Professional Documents
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DIRECTION refers to the orientation of its path or line of action. It is usually described PROPPED CANTILEVER BEAM (indeterminate)
by the angle that the line of action makes with some reference.
CONTINOUS BEAM
SENSE refers to the manner in which it acts along its line of action
FORCE SYSTEM
INTERNAL FORCES TYPES
COPLANAR all acting in a single plane of a vertical wall
TENSION pulls away from joint
PARALLEL all having the same direction
COMPRESSION pushes towards joint
CONCURRENT all having their lines of action intersect at a common point. SHEAR for connections
MOMENT force x distance ASTM
moment can be about any point called CENTER OF MOMENT
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
MOMENT ARM distance from center of moment to force
shortest or perpendicular distance from the center of moment to line of ACI
action of force. AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE
TYPES OF SUPPORT If a grade 60 steel (fy= 60ksi= 414Mpa) reaches a strain 0.0021 it begins to
yield of (2.1mm)
HINGED
ROLLER
FIXED/ RESTRAINED
TYPES OF BEAMS
FEATURES OF A STRAIN STRESS DIAGRAM: the property of a material that enables it to deform in response to an applied force and
to recover its original size and shape upon removal of the force
STRESS- STRAIN DIAGRAM MALLEABILITY
a graphic representation of the relationship between unit stress values and the the ability of a material to regain and rebound to original shape when the load is
corresponding unit strains for a specific material released
1. PROPORTIONAL LIMIT TOUGHNESS
maximum stress which the material springs back to the original length when the property of a material that enables it to absorb energy before rupturing, represented
the load is released by the area under the stress- strain curve derived from a tensile test of the material.
Ductile materials are tougher than brittle materials.
2. ELASTIC LIMIT
maximum stress below which the material does not return to its original MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
length but has incurred a permanent deformation we call permanent set a coefficient of elasticity of a material expressing the ratio between a unit stress and the
corresponding unit strain caused by the stress, as derived from Hooke’s law and
3.YIELD POINT represented by the slope of the straight line portion of the stress- strain line diagram.
the stress wherein the deformation increases without any increase in the load. Also called COEFFICIENT OF ELASTICITY, ELASTIC MODULUS
The material at some portion shows a decrease in its cross section
PERMANENT SET
4. ULTIMATE STRENGTH the inelastic strain remaining in a material after complete release of the stress producing
the maximum stress that can be attained immediately before actual failure or deformation
rupture
YIELD STRENGTH
the stress necessary to produce a specific limiting permanent set in a material,
RUPTURE STRENGTH usually 0.2% of its original length when tested in tension. Yield strength is used to
stress at which material specimen breaks determine the limit of usefulness of a material having a poorly defined yield point.
Also called POOR STRESS.
ALLOWABLE STRESS
the maximum unit stress permitted for a material in the design of a structural member, STRAIN- RATE EFFECT
usually a fraction of the material’s elastic limit, yield strength, or ultimate strength. the behavior an increased rate of load application can cause in normally ductile material
Also called ALLOWABLE UNIT STRESS, WORKING STRESS.
TEMPERATURE EFFECT
ELASTIC RANGE the brittle behavior low temperatures can cause in a normally ductile material
the range of unit stresses for which a material exhibits elastic deformation
STRESS RELAXATION
ELASTIC DEFORMATION the time- dependent decrease in stress in a constrained material under a constant load
a temporary change in the dimensions or shape of a body produced by a stress less
than the elastic limit of the material CREEP
the gradual permanent deformation of a body produced by a continued application of
BRITTLENESS stress or prolonged exposure to heat. Creep deflection in a concrete structure continues
the property of material that causes it to rupture suddenly under stress with little evident over time and can be significantly greater than the initial elastic deflection
deformation. Since brittle materials lack the plastic behavior of ductile materials, they
can give no warning of impending material FATIGUE
the weakening or failure of a material at a stress below the elastic limit when subjected
DUCTILITY to a repeated series of stresses
the property of a material that enables it to undergo plastic deformation after being
stressed beyond the elastic limit and before rupturing. Ductility is a desirable property
of a structural material since plastic behavior is an indicator of reserve strength and
can serve as a visual warning of impending failure.
