Bacillus

Bacillus is a genus of gram-

Bacillus
positive, rod-shaped bacteria and
a member of the phylum
Firmicutes. Bacillus species can
be obligate aerobes (oxygen
depending), or facultative
anaerobes (having the ability to
be aerobic or anaerobic). They
will test positive for the enzyme
Gram stain of a Bacillus species
catalase when there has been
oxygen used or present.[3] Bacillus subtilis, Gram stained
Ubiquitous in nature, Bacillus includes both free-living (nonparasitic) and
Scientific classification
parasitic pathogenic species. Under stressful environmental conditions, the
bacteria can produce oval endospores that are not true 'spores', but to which the Domain: Bacteria
bacteria can reduce themselves and remain in a dormant state for very long Phylum: Firmicutes
periods. These characteristics originally defined the genus, but not all such
Class: Bacilli
species are closely related, and many have been moved to other genera of the
Firmicutes.[4] Order: Bacillales

Many species of Bacillus can produce copious amounts of enzymes which are Family: Bacillaceae
used in different industries. Some species can form intracellular inclusions of Genus: Bacillus
polyhydroxyalkanoates under certain adverse environmental conditions, as in a Cohn, 1872 [1]
lack of elements such as phosphorus, nitrogen, or oxygen combined with an
excessive supply of carbon sources. Species

B. acidiceler
B. subtilis has proved a valuable model for research. Other species of Bacillus are
B. acidicola
important pathogens, causinganthrax and food poisoning.
B. acidiproducens
B. acidocaldarius
B. acidoterrestris
B. aeolius
Contents B. aerius
Industrial significance B. aerophilus
Use as model organism B. agaradhaerens
Ecological significance B. agri
Clinical significance B. aidingensis
B. akibai
Cell wall
B. alcalophilus
Phylogeny
B. algicola
See also
B. alginolyticus
References
B. alkalidiazotrophicus
External links B. alkalinitrilicus
B. alkalisediminis
B. alkalitelluris
Industrial significance B. altitudinis
Many Bacillus species are able to secrete large quantities of enzymes. Bacillus B. alveayuensis
amyloliquefaciens is the source of a natural antibiotic protein barnase (a B. alvei
ribonuclease), alpha amylase used in starch hydrolysis, the protease subtilisin B. amyloliquefaciens
used with detergents, and the BamH1 restriction enzyme used in DNA research.
B. a. subsp.
A portion of the Bacillus thuringiensis genome was incorporated into corn (and
amyloliquefaciens
cotton) crops. The resultingGMOs are therefore resistant to some insect pests.
B. a. subsp. plantarum
B. aminovorans[2]
Use as model organism
B. amylolyticus
Bacillus subtilis is one of the B. andreesenii
best understood prokaryotes, in B. aneurinilyticus
terms of molecular and cellular B. anthracis
biology. Its superb genetic B. aquimaris
amenability and relatively large B. arenosi
size have provided the powerful B. arseniciselenatis
tools required to investigate a B. arsenicus
bacterium from all possible B. aurantiacus
aspects. Recent improvements in B. arvi
fluorescent microscopy B. aryabhattai
techniques have provided novel B. asahii
insight into the dynamic B. atrophaeus
Colonies of the model species
structure of a single cell B. axarquiensis
Bacillus subtilis on an agar plate.
organism. Research on B. subtilis B. azotofixans
has been at the forefront of B. azotoformans
bacterial molecular biology and cytology, and the organism is a model for B. badius
differentiation, gene/protein regulation, and cell yc cle events in bacteria.[5] B. barbaricus
B. bataviensis
Ecological significance B. beijingensis
B. benzoevorans
Bacillus species are almost ubiquitous in nature, e.g. in soil, but also occur in
B. beringensis
extreme environments such as high pH (B. alcalophilus), high temperature (B.
B. berkeleyi
thermophilus), or high salt (B. halodurans). B. thuringiensis produces a toxin that
B. beveridgei
can kill insects and thus has been used as insecticide.[6] B. siamensis has
B. bogoriensis
antimicrobial compounds that inhibit plant pathogens, such as the fungi
B. boroniphilus
Rhizoctonia solani and Botrytis cinerea, and they promote plant growth by
B. borstelensis
volatile emissions.[7] Some species of Bacillus are naturally competent for DNA
B. brevis Migula
uptake by transformation.[8]
B. butanolivorans
B. canaveralius
Clinical significance B. carboniphilus
B. cecembensis
Two Bacillus species are considered medically significant: B. anthracis, which
B. cellulosilyticus
causes anthrax, and B. cereus, which causes food poisoning similar to that caused
B. centrosporus
by Staphylococcus.[9] A third species, B. thuringiensis, is an important insect
B. cereus
pathogen, and is sometimes used to control insect pests. The type species is B.
B. chagannorensis
subtilis, an important model organism. It is also a notable food spoiler, causing
B. chitinolyticus
ropiness in bread and related food. Some environmental and commercial strains of
B. chondroitinus
B. coagulans may play a role in food spoilage of highly acidic, tomato-based
B. choshinensis
products.
B. chungangensis
B. cibi
An easy way to isolate Bacillus species is by placing nonsterile soil in a test tube B. circulans
with water, shaking, placing in melted mannitol salt agar, and incubating at room B. clarkii
temperature for at least a day. Colonies are usually large, spreading, and B. clausii
irregularly shaped. Under the microscope, the Bacillus cells appear as rods, and a B. coagulans
substantial portion of the cells usually contain ovalendospores at one end, making B. coahuilensis
it bulge. B. cohnii
B. composti

