CLT DESIGN GUIDE

March 2013

VERSION V1.4 NZ

Cross
Laminated
Timber
Design Guide
 Introduction & Contents

This Design Guide provides the key information architects and engineers
need to design buildings using XLam structural cross laminated
timber panels. Figures given in the tables are based on research and
independent tests commissioned by XLam NZ Ltd. They are specific to
New Zealand grown Radiata Pine and Douglas Fir timber and incorporate
values adopted from the New Zealand Building Code.
For detailed information on connections, durability, acoustic and
thermal performance, compliance and building consents, refer to the
XLam website, www.xlam.co.nz

Contents Introduction and Contents 1

Uses and Benefits of XLam CLT 2
Panel Specifications 3
Standard Panel Configurations, Radiata Pine 4
Standard Panel Configurations, Douglas Fir 5
Creep and Vibration 6
Fire Performance 7
Wind & Seismic 8
Span Tables for Floors, Radiata Pine 9
Span Tables for Floors, Douglas Fir 10
Span Tables for Roofs, Radiata Pine 11
Span Tables for Roofs, Douglas Fir 12
Notes to Span Tables - Floors & Roofs 13
Wall Load Capacity Tables, Radiata Pine 14
Wall Load Capacity Tables, Douglas Fir 15
Notes to Wall Load Capacity Tables 16
Fire Capacity Tables for Floors 17
Notes to Fire Capacity Tables for Floors 20
Fire Capacity Tables for Walls 21-23
Notes to Fire Capacity Tables for Walls 24
References & Acknowledgements 25

Cross Laminated Timber Design Guide V1.4 NZ 1 XLam NZ Limited

Uses & Benefits of XLam CLT
THE USES OF XLAM CLT
XLam Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) is made from
layers of solid timber planks face-glued together in
alternating directions to make large, stable solid wood
construction panels. Factory prefabricated CLT is used
for floors, walls and roofs in residential, commercial
and industrial buildings, including shear walls and floor
diaphragms in multi-storied timber construction.
XLam NZ Ltd is the first company to manufacture and
commercialise CLT in Australasia. The XLam factory is
located in Nelson, New Zealand, where the immediate
accessibility of quality timber and manufacturing
resource has established an engineered wood
industry cluster.
THE BENEFITS OF XLAM CLT
STRUCTURAL
Light Weight – reduces foundations, cranage and
erection costs and improves seismic performance.
Consistent – Precise factory fabrication and control
delivers accuracy, quality and consistency.
Strong – CLT has high axial load and flexural capacity.
Stable – multi-layered planks glued crosswise create
robust panels with high dimensional stability in both
directions.
PERFORMANCE
Fire – in fire, a char layer forms to help protect an
undestroyed timber core which retains its load
capacity.
Thermal – the thermal mass of CLT stores heat energy
and slowly releases it back into the building. Energy
efficiency is enhanced during the use phase of the
building life cycle – the time at which the building has
greatest global warming impact.
Cross Laminated Timber Design Guide V1.4 NZ
Comfort – solid wood acts as a humidity buffer by
absorbing and releasing internal moisture to maintain
a healthy indoor environment.
CONSTRUCTION
Prefabrication – for quality, consistency and
elimination of wastage.
Efficiency – a ‘just-in-time’ delivery schedule keeps a
clear building site.
Speed – a huge reduction in on-site labour and time
compared with conventional building systems.
Clean – after foundation work, there are no wet trades
required and the loudest on-site noise is the sound of
a screw drill.
Easy to assemble – panels fit accurately together
using simple connection details.
AESTHETIC
Natural – available in a visual grade for clear finish
with a choice of Radiata Pine or Douglas fir.
Expressive – exposed surfaces, edges and
connections give a satisfying sense of how buildings
are made.
Timeless – the pleasure of wood supersedes the
cycles of fashion.
Eyecatching – beautiful building structures
combining advanced technology with wood.
ENVIRONMENTAL
Green – CLT can actually achieve a carbon neutral
construction footprint. Each cubic metre of solid
timber stores approximately 800kg of CO2.
Friendly – the polyurethane bonding adhesive is
formaldehyde free, odourless and inert.
Recyclable – at the end of the building’s service life,
CLT panels can be simply lifted off the structure and
used in a new building.
2 XLam NZ Limited
Panel Specifications

Maximum Size Wood Species

15.1m x 3.3m New Zealand Pinus Radiata or New Zealand
Douglas Fir (other species subject to discussion)
Maximum Panel Thickness
350mm Treatment
Untreated, H1.2, or H3.2 as specified
Moisture Content
12% ±3% at time of production Quality Control
Manufacturing and tolerances comply with ISO TC165
Glue Specification
N695 – “Timber Structures - Cross Laminated Timber”
Polyurethane single-component adhesive (PUR)
insofar as this is practical in the New Zealand context

Specification Quality Control

Thickness ±1.6mm or 2% of nominal thickness (the greater)
Width and Length ±3.2mm
Squareness Length of diagonals shall not differ by more than 3.2mm
Straightness Deviations of straight edges shall not exceed 1.6mm.

APPEARANCE GRADES
Industrial Grade For general structural use where appearance is not important or alternatively
where visual defects are acceptable as inherent in the character of the
product. Planed surface with occasional skip, wane, resin pockets, voids and
checks. Knots are permitted provided panel strength is not compromised.
Some knots may fall out and some glue squeeze through may be visible.
Architectural Grade For use where panel surfaces will be exposed to view and clear or paint
finished. Planed surface, free of wane and loose knots. Minor blemishes,
voids or checks may be visible. One or both faces may be specified.
Optional add-ons include vee joints and outer boards free of finger joints.

Note that CLT acts as a moisture buffer to even out humidity variations within a building – the product naturally absorbs
and releases moisture with changes in atmospheric conditions. As the wood expands and contracts the gaps between
the boards may open and close, and exposed surfaces (particularly Douglas Fir) may exhibit some checking over time.
This is a natural feature of wood and will not impair the structural integrity or durability of the product. Checking may be
audible as the wood settles during the first seasonal cycle.