ELASTICITY
STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF A36 STEEL: STRESS-
the internal resistance or reaction of an elastic body to external forces applied to it.
Equal to the ratio of force to area and expressed in units of force per unit of cross-
Maximum allowable stress (Fv) in shear is 14.5 ksi sectional area.
Maximum allowable stress (Fb) for bending is 24 ksi Also called UNIT STRESS.
Modulus of elasticity (E) is 29,000 ksi
TENSILE STRESS
WEIGHT: the axial stress that develops at the cross section of an elastic body to resist the
3
water= 1000 kg/ m collinear tensile forces tending to elongate it.
3
steel= 7850 kg/ m TENSILE STRAIN
3 the elongation of a unit length of material produces by a tensile stress
concrete= 2400 kg/ m
ELONGATION
weight= density x volume a measure of ductility of a material, expressed as the percentage increase in length of a
2
volume of cylinder= pi (diameter) x length test specimen after failure in tensile test
4
REDUCTION OF AREA
PROPERTIES OF A MATERIAL a measure of ductility of a material, expressed as the percentage decrease in cross-
sectional area of a test specimen after rupturing in a tensile test
TENSION TENSILE STRENGTH
the act of stretching or state of being pulled apart, resulting in the elongation of an the resistance of a material to longitudinal stress, measured by the minimum amount of
elastic body longitudinal stress required to rupture the material
TENSILE FORCE STRAIN
an applied force producing or tending to produce tension in an elastic body the deformation of a body under the action of an applied force. Strain is a dimensionless
quantity, equal to the ratio of the change in size and shape to the original size and
AXIAL FORCE shape of a stressed element.
a tensile or compressive force acting along the longitudinal axis of a structural member
and at the centroid of the cross section, producing axial stress without bending, torsion STRAIN GAUGE
or shear also called AXIAL LOAD an instrument for measuring minute deformation in a test specimen caused by tension,
compression, bending or twisting.
AXIAL STRESS Also called EXTENSOMETER
the tensile or compressive stress that develops to resist axial force, assumed to be
normal to and uniformly distributed over the area of the cross section. YOUNG’S MODULUS
Also called DIRECT STRESS, NORMAL TRESS a coefficient of elasticity of material expressing the ratio of longitudinal stress to the
corresponding longitudinal strain caused by the strain.
COMPRESSION
the act of shortening or state of being pushed together, resulting in the reduction in size POISSON’S RATIO
or volume of an elastic body the ratio of lateral strain to the corresponding longitudinal strain in an elastic body under
longitudinal stress
COMPRESSIVE FORCE
an applied force producing or tending to produce compression in an elastic body COMPRESSIVE STRESS
the axial stress that develops at the cross section of an elastic body to resist the
ECCENTRIC FORCE collinear compressive forces tending to shorten it.
force applied parallel to the longitudinal axis of a structural member but not to the
centroid of the cross section, producing bending and uneven distribution of stresses in
the section.
Also called ECCENTRIC LOAD.