Cell wall B. curdlanolyticus

B. cycloheptanicus
The cell wall of Bacillus is a structure on the outside of the cell that forms the B. cytotoxicus
second barrier between the bacterium and the environment, and at the same time B. daliensis
maintains the rod shape and withstands the pressure generated by the cell's turgor. B. decisifrondis
The cell wall is composed of teichoic and teichuronic acids. B. subtilis is the first B. decolorationis
bacterium for which the role of an actin-like cytoskeleton in cell shape B. deserti
determination and peptidoglycan synthesis was identified, and for which the B. dipsosauri
entire set of peptidoglycan-synthesizing enzymes was localised. The role of the B. drentensis
cytoskeleton in shape generation and maintenance is important B. edaphicus
B. ehimensis
Phylogeny B. eiseniae
B. enclensis
The genus Bacillus was named in 1835 by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg, to B. endophyticus
contain rod-shaped (bacillus) bacteria. He had seven years earlier named the B. endoradicis
genus Bacterium. Bacillus was later amended by Ferdinand Cohn to further B. farraginis
describe them as spore-forming, Gram-positive, aerobic or facultatively anaerobic B. fastidiosus
bacteria.[1] Like other genera associated with the early history of microbiology, B. fengqiuensis
such as Pseudomonas and Vibrio, the 266 species of Bacillus are ubiquitous.[10] B. firmus
The genus has a very large ribosomal 16S diversity and is environmentally B. flexus
diverse. B. foraminis
B. fordii
Several studies have tried to reconstruct the phylogeny of the genus. TheBacillus-
B. formosus
specific study with the most diversity covered is by Xu and Cote using 16S and
B. fortis
the ITS regions, where they divide the genus into 10 groups, which includes the
B. fumarioli
nested genera Paenibacillus, Brevibacillus, Geobacillus, Marinibacillus and
B. funiculus
Virgibacillus.[11] However, the tree[12] constructed by the living tree project, a
B. fusiformis
collaboration between ARB-Silva and LPSN where a 16S (and 23S if available)
B. galactophilus
tree of all validated species was constructed,[13][14] the genus Bacillus contains a
B. galactosidilyticus
very large number of nested taxa and majorly in both 16S and 23S it is
B. galliciensis
paraphyletic to the Lactobacillales (Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus,
B. gelatini
Listeria, etc.), due to Bacillus coahuilensis and others. A gene concatenation
B. gibsonii
study found similar results to Xu and Cote, but with a much more limited number
B. ginsengi
of species in terms of groups,[15] but used Listeria as an outgroup, so in light of
B. ginsengihumi
the ARB tree, it may be "inside-out".
B. ginsengisoli
One clade, formed byB. anthracis, B. cereus, B. mycoides, B. pseudomycoides, B. B. glucanolyticus
thuringiensis, and B. weihenstephanensis under current classification standards, B. gordonae