Cross Laminated Timber Design Guide V1.4 NZ 3 XLam NZ Limited

Standard Panel Configurations
Radiata Pine

STanDarD Panel confiGuraTionS - raDiaTa Pine, nz GroWn

Type XL3/60 XL3/75 XL3/90 XL3/105 XL5/130 XL5/145 XL5/175 XL7/200
ei1m
eff
(nmm2) 1.39x1011 2.53x1011 4.81x1011 7.44x1011 1.33x1012 1.78x1012 2.84x1012 4.25x1012
фMn (per m width) 7.5kNm 11kNm 17kNm 23kNm 33kNm 40kNm 52kNm 69kNm

Thickness 60mm 75mm 90mm 105mm 130mm 145mm 175mm 200mm

Layer 1 R20-8 R20-8 R35-8 R35-8 R35-8 R35-8 R35-8 R35-8
Layer 2 R20-C R35-C R20-C R35-C R20-C R20-C R35-C R20-C
Layer 3 R20-8 R20-8 R35-8 R35-8 R20-C R35-C R35-C R35-C
Layer 4 R20-C R20-C R35-C R20-C
Layer 5 R35-8 R35-8 R35-8 R35-C
Layer 6 R20-C
Layer 7 R35-8

code Thickness Grade Modulus of elasticity

R20-8 20mm G8 E0 = 8000MPa
R20-C 20mm <G8 E0 = 6000MPa
R35-8 35mm G8 E0 = 8000MPa
R35-C 35mm <G8 E0 = 6000MPa

l7–
l6–
l5–
l4–
l3–
l2–
l1–

Cross Laminated Timber Design Guide V1.4 NZ 4 XLam NZ Limited

Standard Panel Configurations
Douglas Fir

STanDarD Panel confiGuraTionS - DouGlaS fir, nz GroWn

Type XL3/60 XL3/75 XL3/90 XL3/105 XL5/130 XL5/145 XL5/175 XL7/200
ei 1m
eff
(nmm2) 1.74x1011 3.17x1011 6.01x1011 9.30x1011 1.66x1012 2.22x1012 3.54x1012 5.22x1012
фMn (per m width) 13kNm 19kNm 31kNm 41kNm 59kNm 70kNm 93kNm 120kNm

Thickness 60mm 75mm 90mm 105mm 130mm 145mm 175mm 200mm

Layer 1 D20-10 D20-10 D35-10 D35-10 D35-10 D35-10 D35-10 D35-10
Layer 2 D20-C D35-C D20-C D35-C D20-C D20-C D35-C D20-C
Layer 3 D20-10 D20-10 D35-10 D35-10 D20-C D35-C D35-C D35-C
Layer 4 D20-C D20-C D35-C D20-C
Layer 5 D35-10 D35-10 D35-10 D35-C
Layer 6 D20-C
Layer 7 D35-10

code Thickness Grade Modulus of elasticity

D20-10 20mm G10 E0 = 10000MPa
D20-C 20mm <G10 E0 = 6000MPa
D35-10 35mm G10 E0 = 10000MPa
D35-C 35mm <G10 E0 = 6000MPa

l7–
l6–
l5–
l4–
l3–
l2–
l1–

Cross Laminated Timber Design Guide V1.4 NZ 5 XLam NZ Limited

Creep and Vibration
LONG TERM CREEP
Timber creep is primarily dependent on changes in
moisture content, the type and duration of the applied
load and the level of stress in the timber. Due to the
nature of CLT, with the orthogonal arrangement
of layers, it is more prone to time-dependent
deformations under load than other engineered
wood products. Special attention must be paid to the
duration of load and creep behaviour of CLT when
designing members.
Until further research on New Zealand CLT panels
allows for a less conservative approach, a long
term creep factor of k2 = 2.0 should be used in the
Serviceability Limit State deflection checks,
in accordance with NZS 3603:1993.
The span tables in this design guide have been
designed assuming dry service conditions and a
creep factor of k2=2.0.
DYNAMIC VIBRATION
The low damping ratio and fundamental natural
frequency of vibration require particular attention to
control in-service vibrations in CLT floors.
• The fundamental natural frequency depends upon
the specific mass to stiffness ratio of the material,
and is difficult to alter without changing the
material properties – humans are more sensitive to
low frequency vibrations.
• Damping is a characteristic that is dependent
not only on the material properties, but also the
construction details: damping can be improved
through smart design.
Any measures for increasing the damping
ratio through CLT product design and CLT
floor construction will enhance the vibration
performance of bare CLT floors.
Cross Laminated Timber Design Guide V1.4 NZ
Two methods for controlling vibrations have been
used when developing the span tables - the more
conservative value has been used.
1. The FPInnovations method uses the effective
stiffness and density of CLT to limit the span (a
function of the fundamental frequency of vibration).
This method has performed well in verification studies
(FPInnovations, 2012): 1 ( EI 1m
eff )
0.293
L≤
9.15 ( ρA ) 0.123
L = CLT maximum floor span (in meters)
= Effective apparent stiffness in the span
direction for a 1m wide panel (in N-m2)
ρ = Density of CLT (in kg/m3)
A = Cross sectional area of a 1.0m wide CLT
panel (in m2)
The FPInnovations method is limited to bare CLT
floors without a heavy topping, vibrations induced
by normal walking only, and well supported and
connected panels.
2. The APA - Engineered Wood Systems method gives
the deflection limit for a 1kN point load at the
centre of the span (Engineered Wood Systems -
APA EWS, 2004) as: 2.55
δ≤
L0.63
L = CLT maximum floor span (in meters)
= 1 kN static point load mid-span
deflection for an equivalent simply
supported 1.0m wide panel
The APA - Engineered Wood Systems equation
accounts for all the stiffness contributions from the
two-way action in the floor system and is based on
the empirical relationship of a single joist mid-span
deflection and the deflection of a diaphragm under
point loading.
6 XLam NZ Limited
Fire Performance
FIRE PERFORMANCE
The New Zealand Building Code requires buildings
to have specific fire resistance relating to structural
performance, insulation and integrity. The degree
of required fire performance depends upon the
application, design and location of the structure.
Intending that:
1. Occupants will safely escape the building -
“means of escape”, and
2. Damage to property will be minimised.
2. A 10mm heated region is allowed for directly
adjacent to the char front –
the heated region is assumed to have no
contributing strength or stiffness.
3. The effective residual timber cross section and
its structural properties are then calculated.
The strength of the unaffected timber core is
compared with the fire load combination:
G + ΨlQ
Note that all wall elements which require fire rating
must also support a 0.5kPa face load without the

The fire span tables in this design guide relate to the support of the adjoining roof structure. The fire span

structural fire performance only. tables do not allow for this.

Solid timber chars at a constant rate. As the fire is

fuelled, the temperature increases, but the growing
char layer constantly increases the thermal insulation
protecting an un-charred wooden core. Because of the
constant char rate, the structural strength of timber
can be accurately calculated for specific periods of fire
exposure.

A research paper issued by Frangi et al. (with testing

conducted under ISO conditions) suggests an accurate
method of calculating the strength of CLT panels after
specific exposure to fire. This method is specific to PUR
one-component adhesive only (Frangi, Fontana, Hugi
& Jobstl, 2009).