COMPRESSIVE STRAIN
the shortening of a unit length of material produced by a compressive stress EFFECTIVE LENGTH
the depth of concrete section measured from the compression face to the centroid of the
SHEAR tension reinforcement
the lateral deformation produced in a body by an external force that causes one part of
the body to slide relative to an adjacent part in a direction parallel to their plane contact. COVER
the amount of concrete required to protect steel reinforcement from fire and corrosion,
SHEAR FORCE measured from the surface of the reinforcement to outer surface of the concrete section
an applied force producing or tending to produce shear in the body
BOND STRESS
SHEARING FORCE the adhesive for per unit area of contact between reinforcing bar and the surrounding
an internal force tangenial to the surface on which it acts, developed by a body in concrete developed at any section of a flexural member
response to shear, shearing in a vertical plane necessarily involves shearing in a
horizontal plane and vise versa HOOK
a bend or curve given to develop an equivalent embedment length, used where there is
SHEARING STRESS insufficient room to develop in adequate embedment length
the force per unit area developed along a section of an elastic body to resist a shear
force. STANDARD HOOK
Also called SHEAR STRESS, TANGENIAL STRESS a 90º, 135º, 180º bend made at the end of a reinforcing bar according to standards
REINFORCED CONCRETE
BEAM the shearing stress developed along cross section of a beam to resist transverse shear,
having a maximum value at the neutral axis and decreasing nonlinearly toward the outer
faces
BEAM
a rigid structural member designed to carry and transfer transverse loads across spaces HORIZONTAL SHEARING
supporting elements the shearing stress developed to prevent slippage along longitudinal planes of a beam
under transverse loading, equal to any point to the vertical shearing stress at that point.
SPAN Also called LONGITUDINAL SHEARING STRESS
the extent of space between two supports of a structure
FLEXURE FORMULA
CLEAR SPAN a formula defining the relationship between bending moment, bending stress, and the
the distance between inner faces of the support of a span cross sectional properties of a beam. Bending stress is directly proportional to bending
moment and inversely proportional to the moment of inertia of a beam section.
EFFECTIVE SPAN
the center to center distance between the supports of a span MOMENT OF INERTIA
the sum of the products of each element of an area and the square of its distance from a
BENDING MOMENT coplanar axis of rotation. Moment of inertia is a geometric property that indicates how
an external moment tending to cause part a structure to rotate or bend, equal to the the cross sectional area of structural member is distributed and does not reflect the
algebraic sum of the moments about the neutral axis of the section under consideration intrinsic physical properties of a material
RESISTING MOMENT SECTION MODULUS
an internal moment equal and opposite to a bending moment, generated by a force a geometric property of a cross section, defined as the moment of inertia of the section
couple to maintain equilibrium of the section being considered divided by the distance from the neutral axis to the most remote surface.
DEFLECTION LATERAL BUCKLING
the perpendicular distance a spanning member deviates from a true course under the buckling of a structural member induced by compressive stresses acting on slender
transverse loading, increasing with load and span, and decreasing with an increase in portion insufficiently rigid in the lateral direction
the moment of inertia of the section of the modulus of elasticity of the material
STRESS TRAJECTORIES
NEUTRAL AXIS lines depicting the direction but not the magnitude of the principal stresses in a beam
an imaginary line passing through the centroid of the cross section of a beam, other
member subject to bending, along which no bending stresses occur SHEAR DIAGRAM
a graphic representation of the variation in magnitude of the external shears present in a
BENDING STRESS structure for a given set of transverse loads and support conditions concentrated loads
a combination of compressive and tensile stresses developed at a cross section of produce external shears which are constant in magnitude between the loads uniformly
structural member to resist transverse force, having a maximum value at the surface distributed loads produce linearly varying shears
furthest from the neutral axis
MOMENT DIAGRAM
CAMBER a graphic representation of the variation in magnitude of the bending moment present in
a slight convex curvature intentionally built into beam, girder, or truss to compensate for a structure for a given set of transverse load and support conditions. The overall
an anticipated deflection deflected shape of a structure subject to bending can often be inferred from the shape of its
How is camber treated in a steel truss 25 meters and longer? moment diagram
Camber shall be approximately equal to the dead load deflection
CONCENTRATED LOADS
TRANSVERSE SHEAR produce bending moments which vary linearly between loads
an external shear force at a cross section of a beam or other member subject to
bending, equal to the algebraic sum of transverse forces on one side of the section UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOADS
produce parabolically varying moments
VERTICAL SHEARING POSITIVE SHEAR
a net resultant of shear forces that acts vertically upward on the left part of the structure fixed end and continuous beams are indeterminate structures for which the values of all
being considered reactions, shears and moments are dependent not only on span and loading but also on
cross sectional shape and material
NEGATIVE SHEAR
a net resultant of shear forces that act vertically downward on the left part of the HAUNCH
structure being considered the part of a beam that is thickened or deepened to develop greater moment resistance.