should be a single species (within 97% 16S identity), but due to medical reasons, B. gottheilii
they are considered separate species,[16]:34–35 an issue also present for four B. graminis
species of Shigella and Escherichia coli.[17] B. halmapalus
B. haloalkaliphilus
B. halochares
B. halodenitrificans
B. halodurans
B. halophilus
B. halosaccharovorans
B. hemicellulosilyticus
B. hemicentroti
B. herbersteinensis
B. horikoshii
B. horneckiae
B. horti
B. huizhouensis
B. humi
B. hwajinpoensis
B. idriensis
B. indicus
B. infantis
B. infernus
B. insolitus
B. invictae
B. iranensis
B. isabeliae
B. isronensis
B. jeotgali
B. kaustophilus
B. kobensis
B. kochii
B. kokeshiiformis
B. koreensis
B. korlensis
B. kribbensis
B. krulwichiae
B. laevolacticus
B. larvae
B. laterosporus
B. lautus
B. lehensis
B. lentimorbus
B. lentus
B. licheniformis
B. ligniniphilus
B. litoralis
B. locisalis
B. luciferensis
B. luteolus
B. luteus
B. macauensis
B. macerans
B. macquariensis
B. macyae
B. malacitensis
B. mannanilyticus
B. marisflavi
B. marismortui
B. marmarensis
B. massiliensis
B. megaterium
B. mesonae
B. methanolicus
B. methylotrophicus
B. migulanus
B. mojavensis
B. mucilaginosus
B. muralis
B. murimartini
B. mycoides
B. naganoensis
B. nanhaiensis
B. nanhaiisediminis
B. nealsonii
B. neidei
B. neizhouensis
B. niabensis
B. niacini
B. novalis
B. oceanisediminis
B. odysseyi
B. okhensis
B. okuhidensis
B. oleronius
B. oryzaecorticis
B. oshimensis
B. pabuli
B. pakistanensis
B. pallidus
B. pallidus
B. panacisoli
B. panaciterrae
B. pantothenticus
B. parabrevis
B. paraflexus
B. pasteurii
B. patagoniensis
B. peoriae
B. persepolensis
B. persicus
B. pervagus
B. plakortidis
B. pocheonensis
B. polygoni
B. polymyxa
B. popilliae
B. pseudalcalophilus
B. pseudofirmus
B. pseudomycoides
B. psychrodurans
B. psychrophilus
B. psychrosaccharolyticus
B. psychrotolerans
B. pulvifaciens
B. pumilus
B. purgationiresistens
B. pycnus
B. qingdaonensis
B. qingshengii
B. reuszeri
B. rhizosphaerae
B. rigui
B. ruris
B. safensis
B. salarius
B. salexigens
B. saliphilus
B. schlegelii
B. sediminis
B. selenatarsenatis
B. selenitireducens
B. seohaeanensis
B. shacheensis
B. shackletonii
B. siamensis
B. silvestris
B. simplex
B. siralis
B. smithii
B. soli
B. solimangrovi
B. solisalsi
B. songklensis
B. sonorensis
B. sphaericus
B. sporothermodurans
B. stearothermophilus
B. stratosphericus
B. subterraneus
B. subtilis

B. s. subsp. inaquosorum
 B. s. subsp. spizizenii
B. s. subsp. subtilis
B. taeanensis
B. tequilensis
B. thermantarcticus
B. thermoaerophilus
B. thermoamylovorans
B. thermocatenulatus
B. thermocloacae
B. thermocopriae
B. thermodenitrificans
B. thermoglucosidasius
B. thermolactis
B. thermoleovorans
B. thermophilus
B. thermoruber
B. thermosphaericus
B. thiaminolyticus
B. thioparans
B. thuringiensis
B. tianshenii
B. trypoxylicola
B. tusciae
B. validus
B. vallismortis
B. vedderi
B. velezensis
B. vietnamensis
B. vireti
B. vulcani
B. wakoensis
B. weihenstephanensis
B. xiamenensis
B. xiaoxiensis
B. zhanjiangensis