1. The char depth is calculated based on an average

char rate of 0.65mm per minute for the first CLT
layer, and 1.3mm per minute for the start of any
subsequent layer (up until 25mm into that layer).

XLam’s span tables have conservatively assumed that

the panel chars constantly at 1.3mm per minute after
the first layer.

Cross Laminated Timber Design Guide V1.4 NZ 7 XLam NZ Limited

Wind & Seismic
DESIGN FOR WIND LOADING
Design of CLT buildings for wind loading should be carried
out using loads from AS/NZS 1170.2. This standard gives
methods for calculating the wind actions based on the
location, size, and shape of the building, the site wind
speed and site exposure multipliers, considering both
internal and external wind pressures. Structural design to
resist these wind actions should be carried out using NZS
3603:199.
The wall load capacity tables in this Design Guide can be
used to give an indication of the shear capacity of CLT
walls. The main part of design for wind loading will be
the design of connections to resist the forces occurring
between CLT floor and wall panels, and between CLT wall
panels and their foundations. The first step is provision of
a suitable structure for the building with a clearly defined
lateral load resisting system.
DESIGN FOR SEISMIC LOADING
CLT buildings can be designed to have excellent resistance
to earthquakes because CLT panels are light weight and
have excellent shear resistance. In low seismic regions,
seismic design is mainly a matter of determining the lateral
seismic actions from NZS 1170.5, comparing these with
the wind actions, and allocating the larger of the two
to the lateral load resisting system. In moderate or high
seismic regions it becomes important to provide some
ductility, to limit the seismic forces in the structure, and
to allow for possible larger shaking than the design level
earthquake. Ductility must come from the design of ductile
connections between the CLT panels because the panels
themselves have no ductility when loaded in shear to their
ultimate capacity.
An excellent summary of seismic performance of CLT
buildings is given in Chapter 4 of the FPInnovations CLT
Design Guide (FPInnovations, 2012), which includes over
Cross Laminated Timber Design Guide V1.4 NZ
20 useful references, partly summarised here. The first step
again is provision of a suitable lateral load resisting system.
As with other materials in moderate or high seismic
regions, it is essential to carry out “capacity design” to
ensure that the brittle elements of the structure are never
loaded to their capacity, so that inelastic deformations
occur in selected ductile elements which are the weak
links in the overall structure. For CLT structures, it is essential
to design the connections between panels as the ductile
weak links. A hierarchy of strength can be applied between
the various connections (wall to wall, wall to foundation,
and wall to floor diaphragm connections) to ensure that
the desired failure mechanism is achieved.
Ductility in the connections comes from ductile behaviour
of the fasteners themselves, which are the nails, screws
or rivets used to connect the the CLT panels together.
These fasteners have a reasonable level of ductility, but
their capacity can drop suddenly after the individual
fasteners fail, and crushing of wood occurs behind the
individual fasteners during cyclic loading; this results in
a very pinched hysteresis loop. Design for a higher level
of ductility may be possible with ductile yielding of steel
brackets rather than relying on yielding of the fasteners.
Conventional force-based seismic design can be carried
out in accordance with NZS 1170.5. Calculation of seismic
forces requires an assumption about the ductility of
the structural system. The FPInnovations Design Guide
shows how a conservative ductility factor of 2.0 can be
derived for CLT panel buildings with ductile connections
(FPInnovations, 2012).
A modern extension of seismic design beyond standard
design methods is the use of post-tensioned steel tendons
to anchor the CLT panels to the foundations, allowing
controlled rocking during severe earthquakes with energy
dissipation occurring in carefully selected locations, using
the Pres-Lam technology developed for Expan buildings at
the University of Canterbury.
8 XLam NZ Limited
Span Tables for Floors, Radiata Pine

clT floor – raDiaTa Pine - GraDe 8

- All loads are uniformly distributed over the element
- The spans correspond to a deflection limit of SPAN/400
- The cantilever back-span is assumed to be 1.25 x cantilever span (NZS 3604 7.1.5.3) with the backspan unloaded
Panel Thickness Design Live Load (Q) Single Span Continuous Span Cantilever Span

Blue figures = Long term deflection governs Red figures = Vibration limit governs
XL3/60 2.0kPa 2.15m 2.35m 0.95m
3.0kPa 1.95m 2.35m 0.80m
4.0kPa 1.55m 2.35m 0.65m
5.0kPa 1.45m 2.20m 0.60m
XL3/75 2.0kPa 2.55m 2.80m 1.10m
3.0kPa 2.35m 2.80m 1.00m
4.0kPa 1.90m 2.80m 0.80m
5.0kPa 1.75m 2.70m 0.70m
XL3/90 2.0kPa 3.05m 3.35m 1.35m
3.0kPa 2.90m 3.35m 1.25m
4.0kPa 2.35m 3.35m 1.00m
5.0kPa 2.20m 3.30m 0.90m
XL3/105 2.0kPa 3.45m 3.80m 1.55m
3.0kPa 3.25m 3.80m 1.40m
4.0kPa 2.70m 3.80m 1.10m
5.0kPa 2.50m 3.80m 1.05m
XL5/130 2.0kPa 4.05m 4.45m 1.85m
3.0kPa 3.90m 4.45m 1.70m
4.0kPa 3.25m 4.45m 1.35m
5.0kPa 3.05m 4.45m 1.30m
XL5/145 2.0kPa 4.40m 4.80m 2.00m
3.0kPa 4.25m 4.80m 1.85m
4.0kPa 3.60m 4.80m 1.50m
5.0kPa 3.35m 4.80m 1.40m
XL5/175 2.0kPa 5.00m 5.50m 2.30m
3.0kPa 4.80m 5.50m 2.10m
4.0kPa 4.10m 5.50m 1.75m
5.0kPa 3.85m 5.50m 1.60m
XL7/200 2.0kPa 5.60m 6.15m 2.60m
3.0kPa 5.45m 6.15m 2.40m
4.0kPa 4.65m 6.15m 2.00m
5.0kPa 4.40m 6.15m 1.90m
DISCLAIMER: Nothing contained in this material shall be construed as a warranty or otherwise as to the accuracy of the information provided.
Specific design work shall be carried out by a qualified structural engineer.

