A TOTAL STATION IS A MODERN SURVEYING

INSTRUMENT THAT INTEGRATES AN ELECTRONIC

THEODOLITE WITH AN ELECTRONIC DISTANCE METER.
A theodolite uses a movable telescope to measure angles in both the horizontal
and vertical planes. Traditionally they are manual instruments that come in two
types – transit, which rotates in a full circle in the vertical plane, and non-transit,
rotating in a half-circle.

Total Stations use electronic transit theodolites in conjunction with a distance

meter to read any slope distance from the instrument to any particular spot. They
are hence two essential surveying instruments in one and when used with other
technology such as mapping software are able to deliver the ‘total’ surveying
package, from measuring to mapping.

HOW HAVE THEY CHANGED SURVEYING?

The development of Total Stations has markedly increased productivity in the
surveying profession in the following ways.

First of all, improved accuracy: while co-ordinate measurements by the theodolite

are done in the traditional way – trigonometry and triangulation – the angles are
measured by means of electro-optical scanning to a high degree of accuracy –
up to 0.5 arc-seconds. What’s more, a drawback of traditional theodolites is they
require a line-of-sight between two points; now GPS technology can be used by
a Total Station to include unseen points in the survey.

Other increases in productivity are due to efficiency and functionality. One

advantage is that many Total Stations, such as the Leica Viva TS15 used by
Jurovich Surveying, are robotic. This means they can be operated at a distance,
hence requiring only one surveyor in the field, rather than the traditional two. For
example, the robotic controller can stream the Total Station’s view to a surveyor
at a remote point, who can make measurements and change the target area
without returning to the Total Station.

Total Stations also include up-to-date image capture technology, which can
record any image or screen-view from the surveying site, eliminating the need for
costly revisits, and producing high-resolution images of site conditions.

And did you know that a traditional problem for surveyors is simply wet paper? A
Total Station has electronic documentation and sketching functions, which
reduces the need for paper field notes.

Finally, the data processed and stored in the Total Station can be downloaded to
other computer systems, for archiving or distribution, or to be used with other
applications such as mapping software.

In the 21st century, Total Stations have replaced the manual theodolite as the
surveyor’s essential field tool.