Bacillus phylogenetics
Root Bacillus weihenstephanensis
"pathogenic"
Bacillus cereus/thuringiensis/anthracis

Bacillus pumilus

"soil" Bacillus subtilis

Bacillus licheniformis

"benthic" Geobacillus kaustophilus

 "aquatic" Bacillus coahuilensis

Bacillus sp. m3-13

Bacillus sp. NRRLB-14911

"benthic" Oceanobacillus iheyensis

Bacillus halodurans
"halophiles"
Bacillus clausii

Phylogeny of the genus Bacillus according to [15]

See also
Paenibacillus and Virgibacillus, genera of bacteria formerly included inBacillus.[18][19]

References
1. (in German) Cohn F.: Untersuchungen über Bakterien. Beitrage zur Biologie der PflanzenHeft 2, 1872, 1, 127-224.
2. Loshon, Charles A.; Beary, Katherine E.; Gouveia, Kristine; Grey, Elizabeth Z.; Santiago-Lara, Leticia M.; Setlow
,
Peter (March 1998). "Nucleotide sequence of the sspE genes coding for γ-type small, acid-soluble spore proteins
from the round-spore-forming bacteria Bacillus aminovorans, Sporosarcina halophila and S. ureae". Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression . 1396 (2): 148–152. doi:10.1016/S0167-4781(97)00204-2
(https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0167-4781%2897%2900204-2) .
3. Turnbull PCB (1996). Baron S; et al., eds.Bacillus. In: Barron's Medical Microbiology(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/b
ooks/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed.section.925)(4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 978-0-9631172-1-2.
4. Madigan M; Martinko J, eds. (2005).Brock Biology of Microorganisms(11th ed.). Prentice Hall.ISBN 0-13-144329-1.
5. Graumann P, ed. (2012). Bacillus: Cellular and Molecular Biology(http://www.horizonpress.com/bacillus)(2nd ed.).
Caister Academic Press.ISBN 978-1-904455-97-4. [1] (http://www.horizonpress.com/bacillus).
6. Joan L. Slonczewski & John W. Foster (2011), Microbiology: An Evolving Science(2nd Edition), Norton
7. Jeong, Haeyoung; Jeong, Da-Eun; Kim, Sun Hong; Song, Geun Cheol; Park, Soo-Y oung; Ryu, Choong-Min; Park,
Seung-Hwan; Choi, Soo-Keun (2012-08-01)."Draft Genome Sequence of the Plant Growth-Promoting Bacterium
Bacillus siamensis KCTC 13613T"(http://jb.asm.org/content/194/15/4148). Journal of Bacteriology. 194 (15): 4148–
4149. doi:10.1128/JB.00805-12 (https://doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.00805-12). ISSN 0021-9193 (https://www.worldcat.or
g/issn/0021-9193). PMC 3416560 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3416560) . PMID 22815459 (http
s://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22815459).
8. Keen, E; Bliskovsky, V; Adhya, S; Dantas, G (2017)."Draft genome sequence of the naturally competent Bacillus
simplex strain WY10" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5690344). Genome Announcements. 5:
e01295–17. doi:10.1128/genomeA.01295-17(https://doi.org/10.1128%2FgenomeA.01295-17) . PMC 5690344 (http
s://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5690344) . PMID 29146837 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2914
6837).
9. Ryan KJ; Ray CG, eds. (2004).Sherris Medical Microbiology(4th ed.). McGraw Hill.ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
10. Bacillus entry (http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/b/bacillus.html)in LPSN [Euzéby, J.P. (1997). "List of Bacterial Names with
Standing in Nomenclature: a folder available on the Internet"(http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/47/2/590) . Int J
Syst Bacteriol. 47 (2): 590–2. doi:10.1099/00207713-47-2-590(https://doi.org/10.1099%2F00207713-47-2-590) .
ISSN 0020-7713 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7713). PMID 9103655 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9
103655).]
11. Xu, D.; Cote, J. -C. (2003). "Phylogenetic relationships between Bacillus species and related genera inferred from