Cross Laminated Timber Design Guide V1.4 NZ 9 XLam NZ Limited

Span Tables for Floors, Douglas Fir

clT floor – DouGlaS fir - GraDe 10

- All loads are uniformly distributed over the element
- The spans correspond to a deflection limit of SPAN/400
- The cantilever back-span is assumed to be 1.25 x cantilever span (NZS 3604 7.1.5.3) with the backspan unloaded
Panel Thickness Design Live Load (Q) Single Span Continuous Span Cantilever Span

Blue figures = Long term deflection governs Red figures = Vibration limit governs
XL3/60 2.0kPa 2.30m 2.55m 1.00m
3.0kPa 2.10m 2.55m 0.90m
4.0kPa 1.70m 2.55m 0.70m
5.0kPa 1.55m 2.40m 0.65m
XL3/75 2.0kPa 2.70m 3.00m 1.20m
3.0kPa 2.50m 3.00m 1.05m
4.0kPa 2.05m 3.00m 0.85m
5.0kPa 1.90m 2.90m 0.75m
XL3/90 2.0kPa 3.25m 3.55m 1.50m
3.0kPa 3.10m 3.55m 1.30m
4.0kPa 2.55m 3.55m 1.05m
5.0kPa 2.35m 3.55m 1.00m
XL3/105 2.0kPa 3.65m 4.00m 1.65m
3.0kPa 3.50m 4.00m 1.50m
4.0kPa 2.85m 4.00m 1.20m
5.0kPa 2.65m 4.00m 1.10m
XL5/130 2.0kPa 4.30m 4.70m 2.00m
3.0kPa 4.20m 4.70m 1.80m
4.0kPa 3.50m 4.70m 1.45m
5.0kPa 3.25m 4.70m 1.35m
XL5/145 2.0kPa 4.65m 5.10m 2.15m
3.0kPa 4.55m 5.10m 2.00m
4.0kPa 3.85m 5.10m 1.65m
5.0kPa 3.60m 5.10m 1.50m
XL5/175 2.0kPa 5.30m 5.80m 2.45m
3.0kPa 5.15m 5.80m 2.25m
4.0kPa 4.35m 5.80m 1.85m
5.0kPa 4.10m 5.80m 1.75m
XL7/200 2.0kPa 5.90m 6.50m 2.75m
3.0kPa 5.80m 6.50m 2.55m
4.0kPa 5.00m 6.50m 2.15m
5.0kPa 4.70m 6.50m 2.00m
DISCLAIMER: Nothing contained in this material shall be construed as a warranty or otherwise as to the accuracy of the information provided.
Specific design work shall be carried out by a qualified structural engineer.

Cross Laminated Timber Design Guide V1.4 NZ 10 XLam NZ Limited

Span Tables for Roofs, Radiata Pine

clT roof – raDiaTa Pine – GraDe 8

- All loads are uniformly distributed over the element
- The spans correspond to a deflection limit of SPAN/300
- The cantilever back-span is assumed to be 1.25 x cantilever span (NZS 3604 7.1.5.3) with the backspan unloaded
- Wind actions are not considered in this table
Panel Thickness Location & ULS Ground Single Span Continuous Span Cantilever Span
Snow Load, Sg
Blue figures = Snow load Governs Red figures = Live load governs
XL3/60 0.4kPa 3.75m 5.40m 1.75 m
0.9kPa 3.55m 5.10m 1.55 m
1.5kPa 3.15m 4.55m 1.35 m
3.0kPa 2.60m 3.80m 1.10 m
XL3/75 0.4kPa 4.20m 6.10m 1.95m
0.9kPa 4.15m 6.00m 1.85m
1.5kPa 3.70m 5.45m 1.65m
3.0kPa 3.15m 4.60m 1.35m
XL3/90 0.4kPa 4.95m 7.10m 2.30m
0.9kPa 4.95m 7.10m 2.20m
1.5kPa 4.55m 6.60m 2.00m
3.0kPa 3.85m 5.65m 1.65m
XL3/105 0.4kPa 5.45m 7.80m 2.50m
0.9kPa 5.45m 7.80m 2.50m
1.5kPa 5.15m 7.45m 2.25m
3.0kPa 4.40m 6.40m 1.90m
XL5/130 0.4kPa 6.15m 8.85m 2.85m
0.9kPa 6.15m 8.85m 2.85m
1.5kPa 6.10m 8.75m 2.70m
3.0kPa 5.25m 7.65m 2.30m
XL5/145 0.4kPa 6.55m 9.40m 3.05m
0.9kPa 6.55m 9.40m 3.05m
1.5kPa 6.55m 9.40m 2.90m
3.0kPa 5.75m 8.30m 2.50m
XL5/175 0.4kPa 7.15m 10.30m 3.30m
0.9kPa 7.15m 10.30m 3.30m
1.5kPa 7.15m 10.30m 3.30m
3.0kPa 6.55m 9.50m 2.85m
XL7/200 0.4kPa 7.85m 11.30m 3.65m
0.9kPa 7.85m 11.30m 3.65m
1.5kPa 7.85m 11.30m 3.65m
3.0kPa 7.40m 10.70m 3.25m
DISCLAIMER: Nothing contained in this material shall be construed as a warranty or otherwise as to the accuracy of the information provided.
Specific design work shall be carried out by a qualified structural engineer.

Cross Laminated Timber Design Guide V1.4 NZ 11 XLam NZ Limited

Span Tables for Roofs, Douglas Fir

clT roof – DouGlaS fir – GraDe 10

- All loads are uniformly distributed over the element
- The spans correspond to a deflection limit of SPAN/300
- The cantilever back-span is assumed to be 1.25 x cantilever span (NZS 3604 7.1.5.3) with the backspan unloaded
- Wind actions are not considered in this table
Panel Thickness Location & ULS Ground Single Span Continuous Span Cantilever Span
Snow Load, Sg

Blue figures = Snow load Governs Red figures = Live load governs
XL3/60 0.4kPa 4.05m 5.80m 1.85m
0.9kPa 3.80m 5.50m 1.65m
1.5kPa 3.40m 4.90m 1.45m
3.0kPa 2.80m 4.10m 1.20m
XL3/75 0.4kPa 4.55m 6.60m 2.10m
0.9kPa 4.50m 6.50m 1.95m
1.5kPa 4.05m 5.85m 1.75m
3.0kPa 3.40m 4.95m 1.45m
XL3/90 0.4kPa 5.35m 7.65m 2.45m
0.9kPa 5.35m 7.65m 2.40m
1.5kPa 4.90m 7.10m 2.15m
3.0kPa 4.15m 6.05m 1.80m
XL3/105 0.4kPa 5.85m 8.40m 2.70m
0.9kPa 5.85m 8.40m 2.70m
1.5kPa 5.55m 8.05m 2.45m
3.0kPa 4.75m 6.90m 2.05m
XL5/130 0.4kPa 6.60m 9.50m 3.05m
0.9kPa 6.60m 9.50m 3.05m
1.5kPa 6.55m 9.45m 2.90m
3.0kPa 5.65m 8.20m 2.45m
XL5/145 0.4kPa 7.05m 10.10m 3.25m
0.9kPa 7.05m 10.10m 3.25m
1.5kPa 7.05m 10.10m 3.15m
3.0kPa 6.20m 8.95m 2.70m
XL5/175 0.4kPa 7.70m 11.10m 3.55m
0.9kPa 7.70m 11.10m 3.55m
1.5kPa 7.70m 11.10m 3.55m
3.0kPa 7.05m 10.20m 3.05m
XL7/200 0.4kPa 8.40m 12.10m 3.90m
0.9kPa 8.40m 12.10m 3.90m
1.5kPa 8.40m 12.10m 3.90m
3.0kPa 7.90m 11.45m 3.45m
DISCLAIMER: Nothing contained in this material shall be construed as a warranty or otherwise as to the accuracy of the information provided.
Specific design work shall be carried out by a qualified structural engineer.

