Definitionand kind of colligative properties

Colligative properties are properties of solution that do not dependon the identity of the
solutes, but on the number of dissolved particles in the solution. There are two kind of
colligative properties, namely:
Coligative properties of nonelectrolyte solutions
Colligative properties of electrolyte solutions

Molality (m)
Molality denotes the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1000 gram ofsolvent.
For instance, one molal solution means a solution which contains one mole of the solute
in 1000 gram of the solvent. The mathematic equation can be written as follows:

mole of solute 1000

m=
1000 gram of solvent
or m = mole × p

g 1000
m= ×
Mr p

With:
m = molality (molal)
p = mass of solvent (gram)
g = mass of solute (gram)
Mr = molecular weight of solute (gram/mole)

Mass percentage (%)

Mass percentage denotes the number of solute in 100 gram of solution.

gram of solute
% mass = ×100 %
gram of solution

Mole fraction (X)

The mole fraction (X) denotes the ratio of the moles of solute to the total number of
moles in a solution. Solution contains solute (ns) andsolvent (np), therefore the mole
fraction consist of fraction of solute (Xt) and the mole fraction of solvent(Xp).
 nt np
Xt = and Xp =
nt + n p nt + n p

With :
Xt = the mole fraction of solute
Xp = the mole fraction of solvent
nt = moles of solute
np = moles of solvent

if we add Xt to Xp, we will obtain:

nt np nt + n p
+ = =1
nt + n p nt + n p nt + n p

So, Xt+Xp=1

Vapor pressure lowering

When particles hit the walls f container, they exert a pressure. This pressure in this
equilibrium is called the saturated vapor pressure of the liquid or vapor pressure of te
liquid. The difference between the vapor pressure of the pure solvent and that of solution
is called the vapor pressure lowering (∆P). if the vapor pressure of the pure solvent
expressed by P0, and the vapor pressure of solution expressed by P, we can calculate the
lowering of vaor pressure by using this equation.

∆P=P0-P

Raoult’s Law states that the vapor pressure lowering (∆P) equals to the mole fractionof
the solute (Xt) multiplied by the vapor pressure of the pure solvent (Po).

∆P = Xt .Po and P = Po .Xp

With:
∆P = the vapor pressure lowering (atm)
Po = the vapor pressure of the pure solvent (atm)
P = the vapor pressure of the solution (atm)
Xt = the mole fraction of the solute
Xp = the mole faction of the solvent
The Boiling Point Elevation
The boiling point is a temperature when the vapor pressre equals to the external pressure.
the difference between the boiling point of a solution and that of its solvent is called
boiling point elevation (∆Tb).

∆Tb = the boiling point of a solution – the boiling point of the pure solvent

The elevation of boiling point depends on the concentration of the solvent. For solution
with a low concentration, the elevation of boiling point is proportional to the molality of a
solution.

∆Tb = Kb . m
Or
g 1000
∆Tb = K b × ×
Mr p

With:
Tb = boiling point elevation (oC)
Kb = boiling point elevation constant (oC.kg.mole-1)
m = the molality of a solution (molal)
g = the mass of solute (gram)
P = solvent mass (gram)
Mr = molecular weight of a solute (gram/mole)

The Freezing Point Depression

The freezing point or melting point of solution is the temperature at which solid and
liquid are in equilibrium. The difference between the freezing point of the pure solvent
and freezing point of a solution is called freezing point depression (∆Tf)
∆Tf = the freezing point of the pure solvent – the freezing point of a solution.

∆Tb = Kb . m
Or

g 1000
∆T f = K f × ×
Mr p

With:
∆Tf = boiling point depression of a solution (oC)
Kf = freezing point depression constant (oC.kg.mole-1)
m = the molality of a solution (molal)
g = the mass of solute (gram)
P = solvent mass (gram)
Mr = molecular weight of a solute (gram/mole)

The Osmosis Pressure

The process where a solvent passes through a semi permeable membrane from one
solution to another (or from pure solvent into a solution) is called osmosis. The osmotic
pressure is defined as a pressure given to prevent osmosis process. Which is to prevent
the flow of solvent molecules. According to Van’t Hoff, the osmotic pressure of solution
can be calculated by using ideal gas equation.
nRT
π= or π = MRT
V

With:
π = the osmotic pressure (atm)
R = gas constant (0,082 atm.L/mole.K)
T = temperature (K)
M = morality (molar)
V = volume of a solution (L)

Colligative Properties in Daily Life

The application of freezing point depression

1. ice Cream Making
the ingredients of ice cream, such as sugar, milk, chocolate, butter, and salt lower
the freezing point of water and make ice cream cold and soft but not frozen.
2. anti freeze in Car Radiator
a solution of ethylene glycol in the radiator water can lower the freezing point, so
the water will not freeze easily.
3. Anti freeze in animal’s Body
The marine fish’s blood contains an antifreeze agent that lowers water temeratur
until 0,8oC therefore, the fish can stay alive in a cold season with temperature
1,9oC. the antifreeze in their blood prevent ice forming in their cells and tissues.
4. Antifreeze to Melt Snow
In certain regions, every winter, snow drops over the streets. People often put salt,
such as NaCl and CaCl2 on roads after a snow fall to melt the snow.

The application of osmotic perassure

1. blood cell from control
2. dialysis
3. food preservation
4. leech extermination
 5. water absorption by plant’s Root
6. sea water desalination

i = (1 + α ( n − 1) )

With:
the number of ionised mole
α=
the number of initial mole