Lec 4

Basra University for oil & gas
College of oil and gas Engineering

Oil & gas engineering department
Water flooding
Buckely-Leverett- Part 2
By Ali K. Al-Maliki, MSc

Novemeber, 2017
1
Water flooding
Outline
Application of BL & FFE
Average water saturation in swept area
Average water saturation at BT
Average water saturation after BT
Recovery factor calculations
Recovery calculations to BT
Recovery calculations after BT 2
Applications of BL & FFE
Main calculations for water flooding in homogenous reservoirs using BL

and S-shape curve:
1- Constructing water saturation profile

2- Breakthrough time
3- Cumulative water injection
4- Pore volume of water injected
5- Average water saturation in the Swept area

6- Recovery factor before, at and after Breakthrough
7- injection and production profile
8- Produced WOR and Wc
3
BL & FFE Application: Average SW calculation
 The average water saturation in the swept

area is determined in both
1- Before and at Breakthrough

2- After Breakthrough
4
BL & FFE Application: Average SW at BT
Average Sw in the swept area at BT:
fwf
 The tangent to the fractional flow curve
is extrapolated to fw = 1
 The intercept with fw=1 is the average

water saturation, SwBT
 The slope of the tangent can be

calculated as follow: Swf
5
Average Sw in the swept area at BT:
 Average Sw in the swept area
would remain constant with a 0.8
value of SwBT until BT occurs 0.7 1-Sor

0.6
 At BT time, the flood front 0.5
saturation S reaches the Swf
Sw
wf
0.4
producing well and the water cut 0.3 Swf Swf=Swbt

increases suddenly from zero to 0.2
fwf 0.1
0 100 200 300

 At BT, Swf= SwBT and fwf =fwBT Distance, ft 6
Cumulative water injected at BT
7
BL & FFE Application: Average SW after BT
Average Sw in the swept area After BT:

 After BT, the water saturation
0.8
& WC at the producing well Sw2, fw2
0.7
gradually increase due to
0.6
continuous injection of water
0.5
Swf
Sw
0.4
 SW and water cut at the Swf
0.3 Swf=Swbt
producing well are denoted
0.2
as Sw2 and fw2
0.1
0 100 200 300

Distance, ft 8
Welge graphical solution:
When the water saturation at the

producing well reaches any assumed
value S after BT, S-Shape curve is used to
w2
determine::
1- Producing water cut fw2

2- Average water saturation, Sw2
3- Cumulative water injected in pore volumes, Qi
9
Welge graphical solution:

 The saturation at which the tangent
intersects fw = 1 is the average water
saturation in the swept area, Sw2
 The average water saturation can be

determined mathematically from:
10
The cumulative pore volumes of water

injected, Qi at the time when the water
saturation reaches Sw2 at the
producing well
11
 The cumulative water injected when

the water saturation at the
producing well reaches Sw2
12
BL & FFE Application: Oil recovery calculations
A set of calculations are required to determine the water flooding
performance and to calculate the oil recovery versus time:
Oil production rate, Qo

Cumulative Water Injected, Winj
Water production rate, Qw
Surface water-oil ratio, WOR Water-injection rate, Iwj
Cumulative oil production, Np

Water-injection pressure, Pinj
Cumulative Water production, Wp
Recovery factor, RF
13
 Oil recovery calculations is divided into two parts: Assuming no

free gas in
the reservoir
1-Before breakthrough time calculations
2-After breakthrough time calculations
 Oil recovery before and after breakthrough is calculated by:
Np = N x EA x EV x ED N = OIIP at the start of water injection, STB

Np = cumulative oil production, STB
EA = Areal sweep efficiency, fraction
Ev = Vertical sweep efficiency, fraction
ED = Displacement sweep efficiency, fraction
14
Before Breakthrough: Assuming

no free gas
 The cumulative oil production is simply equal to the in the
volume of water injected with no water production reservoir,
Sgi=0
Np = Winj
Wp = 0
Qw = 0
15
At Breakthrough: Assuming
no free gas
 ED can be calculated by determining the average water in the
saturation at breakthrough reservoir,
Sgi=0
 Np at breakthrough is calculated from:
16
After Breakthrough: Assuming

no free gas
in the
 Oil recovery calculations after breakthrough are reservoir,
based on determining ED at various assumed Sgi=0
values of Sw at the producing well
17
Procedure for recovery calculations before and after BT:
1- Construct the fractional flow curve
2- Select several values of water saturations between Swf and

(1 – Sor) and determine the slope (dfw/dSw) at each saturation
3- Perform recovery calculations to breakthrough
4- Perform recovery calculations after breakthrough
18
Sw BT
Recovery calculations to breakthrough (S = 0, E , E = 100%)
gi A V
(Sgi = 0, EA, EV = 100%)
 Plot fw vs. Sw
 Tangent the curve from Swi, then