Cross Laminated Timber Design Guide V1.4 NZ 12 XLam NZ Limited

Notes to Span Tables, Floors & Roofs

NOTES TO SPAN TABLES – ROOFS AND FLOORS

1. Load combinations given for roof spans do not 14. Specified characteristic strengths:
consider wind loading which requires specific a) Radiata Pine
design by a registered structural engineer. • Bending - fb,0 = 14MPa
• Shear - fv,0 = 3.8MPa
2. For the Ultimate Limit State strength, the total
b) Douglas Fir
factored load is the critical load combination from:
• Bending - fb,0 = 20MPa
1.35G; 1.2G+1.5ΨlQ; 1.2G+Su+ΨcQ
• Shear - fv,0 = 3.0MPa
3. For the Serviceability Limit State deflection, the
15. Factors used:
total factored load is the critical load combination
• Load duration factor for strength k1 = 0.8
from: G+ΨsQ; G+ΨlQ; G+Ss
• Load duration factor for deflection k2 = 2.0
4. The span tables have been designed for a • Multiple element factor k4 = 1.28
structure with an importance level of 2 and a • Stability Factor k8 = 1.0
design working life of 50 years. • For floors: when Q≤3.0kPa, Ψs = 0.7 and when
5. All loads are assumed to be uniformly distributed Q>3.0kPa, Ψs = 1.0
over the panels apart from the cantilever spans • For roofs: Ψs = 0.7
where the backspan is assumed to be unloaded. • For floors: when Q≤3.0kPa, Ψl = 0.4 and when
Q>3.0kPa, Ψl = 0.6
6. End spans of continuous beams and double spans
• For roofs: Ψl = 0.0
can be conservatively designed using the single
• Strength reduction factor ф = 0.8
span design table.
• Density = 540kg/m3
7. The SLS deflection limit used for the floor panel
16. Snow Loads are based on NZS 1170.3 with the
design = span/400.
following factors:
8. The SLS deflection limit used for the roof panel • s = sgCeµi
design = span/300. • Ce = 1.0
• µi = 0.7 (A minimum roof pitch of 3 degrees
9. Multi-spans are assumed to be equal for all spans.
has been assumed).
10. The back-span for cantilevers is assumed to be • Ψc = 0.0 for roofs
1.25 x cantilever span. This is as per NZS3604, • Sg,SLS = 0.7Sg,ULS
section 7.1.5.3. (k(p,SLS)/k(p ,ULS) = (0.85)/(1.25)=0.70).
11. Dead load accounted for on the floor is the self- • The roof loading is designed for live loads
weight of the panel. using Q = 0.25kPa.

12. Dead load accounted for on the roof is the self-

weight of the panel.
13. The spans indicated are the spans from the
centre-to-centre of supporting elements.

Cross Laminated Timber Design Guide V1.4 NZ 13 XLam NZ Limited

Wall Load Capacity Tables

CLT WALLS – RADIATA PINE

- Fixing details of the walls require structural engineering design
- Fixing strength depends upon fixing type and foundation medium
- All load demands (wind & seismic) require engineering design
Height of Wall Axial Capacity Tensile Capacity Shear Capacity Bracing Capacity
Panel Thickness
(m) Pr (kN/m) Pt (kN/m) Vr (kN/m) (BU/m)
XL3/60 1.0 527 282 66 1322
2.0 314 282 17 336
3.0 169 282 5 101
5.0 75 282 2.1 42
XL3/75 1.0 535 282 73 1462
2.0 416 282 22 432
3.0 276 282 7.7 153
5.0 107 282 2.1 42
XL3/90 1.0 936 493 131 2613
2.0 751 493 48 950
3.0 510 493 20 400
5.0 205 493 4.4 87
XL3/105 1.0 936 493 131 2614
2.0 862 493 53 1061
3.0 645 493 24 484
5.0 325 493 5.9 118
XL5/130 1.0 1204 634 168 3360
2.0 1204 634 77 1530
3.0 950 634 38 757
5.0 550 634 11 224
XL5/145 1.0 1405 739 196 3917
2.0 1405 739 94 1872
3.0 1162 739 48 957
5.0 706 739 15 308
XL5/175 1.0 1405 739 196 3917
2.0 1405 739 98 1960
3.0 1335 739 53 1065
5.0 926 739 19 383
XL7/200 1.0 1872 986 261 5225
2.0 1872 986 131 2614
3.0 1821 986 77 1539
5.0 1289 986 30 598
DISCLAIMER: Nothing contained in this material shall be construed as a warranty or otherwise as to the accuracy of the information provided.
Specific design work shall be carried out by a qualified structural engineer.

Cross Laminated Timber Design Guide V1.4 NZ 14 XLam NZ Limited

Wall Load Capacity Tables

CLT WALLS – DOUGLAS FIR

- Fixing details of the walls require structural engineering design
- Fixing strength depends upon fixing type and foundation medium
- All load demands (wind & seismic) require engineering design
Height of Wall Axial Capacity Tensile Capacity Shear Capacity Bracing Capacity
Panel Thickness
(m) Pr (kN/m) Pt (kN/m) Vr (kN/m) (BU/m)
XL3/60 1.0 566 282 72 1434
2.0 374 282 24 480
3.0 220 282 7.2 144
5.0 81 282 3 60
XL3/75 1.0 566 282 79 1586
2.0 477 282 31 617
3.0 335 282 11 218
5.0 145 282 3 60
XL3/90 1.0 990 493 142 2837
2.0 856 493 68 1358
3.0 613 493 29 571
5.0 277 493 6.2 124
XL3/105 1.0 990 493 142 2837
2.0 966 493 76 1514
3.0 750 493 35 690
5.0 417 493 8.5 169
XL5/130 1.0 1273 634 182 3648
2.0 1273 634 109 2188
3.0 1085 634 54 1082
5.0 678 634 16 320
XL5/145 1.0 1485 739 213 4254
2.0 1485 739 134 2674
3.0 1320 739 68 1367
5.0 859 739 22 440
XL5/175 1.0 1485 739 213 4254
2.0 1485 739 140 2802
3.0 1485 739 76 1521
5.0 1085 739 27 546
XL7/200 1.0 1980 986 284 5674
2.0 1980 986 187 3733
3.0 1980 986 110 2197
5.0 1507 986 43 853
DISCLAIMER: Nothing contained in this material shall be construed as a warranty or otherwise as to the accuracy of the information provided.
Specific design work shall be carried out by a qualified structural engineer.