The efficiency of a beam can be increased by shaping its length in response to the
POSITIVE MOMENT moment and shear values which typically vary along its longitudinal axis
a bending moment that produces moment that produces a concave curvature at a
section of a structure SUSPENDED SPAN
a simple beam supported by the cantilevers of two adjoining spans with pinned
INFLECTION POINT construction joints at points of zero moment. Also called hung span
a point at which a structure changes curvature from convex to concave or vise versa as
it deflects under a transverse load: theoretically an internal hinge and therefore a point EFFECTIVE LENGTH
of zero moment the distance between inflection points in the span of a fixed end or continuous beam,
equivalent in nature to the actual length of simply supported beam
NEGATIVE MOMENT
a bending moment that produces a convex curvature at a section of a structure
SIMPLE BEAM
a beam resisting on simple supports at both ends which are free to rotate and have no
moment resistance. As with any statistically determinate structure, the values of all
reactions, shears, and moments for a simple beam are independent of its cross
sectional shape and material
CANTILEVER BEAM
a projecting beam supported at only one fixed end
CANTILEVER
a beam or other rigid structural member extending beyond a fulcrum and supported by a
balancing member or a downward force behind the fulcrum
OVERHANGING BEAM
a simple beam extending beyond one of its supports. The overhanging reduces the
positive moment at midspan while developing a negative moment at the base of the
cantilever over the support
CONTINUOUS BEAM
a beam extending over more than 2 supports in order to develop greater rigidity and
smaller moments than a series of simple beams having similar spans and loading. Both
COLUMN the radial distance from any axis to a point at which the mass of a body could be
concentrated without altering the moment of inertia of the body about that axis. For a
structural section, the radius of gyration is equal to the square root of the quotient of the
moment of inertia and the area
COLUMN The higher the radius of gyration of a structural section, the more resistant the section is
a relatively slender structural member designed primarily to support axial, compressive to buckling. In determining the cross- sectional shape of a column, the objective is to
loads, applied at the member ends. providethe necessary radius of gyration about the different axes. For an asymmetrical
cross section, buckling will tend to occur about the weaker axis or in the direction of the
least dimension
POST
a stiff vertical support especially a wooden column in timber framing
LONG COLUMN
a slender column subject to failure by buckling rather than by crushing
BUCKLING
the sudden lateral or torsional instability of a slender structural member induced by the
action of a compressive load. Buckling can occur well before the yield stress of the SHORT COLUMN
material is reached a thick column subject to failure by crushing rather than by buckling. Failure occurs
when the direct stress from an axial load exceeds the compressive strength of the
material available in the cross section. An eccentric load, however, can produce bending
BUCKLING and result in uneven stress distribution in the section
the axial load at which a column begins to deflect laterally and becomes unsuitable.
INTERMEDIATE COLUMN
CRITICAL BUCKLING LOAD a column having a mode of failure between that a short column and a long column, often
the maximum axial load that can theoretically be applied to a column without causing it party inelastic by crushing and partly elastic by buckling
to buckle. The critical buckling load for a column is inversely proportional to the square
of its effective length and directly proportional to the modulus of elasticity of the material
and to the moment of inertia of the cross section. ECCENTRICITY
Also called EULER BUCKLING LOAD The amount by which an axis deviates from another parallel axis.