𝒅𝒇𝒘
determine Swf , fwf and
𝒅𝑺𝒘 𝑺𝒘
𝒇
 Extrapolate the tangent at fw=1 and

determine the average water
saturation at the breakthrough, Sw BT
19
Recovery calculations to breakthrough (Sgi = 0, EA, EV = 100%)
 Calculate pore volumes of water

injected at BT
 Calculate the cumulative water

injected at BT
20
 Calculate the displacement efficiency at BT
 Calculate cumulative oil production at BT
Np = N x EA x EV x ED
 Calculate time to BT assuming iw=constant
21
 Select several values of injection time less than the BT time (t < tBT)
and calculate the followings:
WORs, Qw and Wp are all

equals zero as no water
has arrived the producer
yet because the chosen
time is less than BT time
22
 Calculate the surface water–oil ratio WORs at BT
 Construct a table as follow:

t Winj Np Qo WOR Qw Wp
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
fwBt is the water cut
at BT ( fwBT = fwf)
t1 ---- ---- ---- 0 0 0
t2 ---- ---- ---- 0 0 0
t3 ---- ---- ---- 0 0 0
BT ---- ---- ---- --- ---- ---- 23

Recovery calculations After breakthrough (Sgi = 0, EA, EV = 100%)
 Choose several values of Sw2 between Sw Bt and (1-Sor)
 Determine fw2 & dsw/dfw corresponding each Sw2
 Calculate the average water saturation in the swept area for each sw2:
Find it from extrapolating the tangent to fw=1
Or use the following equation:
24
1
4- Find average Sw
0.98
1
0.9 0.96
0.8 0.94
fw
0.7
0.92
0.6
3- tangent
0.9 the curve, find dfw/dsw
0.5
fw
0.4 0.88
2- Find fw
0.3 0.86
0.2
0.84
0.1
0.82
0
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8
0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.8
Sw
1- Select SW Sw
25
 Calculate the displacement efficiency ED for each

selected value
 Calculate cumulative oil production Np for each selected value of Sw2
Np = N x EA x EV x ED
 Calculate pore volumes of water

 injected, Qi, at each Sw2
26
 Calculate cumulative water injected for each Sw2
 Calculate the time to inject Winj barrels of water
27
 Calculate cumulative water production WP at any time t

from the material balance equation
 Calculate the surface water–oil ratio

WORs that corresponds to
each value of fw2
28
 Calculate the oil and water flow rates
29
 Construct a table as follow:
Sw2 fw2 dfw/dsw s-w2 Ed Np Qi Winj t Wp WORs Qo Qw
Swbt fwbt -- s-wbt Edbt Npbt Qibt Wibt tbt 0 -- -- --

-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
1-Sor 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0 --
30
Additional calculations:
𝑁𝑃
𝑅𝐹 =
𝑁
31

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Basra University for oil & gas

College of oil and gas Engineering

By Ali K. Al-Maliki, MSc

Main calculations for water flooding in homogenous reservoirs using BL

1- Constructing water saturation profile

5- Average water saturation in the Swept area

 The average water saturation in the swept

1- Before and at Breakthrough

 The intercept with fw=1 is the average

 The slope of the tangent can be

value of SwBT until BT occurs 0.7 1-Sor

 At BT time, the flood front 0.5

saturation S reaches the Swf

producing well and the water cut 0.3 Swf Swf=Swbt

0 100 200 300

Average Sw in the swept area After BT:

0 100 200 300

Welge graphical solution:

When the water saturation at the

1- Producing water cut fw2

Welge graphical solution:

 The average water saturation can be

The cumulative pore volumes of water

 The cumulative water injected when

Oil production rate, Qo

Surface water-oil ratio, WOR Water-injection rate, Iwj

Cumulative oil production, Np

Cumulative Water production, Wp

 Oil recovery calculations is divided into two parts: Assuming no

2-After breakthrough time calculations

 Oil recovery before and after breakthrough is calculated by:

Np = N x EA x EV x ED N = OIIP at the start of water injection, STB

Before Breakthrough: Assuming

 Np at breakthrough is calculated from:

After Breakthrough: Assuming

Procedure for recovery calculations before and after BT:

1- Construct the fractional flow curve

2- Select several values of water saturations between Swf and

3- Perform recovery calculations to breakthrough

4- Perform recovery calculations after breakthrough

(Sgi = 0, EA, EV = 100%)

 Tangent the curve from Swi, then

 Extrapolate the tangent at fw=1 and

Recovery calculations to breakthrough (Sgi = 0, EA, EV = 100%)

 Calculate pore volumes of water

 Calculate the cumulative water

Recovery calculations to breakthrough (Sgi = 0, EA, EV = 100%)

 Calculate the displacement efficiency at BT

 Calculate cumulative oil production at BT

 Calculate time to BT assuming iw=constant

Recovery calculations to breakthrough (Sgi = 0, EA, EV = 100%)

WORs, Qw and Wp are all

 Calculate the surface water–oil ratio WORs at BT

 Construct a table as follow:

t2 ---- ---- ---- 0 0 0

t3 ---- ---- ---- 0 0 0

BT ---- ---- ---- --- ---- ---- 23

 Choose several values of Sw2 between Sw Bt and (1-Sor)

 Determine fw2 & dsw/dfw corresponding each Sw2

 Calculate the displacement efficiency ED for each

 Calculate cumulative oil production Np for each selected value of Sw2

 Calculate pore volumes of water

 Calculate cumulative water injected for each Sw2