Cross Laminated Timber Design Guide V1.4 NZ 15 XLam NZ Limited

Notes To Wall Load Capacity Tables
1. Tension:
Nt*≤ фNt
Nt= k1k14k15fptted
• Conservatively only the planks with the grain parallel
to loading have been included in the thickness, te.
Factors used:
• Load duration factor for strength k1 = 1.0
• Moisture content factor K14 = 1.0
• Face grain orientation factor K15 = 1.0
• Strength reduction factor ф= 0.8
2. Compression:
Nc*≤ фNnc
Nnc = k1 k8 k14 k15 fpc te d
• Conservatively only the planks with the grain parallel
to loading have been included in the thickness, te.
• A pin-pin end connection has been assumed.
Factors used:
• Load duration factor for strength k1 = 0.8
• The slenderness ratio was calculated using
S=0.213h√(A/I) and the stability factor k8 was
interpolated from Table H1 of NZS3603:1993.
• Moisture content factor K14 = 1.0
• Face grain orientation factor K15 = 1.0
• Strength reduction factor ф = 0.8
3. Shear:
The shear strength was taken from the most critical
capacity of:
i In-plane bending strength 5. Wall-to-wall and wall-to-foundation connection
Mi*≤ ф Mni
Mni=k1k8k14k15fb,oted2/6
Cross Laminated Timber Design Guide V1.4 NZ 16
ii. In-plane shear strength
Vi*≤фVni
Vni= 2⁄3 k1k8k14k15fv,oted
• Conservatively only the planks with the grain in
the longitudinal direction have been included
in the thickness, te.
• A 1.0 metre width of wall has been assumed.
Factors used:
• Load duration factor for strength k1 = 1.0
• The slenderness ratio was calculated using:
S=0.213h√(A/I) and the stability factor k8 was
interpolated from Table H1 of NZS3603:1993.
• Moisture content factor K14 = 1.0
• Face grain orientation factor K15 = 1.0
• Strength reduction factor ф = 0.8
4. Specified characteristic strengths:
• Radiata Pine
• Bending - fb,0 = 14MPa
• Shear - fv,0 = 3.8MPa
• Compression - fc,0, parallel = 20.9MPa
• Tension - ft,0 = 8.8MPa
• Douglas Fir
• Bending - fb,0 = 20MPa
• Shear - fv,0 = 3.0MPa
• Compression - fc,0, parallel = 22.1MPa
• Tension - ft,0 = 8.8MPa
details require specific engineering design for
strength and ductility.
XLam NZ Limited
Fire Capacity Tables for Floors

frr = 30 MinuTe - clT floor

- All loads are uniformly distributed over the element
- The cantilever back-span is assumed to be 1.25 x cantilever span (NZS 3604 7.1.5.3) with the backspan unloaded
Panel Thickness Design Live Load (Q) Single Span Continuous Span Cantilever Span

BLUE FIGURES – SLS GOVERNS RED FIGURES – FIRE LOAD GOVERNS

Radiata – Grade 8 2.0kPa 1.70m 2.10m 0.95m
XL3/60 3.0kPa 1.40m 1.75m 0.80m
4.0kPa 1.00m 1.30m 0.65m
5.0kPa 0.90m 1.15m 0.60m
Douglas – Grade 10 2.0kPa 1.90m 2.35m 1.00m
XL3/60 3.0kPa 1.60m 1.95m 0.90m
  4.0kPa 1.15m 1.40m 0.70m
5.0kPa 1.00m 1.30m 0.65m
DISCLAIMER: Nothing contained in this material shall be construed as a warranty or otherwise as to the accuracy or safety of the information provided.
Specific design work shall be carried out by a qualified structural engineer.

frr = 45 MinuTe - clT floor

- All loads are uniformly distributed over the element
- The cantilever back-span is assumed to be 1.25 x cantilever span (NZS 3604 7.1.5.3) with the backspan unloaded
Panel Thickness Design Live Load (Q) Single Span Continuous Span Cantilever Span

BLUE FIGURES – SLS GOVERNS RED FIGURES – FIRE LOAD GOVERNS

Radiata – Grade 8 2.0kPa 2.50m 2.80m 1.10m
XL3/75 3.0kPa 2.10m 2.60m 1.05m
4.0kPa 1.50m 1.85m 0.75m
5.0kPa 1.35m 1.70m 0.65m
Douglas – Grade 10 2.0kPa 2.70m 3.00m 1.20m
XL3/75 3.0kPa 2.30m 2.85m 1.05m
4.0kPa 1.65m 2.10m 0.80m
5.0kPa 1.50m 1.85m 0.75m
Radiata – Grade 8 2.0kPa 3.05m 3.35m 1.35m
XL3/90: 3.0kPa 2.90m 3.35m 1.25m
4.0kPa 2.35m 3.05m 1.00m
5.0kPa 2.20m 2.75m 0.90m
Douglas – Grade 10 2.0kPa 3.25m 3.55m 1.50m
XL3/90 3.0kPa 3.10m 3.55m 1.30m
4.0kPa 2.55m 3.35m 1.05m
5.0kPa 2.35m 3.05m 1.00m
DISCLAIMER: Nothing contained in this material shall be construed as a warranty or otherwise as to the accuracy of the information provided.
Specific design work shall be carried out by a qualified structural engineer.