RADIUS OF GYRATION
COMBINED STRESSES
A set of tensile and compressive stresses resulting from the superposition of axial and ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE
bending stresses at a cross section of a structural member, acting in the same direction a soil pressure acting on any structure that will tend to push the structure wherein the
and equal at any point to their algebraic sum. structure or a wall tends to move away from the soil
ACCELEROGRAPH
KERN is an instrument which measures the velocity and acceleration of an earthquake in the
The central area of any horizontal section of a column or wall within which the resultant ground
of all compressive loads must pass if only compressive stresses are to be applied
beyond this area will cause tensile stresses to develop in the section. Also called kern ANCHOR BOLTS
area. a round, steel bolt embedded in concrete or masonry used to hold down machinery,
steel columns or beam casting, shock beam plates and engine heads
BATTER PILES
LATERAL BRACING are piles at an inclination to resist forces that are not critical. This is also known as brace
the bracing of a column or other compression member to reduce its effective length. pile or spur pile
Lateral bracing is most effective when the bracing pattern occurs in more than one
plane. BEARING WALL SYSTEM
a structural system without a complete vertical load carrying space frame
BENDING MOMENT
UNBRACED LENGTH is the algebraic sum of the moments of the forces acting on either side of the section of
the distance between the points at which a structural member is braced against buckling a beam about an axis through the center of the gravity of the section
in a direction normal to its length.
BORED PILE (bearing pile)
a concrete pile which concreted either with a casing or without a casing at its permanent
EFFECTIVE LENGTH FACTOR location. This is a cast in place pile
a coefficient for modifying the actual length of a column according to its end conditions
in order to determine its effective length. Fixing both ends of a long column reduces its CAISSON
effective length by half and increases its load-carrying capacity by a factor of 4. a watertight, cylindrical or rectangular chamber used to in under water construction to
protect workers from water pressure and soil collapse
CEMENT GUN
TRUSS is an ejector operated by compressed air to force gunite into cavities or cracks in rocks
or cement works
METHOD OF SECTIONS
a method of determining member forces in a truss by considering the equilibrium of any CHUTE
portion of the truss assembly. is an open-top through which bulk materials are conveyed and by gravity
COFFER DAM
METHOD OF JOINTS a temporary dam- like structure constructed which excludes water from the site of the
a method for determining member forces in a truss by considering the equilibrium of the foundation during its excavation and construction
various joints idealized as points in free body diagrams
CONSTRUCTION JOINT
DEFINITION OF TERMS the vertical or horizontal face in a concrete structure where concreting has been stopped
and continued later
causing apparent structure injury may, if applied repeatedly or causing a great number
COLD JOINT of times, causes failure
formed when a concrete surface hardens before the next batch o f concrete is placed
GUNITE
CREEP is a rich cement mortar which is applied by spraying under high air pressure
he tendency of most material to move or deform over time under a constant load The
amount of movement varies enormously depending upon the material. The area that is GRADE BEAM
highly stressed will move the most. The movement causes stresses to be redistributed. a concrete beam placed directly on the ground to provide foundation for the
superstructure
COUNTER (inner in retaining wall)
a cantilever wall that is reinforced with a masonry structure extending upward from the GRANOLITHIC FINISH
foundation or from the inner face of the retaining wall to provide additional resistance to a surface layer or granolithic concrete which maybe laid on a base of either fresh or
thrust and are placed at regular intervals. (Buttress if outer) hardened concrete
DRIFT BOLT
is a long pin of steel or wood, made with or without the head, driven through the timber JETTING
and into an adjacent timber to hold them together and to transmit stresses a method of driving piles or well points into the sand in the situations where a pile
hammer might not be suitable owing to the risk of damage by vibration to the piles of
EXPANSION OR CONTRACTION adjacent buildings.
