq.
π/ 4 π/4
dy
On comparing by,
dx
+ Py = Q = log 2 ∫ 0
dx − ∫ log(1 + tan x )dx
0
1
Here, P = – , Q = 2x2 = log2 [x ] π/4
0 − I [By (1)]
x
1 π  π
∫ − dx ∴ 2I = log2  − 0  ⇒ I = log 2
I.F. = e ∫
Pdx
= e x = e − log x 4  8
−1
= e log x = x −1

3x + 1 17 Q f(x) is continuous at x = π
15 Let I = ∫ 2x − 2x + 3 2
dx
∴ lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = f (π)
x →π − x →π +
3 d 5
Here : 3x + 1 = . (2x2 – 2x + 3) + lim Kx + 1 = lim cos x
4 dx 2 x →π − x → π+
3 5 K · π + 1= cos π
( 4x − 2) + πK+1 =–1
∴ I= 4 2 ∫
2x − 2x + 3
2 dx
π K = –2
3 4x − 2 5 dx −2
= ∫
4 2x 2 − 2 x + 3
dx +
2 2x 2 − 2 x + 3 ∫ K =
π
3 5 OR
= I1 + I 2 + c …(1) Sol. Since the function is defined at x = 0
4 2
4x − 2 lim f ( x ) = lim x 3 + 3 = 3
where I1 = 2 ∫
2 x − 2x + 3
dx x →0
Also f(0) = 1
x →0
Put : 2x2 – 2x + 3 = t ⇒ (4x – 2)dx = dt ∴ lim f ( x ) = f (0)

x →0
dt
∴ I2 =
t∫ = log | t | Hence f(x) continuous at x = 0.
= log | 2x2 – 2x + 3 | ....(3)
 x −1  −1  x + 1  π
dx 1 dx 18. tan–1   + tan  =
and I 2 = ∫
2x 2 − x +
3
=
2

2
1   5 
∫
2  x−2  x+2 4
2  x −  +  x −1 x + 1 
 2   2   +  π
tan −1  x − 2 x + 2  =
 1 1 − x − 1 x + 1  4
 x−  .
1 1 −1  2  x − 2 x + 2 
= ⋅ tan
2 ( 5 / 2)  5/2  ( x − 1)( x + 2) + ( x + 1)( x − 2) 
   
  ( x − 2)( x + 2) π
  = tan
 dx 1  x   ( x − 2)( x + 2) − ( x − 1)(x + 1)  4
 By the formula,

∫x 2
+a 2
=
a
tan −1  
 a 
 ( x − 2)( x + 2) 
 2x − 1 
1 x2 + x − 2 + x2 − x − 2  π 
= tan −1   …(3) 2 2
=1 Q 4 = 1
5  5  x − 4 − x +1  
2
From (1), (2) and (3), we get 2x − 4
=1
3 5  2x − 1  −3
I= log | 2 x 2 − 2x + 3 | + tan −1  + c 2
2x – 4 = –3
4 2  5 
2x2 = –3 + 4 = 1
16 Given : x = a (θ – sin θ); y = a (1 – cosθ) 2x2 = 1
dx dy 1
⇒ = a (1– cos θ); = a sin θ x2 =
dθ dθ 2
dy dy / dθ a sin θ θ 1
⇒ = = = cot . ⇒x=±
dx dx / dθ a (1 − cos θ) 2 2
d2 y d  θ  dθ
Now =  cot  .  4 − 5 − 11
dx 2 dθ  2  dx
19. A = 1 − 3 1 
1 θ 1  2 3 − 7 
=– cosec2 .
2 2 a (1 − cos θ)
| A | = 4 (21 – 3) + 5 (–7 – 2) –11 ( 3 + 6)
1 θ = 72 – 45 – 99 = – 72
= − cos ec 4 .
4a 2 T
 18 9 9 
2
At θ =
π d y
;
1 π 1
= − cos ec 4   = – . Adj. A =  − 68 − 6 − 22

2 dx 2 4a 4 a  − 38 − 15 − 7 

18 − 68 − 38 → → θ
| a + b |2 = 4 cos2
∴ adj A =  9 − 6 − 15  2
 9 − 22 − 7  → → θ
| a + b | = 2 cos
2
19 − 68 − 38
adjA − 1  θ 1 → →
∴ A –1 = = 9 − 6 − 15  cos = | a + b | Proved.
A 72  2 2
 9 − 22 − 7 
OR 22. p = P (correct forcasting) = 1/3
a + x y z  q = P (two incorrect forecasting) = 2/3
Sol. ∆ =  x a+y z  n=4
Let r be the number of correct forecast
 x y a + z
P (at least three correct results)
operate R1 → R1 – R2 = P ( r = 3) + P (r = 4)
a − a o   2
4 −3 3
1 4  2
4−4
1
4