comparison of 3' end 16S rDNA and 5' end 16S-23S ITS nucleotide sequences". International Journal of Systematic
and Evolutionary Microbiology. 53 (3): 695–704. doi:10.1099/Ijs.0.02346-0 (https://doi.org/10.1099%2FIjs.0.02346-
0). PMID 12807189 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12807189).
12. http://www.arb-silva.de/fileadmin/silva_databases/living_tree/LTP_release_104/LTPs104_SSU_tree.pdf
13. Yarza, P.; Richter, M.; Peplies, J. R.; Euzeby, J.; Amann, R.; Schleifer, K. H.; Ludwig, W.; Glöckner, F. O.; Rosselló-
Móra, R. (2008). "The All-Species Living Tree project: A 16S rRNA-based phylogenetic tree of all sequenced type
strains". Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 31 (4): 241–250. doi:10.1016/j.syapm.2008.07.001(https://doi.org/10.
1016%2Fj.syapm.2008.07.001). PMID 18692976 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18692976).
14. Yarza, P.; Ludwig, W.; Euzéby, J.; Amann, R.; Schleifer, K. H.; Glöckner, F. O.; Rosselló-Móra, R. (2010). "Update of
the All-Species Living Tree Project based on 16S and 23S rRNA sequence analyses".Systematic and Applied
Microbiology. 33 (6): 291–299. doi:10.1016/j.syapm.2010.08.001(https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.syapm.2010.08.001) .
PMID 20817437 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20817437).
15. Alcaraz, L.; Moreno-Hagelsieb, G.; Eguiarte, L. E.; Souza, .V; Herrera-Estrella, L.; Olmedo, G. (2010).
"Understanding the evolutionary relationships and major traits of Bacillus through comparative genomics"(https://ww
w.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2890564). BMC Genomics. 11: 332. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-11-332(https://doi.
org/10.1186%2F1471-2164-11-332). PMC 2890564 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2890564) .
PMID 20504335 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20504335). 1471216411332.
16. Ole Andreas Økstad and Anne-Brit KolstøChapter 2: "Genomics of Bacillus Species"(https://link.springer.com/chapt
er/10.1007%2F978-1-4419-7686-4_2#page-1)in M. Wiedmann, W. Zhang (eds.), Genomics of Foodborne Bacterial
Pathogens, 29 Food Microbiology and Food Safety
. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011 DOI 10.1007/978-
1-4419-7686-4_2
17. Brenner (D.J.): Family I. Enterobacteriaceae Rahn 1937, Nom. fam. cons. Opin. 15, Jud. Com. 1958, 73; Ewing,
Farmer, and Brenner 1980, 674; Judicial Commission 1981, 104. In: N.R. Krieg and J.G. Holt (eds),Bergey's Manual
of Systematic Bacteriology, first edition, vol. 1, The Williams & Wilkins Co, Baltimore, 1984, pp. 408-420
18. Ash, Carol; Priest, Fergus G.; Collins, M. David (1994). "Molecular identification of rRNA group 3 bacilli (Ash, Farrow
,
Wallbanks and Collins) using a PCR probe test". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 64 (3–4): 253–260.
doi:10.1007/BF00873085 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00873085).
19. Heyndrickx, M.; Lebbe, L.; Kersters, K.; De Vos, P.; Forsyth, G.; Logan, N. A. (1 January 1998). "Virgibacillus: a new
genus to accommodate Bacillus pantothenticus (Proom and Knight 1950). Emended description ofirgibacillus
V
pantothenticus". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology . 48 (1): 99–106. doi:10.1099/00207713-48-1-99(htt
ps://doi.org/10.1099%2F00207713-48-1-99).

External links
Bacillus genomes and related information atPATRIC, a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded byNIAID

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bacillus&oldid=843725079

"

This page was last edited on 31 May 2018, at 01:31(UTC).

Text is available under theCreative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this
site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of theWikimedia
Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.