a joint designed to take expansion and contraction
the designed break in a structure to allow for the drying and temperature shrinkage of LINTEL BEAM
concrete, brickwork of similar material, thereby preventing the formation of harmful a beam especially provided over an opening for a door, window, to carry the wall over
cracks the opening
FATIGUE MAGNITUDE
is a phenomenon of failure under repeated stresses. A fact, based experience and the measure of the energy released by an earthquake (measured by instrument)
experiments, is well known that stresses which are applied to a body a few times without
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
is the constant which, within the proportional limit, express ratio between the unit stress PROPORTIONAL LIMIT
to the unit strain. It is the measure of the relative abilities of the different materials of is the highest unit stress for which the deformation of a body is proportional to the
construction to resist deformation under stress within proportional limit stress. Beyond this point, permanent deformation occurs
POINTING STRESS
in masonry, the final treatment of joints by the troweling of mortar or putty like filler into is the cohesive force in a body, which resists the tendency of an external force to
joints change the shape of the body
DUAL SYSTEM
SEISMIC DESIGN PROVISION is a combination of a Special or Intermediate Moment Resisting Space Frame and
Shearwalls or Braced Frame
ARTIFICIAL RIGIDITY ESSENTIAL FACILITIES
will cause torsion (twisting) are those structures which are necessary for emergency post- earthquake operations
BASE FLEXIBLE ELEMENT
is the level at which the earthquake motions are considered to be imparted to the an element or system is one whose deformation under lateral load significantly larger
structure than adjoining parts of the system
HARMONIC MOTION SPACE FRAME
the coincidence of the natural period of structural with the dominant frequency in the is a three dimensional structural system without bearing walls composed of members
ground interconnected so as to function as a complete self contained unit with or without the aid
of horizontal diaphragms or bracing systems
MOMENT RESISTING FRAME
is a space frame in which the members and joints are capable of resisting forces STOREY
primarily by flexure is the space between levels. Storey x is the storey below level x
FILL is a deposit of earth material placed by artificial means CONCRETE, STRUCTURAL LIGHT WEIGHT
concrete containing lightweight aggregate and has an air-dry unit weight not
GRADE is the vertical location of the ground surface 3.
exceeding 1900 kg/m lightweight concrete without natural sand is termed all- light
EXISTING GRADE is the grade prior to the grading weight concrete and lightweight concrete in which of the fine aggregate consists of
normal weight sand is termed sand- lightweight concrete.
FINISH GRADE is the final grade of the site that conforms to the approved plan
CURVATURE FRICTION
GRADING is any excavating or filling or combination thereof friction resulting from bends or curves in the specified pre-stressing tendon profile
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH
ADMIXTURE length of embedded reinforcement required to develop the design strength of
a material used as ingredient of concrete and added to concrete before or during its reinforcement at a critical section
mixing to modify its properties
EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF SECTION (d)
AGGREGATE distance measure from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement
granular material such as sand gravel stone and iron blast furnace slag used with a
cementing medium to form a hydraulic cement concrete or mortar EFFECTIVE PRESTRESS
stress remaining in prestressing tendons after all losses has occurred, excluding effects
AGGREGATE LIGHTWEIGHT of dead load and super imposed load
aggregate with a dry, loose weight of 100 kg/m or less
plain or reinforced concrete element cast elsewhere than its final position in the
EMBEDMENT LENGTH structure
length of embedded reinforcement provided beyond a critical section
POSTENSIONING
JACKING FORCE method of prestressing concrete which the tendons are tensioned before concrete is
in prestressed concrete, temporary force exerted into prestressing tendons placed
OVERREINFORCED DESIGN
a design in which the steel reinforcement is more than what is required for balanced FOR BUNDLED BARS
condition
a. groups of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in contact as a unit shall be limited to 4 in any
one bundle
d. individual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of flexural members should
terminate at a different points at least 40db stagger
STANDARD HOOKS
AGGREGATES
A. 180º bend plus 4d extension but not less than 65 mm at free end
b
Fine aggregates- sand
are those that passes through a No.4 sieve (about 6mm in size) B. 90º bend plus 12d extension, at free end of bar
b
Coarse aggregate -gravel or crushed stone
Coarse aggregate shall not be less than: C. for stirrups and tie hooks:
• 1/5 the narrowest dimension between sides of forms • 16 mm bar and smaller, 90º bend plus 6db extension at free end of bar or
• 1/3 the depth of slabs
• 20 mm and 25 mm bar, 90º bend plus 6db extension at free end of bar or
¾ minimum clear spacing between individual reinforcing bars or wires, bundle of bars or • 25 mm bar and smaller, 135º bend plus 6db extension at free end of bar
prestressing tendons or ducts
4d minimum inside diameter of bend of stirrups and ties for 16 mm bar and smaller in diameter Flexure w/o axial load……………………………………………….. 0.90
b
Axial tension & axial tension w/ flexure……………………………. 0.90
ONE- WAY SLAB Shear and torsion ……………………………………………………. 0.85
A one-way slab is considered as wide shallow rectangular beam. The reinforcing steel is usually
spaced uniformly over its width. The flexural reinforcement of a one-way slab extends in one Axial compression & axial compression w/ flexure
direction only.