∆ = x a + y z  = 4C3     + C4   
 3  3  3  3
 x y a + z 
[Q P (r) = nCr qn– r Pr]
operate C2 → C2 + C 1 1 3 0 4
 2 1  2 1
a o o  = 4C1     + 4 C 0    
  3  3  3  3
∆ = x a + y + x z 
2 1 1
 x y+ x a + z =4· · +1 · 1 ·
3 27 81
∆ = a [(a + y + x) (a + z) – z (y + x)] 8 1 9 1
= a [a2 + az + ( y + x) a + (y + x ) z – z (y + x)] = + = =
81 81 81 9
= a2 ( a + x + y + z) Proved.
OR
Sol. Let A, B and C be the events of candidate going by
20. The given plane is
bus, scooter and other means of transport.
3x + 2y + 2z + 5 = 0 ...(i)
Let E be the event of getting late.
line through P (2, 3, 4) and parallel to the line :
3 1 3
x+3 y−2 z P (A) = , P (B) = , P (C) =
= = is 10 10 5
3 6 2
1 1
x −2 y−3 z −4 P (E/A) = , P(E/B) = , P(E/C) = 0
= = = k (say) ….(ii) 4 3
3 6 2
P (that he traveled by bus) = P (A/E)
Any point on it is Q (3k +2, 6k + 3, 2k + 4)
Let it lie on (i) P( A ) P( E / A )
=
∴ 3(3k + 2) +2 (6k +3) +2 (2k + 4) +5 = 0 P( A) P( E / A) + P( B) P( E / B) + P (C)P (E / C)
⇒ 25 k + 25 = 0 3 1 3
·
⇒ k=–1 = 10 4 = 40
∴ Q (–1, –3, 2) 3 1 1 1 3 3 1
· + · + ·0 +
∴ The required distance = PQ 10 4 10 3 5 40 30
3
= ( 2 + 1) 2 + (3 + 3) 2 + ( 4 − 2) 2 = 49 = 7 3 120 9
= 40 = × = .
→ → 9 + 4 40 13 13
21. Q | a | = | b | = 1 (Given)
120
→ → → → →→
| a + b |2 = | a |2 + | b | 2 +2 a b Section – C
→ →
= 1 + 1 + 2 | a | | b | cos θ π/2
cos x
= 2 + 2 (1) (1) cos θ 23. Let I=
∫ (1 + sin x )(2 + sin x )
dx
= 2 (1 + cosθ) 0
θ Put : sin x = t⇒ cos x dx = dt

= 2 . 2 cos2
2 π
Also x = 0 ⇒ t = 0 and x = ⇒t=1
2

1 1
dt  1 1   4 3 16 
∴ I=
∫
0
(1 + t )(2 + t )
=
∫
0
1 + t − 2 + t dt
 
∴ Reqd. Area = Area of circle – 
 3

+ π
3 
(Resolving into partial fractions) 4 3 16
= 16 π – − π
= [log | 1 + t | – log | 2 + t |] 10 3 3
= (log 2 – log 3) – (log 1 – log 2) 32 4 3 4
= 2 log 2 – log 3 = log 2 2 – log 3 = π− = (8π − 3 ) sq. units.
3 3 3
4 OR
= log .
3 x2 y2
Sol. +
=1 ….(1)
2 2 a2 b2
24. x +y = 16 …(1)
y2 = 6x. ...(2) x y
+ =1 …..(2)
(1) and (2) intersect, where a b
Y
2
Y
2 B (0, b)
A (2, 2 3 ) 1
1
X' X
O x=a
x=4 x=0 A
x=0 x=2 X (a, 0)
X'
O D C
Y'
B (2, –2 3 )
We shall find the shaded area
(Area of the smaller region)
a
Y'
x2 + 6x – 16 = 0
=
∫ (y
0
1 − y 2 )dx
⇒ (x + 8) (x – 2) = 0 a  x2  x 
⇒ x=2 (Q x ≠ –8) = ∫ b 1−
a
− b1 −  dx
2
 a 
Q A (2, 2 3 ) and B (2, –2 3 ) 0 
Also C (4, 0). a a
b  x
∫ ∫
2 2
Area OBCAO = 2 (Area ODA + Area DCA) = a − x dx − b 1 − dx
a  a
2 4  0 0
0

∫
= 2  y 2 dx + y1dx 


∫ b  x a2 − x2 a2 x  x2 
a a
2 =  + sin −1  − b  x − 
a 2 2 a  2a  0
2 4   0
0 ∫
= 2 6 x dx + ∫ 16 − x 2 dx 
 b a2 −1   a2 
 2  =  sin 1 − b a − 
a  2   2a 
 4
 2 3/ 2   x 16 − x 2 16 −1 x  
2