Cross Laminated Timber Design Guide V1.4 NZ 17 XLam NZ Limited

Fire Capacity Tables for Floors

frr = 60 MinuTe - clT floor

- All loads are uniformly distributed over the element
- The cantilever back-span is assumed to be 1.25 x cantilever span (NZS 3604 7.1.5.3) with the backspan unloaded
Panel Thickness Design Live Load (Q) Single Span Continuous Span Cantilever Span

BLUE FIGURES – SLS GOVERNS RED FIGURES – FIRE LOAD GOVERNS

Radiata - Grade 8 2.0kPa 3.45m 3.80m 1.55m
XL3/105 3.0kPa 3.25m 3.80m 1.40m
4.0kPa 2.40m 3.00m 1.10m
5.0kPa 2.15m 2.70m 1.05m
Douglas - Grade 10 2.0kPa 3.65m 4.00m 1.65m
XL3/105 3.0kPa 3.50m 4.00m 1.50m
4.0kPa 2.65m 3.30m 1.20m
5.0kPa 2.40m 3.00m 1.10m
DISCLAIMER: Nothing contained in this material shall be construed as a warranty or otherwise as to the accuracy of the information provided.
Specific design work shall be carried out by a qualified structural engineer.

frr = 90 MinuTe - clT floor

- All loads are uniformly distributed over the element
- The cantilever back-span is assumed to be 1.25 x cantilever span (NZS 3604 7.1.5.3) with the backspan unloaded
Panel Thickness Design Live Load (Q) Single Spans Continuous Span Cantilever Span

BLUE FIGURES – SLS GOVERNS RED FIGURES – FIRE LOAD GOVERNS

Radiata – Grade 8 2.0kPa 4.05m 4.45m 1.85m
XL5/130 3.0kPa 3.90m 4.45m 1.70m
4.0kPa 3.05m 3.75m 1.35m
5.0kPa 2.75m 3.40m 1.30m
Douglas – Grade 10 2.0kPa 4.30m 4.70m 2.00m
XL5/130 3.0kPa 4.20m 4.70m 1.80m
4.0kPa 3.40m 4.20m 1.45m
5.0kPa 3.05m 3.80m 1.35m
DISCLAIMER: Nothing contained in this material shall be construed as a warranty or otherwise as to the accuracy of the information provided.
Specific design work shall be carried out by a qualified structural engineer.

Cross Laminated Timber Design Guide V1.4 NZ 18 XLam NZ Limited

Fire Capacity Tables for Floors

frr = 120 MinuTe - clT floor

- All loads are uniformly distributed over the element
- The cantilever back-span is assumed to be 1.25 x cantilever span (NZS 3604 7.1.5.3) with the backspan unloaded
Panel Thickness Design Live Load (Q) Single Span Continuous Span Cantilever Span

BLUE FIGURES – SLS GOVERNS RED FIGURES – FIRE LOAD GOVERNS

Radiata – Grade 8 2.0kPa 2.25m 2.80m 1.10m
XL5/145 3.0kPa 1.85m 2.30m 0.90m
4.0kPa 1.35m 1.65m 0.65m
5.0kPa 1.20m 1.50m 0.60m
Douglas – Grade 10 2.0kPa 2.55m 3.15m 1.25m
XL5/145 3.0kPa 2.10m 2.60m 1.05m
4.0kPa 1.50m 1.85m 0.75m
5.0kPa 1.35m 1.65m 0.65m
Radiata – Grade 8 2.0kPa 4.35m 5.35m 2.15m
XL5/175 3.0kPa 3.65m 4.55m 1.80m
4.0kPa 2.70m 3.35m 1.35m
5.0kPa 2.40m 3.00m 1.20m
Douglas – Grade 10 2.0kPa 4.85m 5.80m 2.40m
XL5/175 3.0kPa 4.10m 5.05m 2.05m
4.0kPa 3.00m 3.75m 1.50m
5.0kPa 2.70m 3.35m 1.35m
Radiata – Grade 8 2.0kPa 5.60m 6.15m 2.60m
XL7/200 3.0kPa 4.80m 5.95m 2.40m
4.0kPa 3.60m 4.50m 1.80m
5.0kPa 3.25m 4.05m 1.60m
Douglas – Grade 10 2.0kPa 5.70m 6.50m 2.75m
XL7/200 3.0kPa 4.90m 6.10m 2.45m
4.0kPa 3.65m 4.55m 1.80m
5.0kPa 3.30m 4.15m 1.65m
DISCLAIMER: Nothing contained in this material shall be construed as a warranty or otherwise as to the accuracy of the information provided.
Specific design work shall be carried out by a qualified structural engineer.

Cross Laminated Timber Design Guide V1.4 NZ 19 XLam NZ Limited

Notes to Fire Capacity Tables for Floors

NOTES TO FIRE CAPACITY TABLES FOR FLOORS

1. The maximum spans have been calculated for the 8. End spans of continuous beams and double spans
panels when exposed to fire for the specified time can be conservatively designed using the single
in the table. span design table.

2. The flexural capacity of the panels have been 9. Multi-spans are assumed to be equal for all spans.
calculated from the critical of:
10. The back-span for cantilevers is assumed to be
i The bending strength of the reduced,
1.25 x cantilever span. This is as per NZS3604,
unaffected cross section,
section 7.1.5.3.
ii The tension capacity of the outside CLT layer.
11. Dead load accounted for on the floor is the
These fire span tables follow the suggested design
self-weight of the panel.
approach in the FPInnovations CLT handbook,
Chapter 8 (FPInnovations, 2012) and additionally 12. The spans indicated are the spans from the
the outside layer is checked for tensile capacity. centre-to-centre of supporting elements.

3. It has been assumed that the char rate for the first 13. Specified characteristic strengths:
layer of CLT is 0.65mm/min, but for all subsequent a. Radiata Pine
layers, the char rate doubles to 1.3mm/min (as • Bending - fb,0 = 14MPa
suggested by Frangi, Fontana, Hugi, & Jobstl, 2009). • Tension - ft,0 = 8.8MPa
4. A heated zone adjacent to the char of 10mm is b. Douglas Fir
assumed to have no strength or stiffness. • Bending - fb,0 = 20MPa
5. When calculating the moment resistance of • Tension - ft,0 = 8.8MPa
the floor panels, only the plies running in the 16. Factors used:
longitudinal direction of the applied stress are • Load duration factor for strength k1 = 1.0
considered. • Multiple element factor k4 = 1.28
6. The following fire load combination was used: • Stability factor k8 = 1.0
G + ΨlQ • For floors: when Q≤3.0kPa, Ψl = 0.4 and when
Q>3.0kPa, Ψl = 0.6
7. All loads are assumed to be uniformly distributed
• For roofs: Ψl = 0.0
over the panels apart from the cantilever spans
• Strength reduction factor, ф = 1.0
where the backspan is assumed to be unloaded.
• Density = 540kg/m3

Cross Laminated Timber Design Guide V1.4 NZ 20 XLam NZ Limited

Fire Capacity Tables for Walls

FRR = 30 MINUTES - CLT WALLS

- Fixing details of the walls require structural engineering design
- Fixing strength and ductility depends upon fixing type and foundation medium
- All load demands require engineering design
Panel Thickness Height of Wall (m) Axial Capacity Pr (kN/m)
Radiata – Grade 8
XL3/60 1.0 98
XL3/75 1.0 139
XL3/90 1.0 746
2.0 377
3.0 169
XL3/105 1.0 846
2.0 517
3.0 286
5.0 120
Douglas - Grade 10
XL3/60 1.0 103
XL3/75 1.0 148
XL3/90 1.0 789
2.0 398
3.0 179
XL3/105 1.0 895
2.0 547
3.0 302
5.0 127
DISCLAIMER: Nothing contained in this material shall be construed as a warranty or otherwise as to the accuracy of the information provided.
Specific design work shall be carried out by a qualified structural engineer.