a. spiral reinforcement ………………………………………0.75
Maximum flexural reinforcement spacing:
3 times the slab thickness or 450 mm
b. tie reinforcement …………………………………………. 0.70
Minimum thickness of one-way slab:
Solid one-way slab Bearing on concrete …………………………………………………..0.70
L/20 - simply supported
L/24 - one end continuous
L/28 - both end continuous
L/10 - cantilever
* Span length L is in millimeter
Wind load, WL………...…………………………………….. 1.70 Earthquake loads or forces are included in design
U= 0.75 (1.4DL + 1.7LL + 1.87E)
Earthquake, E……………………………………….………. 1.87
Where structural effect T of differential settlement, creep, shrinkage or
Earth or water pressure, H……………………...……….… 1.70 temperature change are significant in design
U= 0.75 (1.4DL + 1.4T + 1.7LL)
but required strength U shall not be less than c. Conduits and pipes with their fittings, embedded within a column shall not displace more
than 4% of the area of the cross section on which strength is calculated
U= 1.4 (DL + T)
d. Concrete cover for pipes, conduits and fittings shall not be less than 40 mm for concrete
exposed to earth or weather
SIZE AND SPACING OF MAIN BARS AND TIES
1. Clear distance between longitudinal bars shall be not less than CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH BOLTED CONNECTION
1.5 db nor 40 mm
1. High-strength bolted parts shall fit solidly together when assembled and shall not be
2. Use 10 mm diameter ties for 32 mm bars or smaller and at least separated by gaskets or any other interposed compressive material.
12 mm in size for 36 mm and bundled longitudinal bars
2. Bolts tightened by means of a calibrated wrench shall be installed with a hardened
washer under the nut or bolt head whichever is the element turned in tightening.
3. Vertical spacing of ties shall be the smallest of the following:
a. 16 x db (db = longitudinal bar diameter) 3. When assembled, all joint surfaces, including those adjacent to the washer, shall be free
b. 48 x tie diameter of scale, except tight mill scales, dirts and burns.
c. least dimension of columns
4. Surface in contact with the bolt head and nut head shall have slope of not more than
1:20 with respect to a plane normal to the bolt axis.
4. Ties shall be arrange such that every corner and alternate longitudinal
bar shall have lateral support provided by the corner of the tie with an
included angle of not more than 135º and no bar shall be farther than
150 mm clear on each side along the tie from such a laterally
supported bar. Where longitudinal bars are located around the
perimeter of a circle tie is allowed.
MINIMUM REQUIREMENT FOR DEVELOPMENT OF REINFORCEMNT
a. Conduits and pipes embedded in slab, the wall or beam shall not be larger in outside
dimension than 1/3 the overall thickness of slab, wall or beam
b. Reinforcement with an area not less than 0.002 times the area of cross- section shall be
provided normal to piping