= 2 6. x  +  + sin ab π ab 1
 3  = . − = ab(π − 2)sq.units
0  2 2 4  2 2 2 4
 2 
25. Let S, V, r and h be the surface area, volume, radius
2 6  2.2 3 1  of the base and height of the given cylinder
= 2 .2 2 + {0 + 8 sin −1 1} −  + 8 sin −1 
 3  2 2  respectively. Then
S = 2 πrh + πr2 (Given)
16 3 π π [Q Cylinder is open at the top]
= + 16. − (4 3 + 16. )
3 2 6
S − πr 2
 4 3 16  ⇒ h=
=  + π  sq. units. 2πr
 3 3 
 S − πr 2 1
V = πr2h = πr 2 = [Sr − πr 3 ]
2πr 2

Diff. w.r.t r x   4 − 5 1   4
dV 1 d V 2  y  = 1  2 0 − 2  0 
= [S − 3πr 2 ] and 2 = −3πr   10   
dr 2 dr  z   2 5 3   2
For max. or min.,
16 − 0 + 2 18
dV 1   1  
= 0 = 8 + 0 − 4 =  4 
dr 10  10
 8 + 0 + 6 14 
⇒ S – 3πr2 = 0
S 18 9 4 2 14 7
⇒ r= ∴ x= = , y= = , z= = .
3π 10 5 10 5 10 5
d 2V
For this value of r, <0 27. Let A and B the events of getting letter from Tata
dr 2 Nagar and Calcutta
∴ V is maximum and
1 1
3πr 2 − πr 2 ∴ P(A) = , P (B) =
h= =r [Using (1) and (2) ] 2 2
2πr Let E be the event of visibility of letter TA
2
26. Sol. Part-I
7 2.2 1
1 − 1 1  P (E | A) = = =
2 7.6.5.4.3.2.1 1260
Given matrix A =  2 1 − 3
1 1 1  7
[Q Total no. of events in Tata Nagar = as
1 −1 1 2
|A|= 2 1 −3 TA TA NAGAR has only 2 A's ]
1 1 1 1
= 1 (1 + 3) + 1 ( 2 + 3) +1 ( 2 – 1 ) 7 2 1
=4+5+1 P (E | B) = = =
2 7.6.5.4.3.2.1 2520
= 10
∴ A–1 exists 7
[Q Total no. of events in Calcutta = as
C11 = (–1)2 (1 + 3) = 4 2
C12 = (–1)3 (2 + 3) = –5
CALCUT TA has only 2 C's ]
C13 = (–1)4 (2 – 1) = 1
C21 = (–1)3 (–1 –1) = 2 (i) P (that letter has come from Tata Nagar)
C22 = (–1)4 (1 – 1) = 0 P (A ).P( E | A)
= (A | E) =
C23 = (–1)5 (1 + 1) = –2 P ( A ) P ( E | A ) + P ( B) P ( E | B)
C31 = (–1)4 (3 – 1) = 2
1 1 1
C32 = (–1)5 (–3 –2) = 5 ·
= 2 1260 = 1260
C33 = (–1)6 (1 + 2) = 3 1 1 1 1 2 +1
4 2 2 · + ·
1 1  2 1260 2 2520 2520
–1
A = adj A = − 5 0 5
A 10  =
1
×
2520 2
=
 1 − 2 3 1260 3 3
Part II (ii) P (that letters has come from Calcutta) = P (B |
The given equation can be written as E)
AX = B ⇒ X = A–1 B = 1 – P (A | E)
1 2 1 x  4  2 1
=1– =
Where A =  − 1 1 1 x =  y  B = 0 
   
3 3
 1 − 3 1 z  2 OR
4 − 5 1  Sol. White balls = 4
1  Red balls = 6
∴ A =  2 0 − 2
–1
[Using part I]
10 Total balls = 4 + 6 = 10
 2 5 3 
Let X be the number of drawing 3 white balls

