Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Presented by:-
Atul Gupta
13474
E&CED
Motivation
With 20% of the world's electricity
used for lighting, it's been calculated
that optimal use of White LED lighting
could reduce this to 4%.
2
CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Working Of LED
• Colors
• How is White light made with LEDs
• White LED structure
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• Future Scope
• Conclusion
• References
Introduction
• White LEDs, or white light–emitting diodes, are semiconductor
devices that produce white light when an electrical current is passed
through them.
• Light emitting diodes (LEDs) were first developed in the 1960s, but it
became possible to develop white LEDs only after the invention of
Blue LED in 1992.
• White Led lamp is the fourth and latest generation of white light
sources after:-
1. High intensity discharge(HID) lamps
2. Incandescent bulbs and
3. Fluorescent bulbs
• A 1.2 watt white LED light cluster is as bright as a 20-watt
incandescent lamp and lasts 25 times longer.
Working of LED
• The LED is a semiconductor diode that emits light when current passes through it
• The n-side is heavily doped
• When forward biased, the built-in potential at the junction is reduced
• The e- from n-side get injected into p-side
• e- combine with the holes resulting in emission of photons i.e. light
• This effect is called electroluminescence
Colors
• Light is characterized by frequency, or more
commonly, by wavelength
• Visible light spans from 400 nm to 700 nm
• White light is a combination of this mixture.
Colors (cont.)
The Noble Prize
• Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano of Japan and U.S. scientist Shuji
Nakamura won the 2014 Nobel Prize in physics for the invention of
blue light-emitting diodes.
• They produced bright blue light beams from their semi-conductors in
the early 1990s, and triggered a fundamental transformation of
lighting technology. Red and green diodes had been around for a long
time but without blue light, white lamps could not be created.
Despite considerable efforts, both in the scientific community and in
industry, the blue LED had remained a challenge for three decades.
How is white light made with LEDs?
Disadvantages
• Difficult to achieve pure white color
• difficult to maintain color stability over life and at different operating
conditions
Phosphor-converted white light:
Another approach to generating white light
is by use of phosphors together with a short-
wavelength LED. For example, when one
phosphor material used in LEDs is
illuminated by blue light, it emits yellow light
having a fairly broad spectral power
distribution.
By incorporating the phosphor in the body of a blue LED with a peak
wavelength around 450 to 470 nanometers, some of the blue light will be
converted to yellow light by the phosphor. The remaining blue light, when
mixed with the yellow light, results in white light.
Phosphor-converted white light (cont.):-
Phosphor-converted white light (cont.):-
Advantages
• Temperature Stability
• Simpler to create than the RGB LED
• Decent colour rendering
Disadvantages
• Less efficiency
• Weak lumens/watt
• Short life time compare with other type of LEDs
WHITE LED
STRUCTURE
Advantages Of white led
Good efficiency & durability
• Associated with perfect material and
devices, LEDs would require only 3 Watts
to generate the light obtained with a 60-
Watt incandescent bulb
• LEDs can provide 100,000 hrs of life compared to 1000 hrs with
incandescent light bulbs
Figure 1. LED vs. conventional light sources degradation in light output over time
Advantages (cont.)
Good stability
• Due to their solid state, they can withstand vibrations better
and have no filament that might break
• Some LED lamps are designed with series resistors to limit the operating
current, resulting in no cold filament current variation.
• Room temperature stays cooler, so we don’t need further air conditioning
Advantages (cont.)
Allows wide variety of lighting
• Artificial lighting similar to daylight