Cross Laminated Timber Design Guide V1.4 NZ 21 XLam NZ Limited

Fire Capacity Tables for Walls

FRR = 45 MINUTES - CLT WALLS

- Fixing details of the walls require structural engineering design
- Fixing strength and ductility depends upon fixing type and foundation medium
- All load demands require engineering design
Panel Thickness Height of Wall (m) Axial Capacity Pr (kN/m)
Radiata – Grade 8
XL3/105 1.0 468
2.0 146
XL5/130 1.0 1150
2.0 748
3.0 434
5.0 163
Douglas - Grade 10
XL3/105 1.0 495
2.0 155
XL5/130 1.0 1216
2.0 791
3.0 459
FRR = 60 MINUTES - CLT WALLS 5.0 172
- Fixing details of the walls require structural engineering design
- Fixing strength and ductility depends upon fixing type and foundation medium
- All load demands require engineering design
Panel Thickness Height of Wall (m) Axial Capacity Pr (kN/m)
Radiata – Grade 8
XL5/145 1.0 1463
2.0 1110
3.0 722
5.0 271
Douglas - Grade 10
XL5/145 1.0 1547
2.0 1173
3.0 764
5.0 286
DISCLAIMER: Nothing contained in this material shall be construed as a warranty or otherwise as to the accuracy of the information provided.
Specific design work shall be carried out by a qualified structural engineer.

Cross Laminated Timber Design Guide V1.4 NZ 22 XLam NZ Limited

Fire Capacity Tables for Walls

FRR = 90 MINUTES - CLT WALLS

- Fixing details of the walls require structural engineering design
- Fixing strength and ductility depends upon fixing type and foundation medium
- All load demands require engineering design
Panel Thickness Height of Wall (m) Axial Capacity Pr (kN/m)
Radiata – Grade 8
XL5/145 1.0 436
2.0 127
XL5/175 1.0 1003
2.0 717
3.0 446
5.0 161
Douglas - Grade 10
XL3/145 1.0 461
2.0 134
XL5/175 1.0 1061
2.0 758
3.0 472
5.0 170

FRR = 120 MINUTES - CLT WALLS

- Fixing details of the walls require structural engineering design
- Fixing strength and ductility depends upon fixing type and foundation medium
- All load demands require engineering design
Panel Thickness Height of Wall (m) Axial Capacity Pr (kN/m)
Radiata – Grade 8
XL5/175 1.0 422
2.0 120
XL7/200 1.0 994
2.0 579
3.0 302
Douglas - Grade 10
XL5/175 1.0 447
2.0 127
XL7/200 1.0 1051
2.0 612
3.0 320
DISCLAIMER: Nothing contained in this material shall be construed as a warranty or otherwise as to the accuracy of the information provided.
Specific design work shall be carried out by a qualified structural engineer.

Cross Laminated Timber Design Guide V1.4 NZ 23 XLam NZ Limited

Notes to Fire Capacity Tables for Walls

NOTES TO FIRE CAPACITY TABLES FOR WALLS

1. It has been assumed that the char rate for the first
layer of CLT is 0.65mm/min, but for all subsequent
layers, the char rate doubles to 1.3mm/min (as
suggested by Frangi, Fontana, Hugi, & Jobstl, 2009).
2. A heated zone adjacent to the char of 10mm is
assumed to have no strength or stiffness.
3. Post fire, walls are required to withstand a face
loading of 0.5kPa without the support of the
adjoining roof structure. The wall fire capacity
tables do not account for this. The wall fire capacity
6. Factors used:
• Load duration factor for strength k1 = 1.0
• The slenderness ratio was calculated using:
S=0.213h√(A/I) and the stability factor k8 was
interpolated from Table H1 of NZS3603:1993.
Note that results have only been shown for
stability factors up to 50.
• Moisture content factor K14 = 1.0
• Face grain orientation factor K15 = 1.0

tables are most usefully applied to multi-storied • Strength reduction factor, ф = 1.0
buildings where the fire rated floors at each level
7. Specified characteristic strengths:
provide lateral out-of-plane support to the wall.
a. Radiata Pine
4. It has been assumed that the fire is burning from
one side of the wall. • Compression - fc,0, parallel = 20.9MPa

5. Compression: b. Douglas Fir

Nc*≤фNnc • Compression - fc,0, parallel = 22.1MPa
Nnc=k1k8k14k15fpcted

• Conservatively only the un-charred section of

planks with the grain parallel to loading have
been included in the thickness, te.

• A pin-pin end join connection has been

assumed.

Cross Laminated Timber Design Guide V1.4 NZ 24 XLam NZ Limited

References & Acknowledgements

References

Engineered Wood Systems - APA EWS. (2004). Minimising Floor Vibration By Design and
Retrofit. In E. W. -A. EWS. Washington.

FPInnovations. (2012). CLT Handbook: Fire - Fire performance of cross-laminated timber

assemblies. Canada: FPInnovations.

FPInnovations. (2012). CLT Handbook: Seismic - Seismic performance of cross-laminated

timber buildings. Canada: FPInnovations.

FPInnovations. (2012). CLT Handbook: DOL and creep - Duration of load and creep factors for
cross-laminated timber panels. Canada: FPInnovations.

FPInnovations. (2012). CLT Handbook: Vibration - Vibration performance of cross-laminated

timber floors. Canada: FPInnovations.

Frangi, A., Fontana, M., Hugi, E., & Jobstl, R. (2009). Experimental analysis of cross-laminated
timber panels in fire. Fire Saftey Journal, 44.

Standards New Zealand. (2001). New Zealand standard timber-framed buildings. NZS 3604;
2011. Wellington, New Zealand

Acknowledgements

Span Tables published by XLam NZ Ltd are based on modelling by Gavin Robertson CPEng,
MIPENZ, peer reviewed by Shane Haydon CPEng, MIPENZ, of Aurecon Engineering.

XLam NZ Ltd thanks Professor Andy Buchanan of Canterbury University for reviewing
the content and format of the structural engineering information in our Design Guide,
especially concerning design for lateral loading.

Cross Laminated Timber Design Guide V1.4 NZ 25 XLam NZ Limited

Telephone: +64 (0) 3 538 0930
Address: 57 Beatty St, Tahunanui,
Nelson 7011, New Zealand
Email: enquiries@xlam.co.nz
Web: www.xlam.co.nz