∴ X = 0, 1, 2, 3 5λ = 2 – 12
4 6
C 0 · C3 5λ = –10
P (X = 0) = 10
= 1 . ⇒ λ = –2
C3
Putting the value of λ, we get.
6.5.4 3.2.1 15 5 The coordinate of P (–2 + 3, –4 + 4, –4 + 5)
. = =
3.2.1 10.9.8 90 30 = P (1, 0 1)
4
C1·6 C2 The required distance = |AP|
6.5 3.2.1 45 15
P (x = 1) = =4· . = =
10
C3 2.1 10.9.8 90 30 = (3 − 1) 2 + ( 4 − 0) 2 + (5 − 1) 2
4
C 2 · 6 C1 4.3 6.3.2.1 27 9 = 4 + 16 + 16
P (x = 2) 10
= = =
C3 2.1 10.9.8 90 30 = 36 = 6 unit.
4 6
C3 · C 0
P (X = 3) = 10
= 29. Given problem can be tabulated as
C3
4.3.2 3.2.1 3 1 Proteins Carbohydrates Cost
.1. = = Wheat 0.01 0.025 Rs. 4kg = 0.4 P/g
3.2.1 10.9.8 90 30 Rice 0.05 0.5 Rs. 6 kg = 0.6 P/g
Therefore, required probability distribution is Min50g Min200 g
X 0 1 2 3
5 15 9 1 Let the quantity of wheat = x gms
P (X)
30 30 30 30 and the quantity of rice = y gms
Min cost z = 0.4x + 0.6y
Calculation for mean and variance
subject to constraints
X P(x) XP(x) X2P(x) 0.1x + 0.05y ≥ 50
5 0.25x + 0.5y ≥ 200
0 0 0
30 x, y ≥ 0
15 15 15 Table for 0.1x + 0.05y = 50
1
30 30 30
x 0 1000
9 18 36
2 y 500 0
30 30 30
1 3 9 Table for 0.25x + 0.5y = 200
3
30 30 30
x 0 800
36 6 60 y 400 0
Total 1 = =2
30 5 30
6 X
Mean µ = Σ X P(x) = = 1.2
5
1000
Variance = Σ X2 P (x) – [ Σ X P (X)]2
= 2 – (1.2)2 800
(0, 500)
= 2 – 1.44 = 0.56 600
400 (1000, 0)
28. Equation of the given line is
2x = y = z 200
x y z
= = …..(1) 200 400 600 800 1000
1 2 2
Equation of line passes through the point The corner points of feasible region is (0, 500) and
A (3, 4, 5) and parallel to line ( 1 ) is (1000, 0) Now evaluate z at the corner points
x −3 y− 4 z −5
= = = λ(say) …..(2)
1 2 2 Corner point Z = 0.4x + 0.6y
∴ Any point on the line (2) is (0, 500) Z = 0 + 300.0 = 300 ← Min
P (λ + 3, 2λ + 4, 2λ + 5) (1000, 0) Z = 400.0 + 0 = 400
Since the point P lies on the plane
x+ y+ z= 2 ….(3) Minimum cost = 300 paise = Rs. 3.
∴ (λ + 3) + (2λ + 4) + (2λ + 5) = 2 when x = 0 gms, y = 500 gms.
λ + 3 + 2λ + 4 + 2λ + 5 = 2

XtraEdge Test Series
ANSWER KEY
IIT- JEE 2010 (January issue)
PHYSICS
Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
An s D B A A D D A B A C,D
Ques 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
An s A,D A,D A ,C , D A ,B , D C B A C D B
21 A→P B→Q C→R D→Q
22 A→Q B→Q C→R D → Q,S
C HEM I ST RY
Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
An s A B A B A B B C A B ,D
Ques 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
An s B A ,B ,C ,D C A,B,C A D D A B A
21 A→R B→P C→Q D→R
22 A→Q B→P C→S D→R
MATHEMATICS
Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
An s B B A B D D C B A A ,B ,C ,D
Ques 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
An s A,B,C,D A ,C A ,C A,B,C A C B C D C
21 A→Q B→P C→S D→R
22 A→R B→S C→Q D→P
IIT- JEE 2011 (January issue)
PHYSICS
Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
An s A D B B D C A A A B,D
Ques 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
An s A,C A,C A,C A ,C , D D A A D D B
21 A→Q B→P C→R D→S
22 A→S B→S C→P D → P,Q,R
C HEM I ST RY
Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
An s A B B D D D A B B A ,D
Ques 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
An s A,C B A,B A , B ,C ,D A A D B B B
21 A→S B→P C→Q D→R
22 A→R B → P,S C→Q D→Q
MATHEMATICS
Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
An s D C A B D B A A B A ,B ,C
Ques 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
An s A,C B,C A ,B , C B,C A C B A C B
21 A→S B→Q C→P D→R
22 A→R B→P C→S D→Q


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Physics Challenging Problems

1. As information given in: 5R 2

d λ missing Option (B) is correct

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1. A sphere of mass 50 g is attached to one end of a mv 2

∴ sin θ = (1 − cos 2 θ) = 0.9998 = 1.00 (nearly) Kv

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Refraction at plane & curved surface

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(b) The object shiftiness does not depend upon the

Critical angle : When a ray passes from denser µ2 µ µ − µ1

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Im age size µv (b) This formula is only applicable when medium on

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3. There is a small air bubble in side a glass sphere (n =

P n2 = 1 Thus, the lens forms the image at a distance of 9.5 cm

i.e. the object should be placed at a distance of

Thus, the bubble will appear 3.0 cm below the

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(a) Longitudinal strain = limit

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Solved Examples 100 Kg

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mg L2 πr 2ρgL2 ρgL2 where T is surface tension, ρ is density and θ is angle

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