1.

Constant Rule:

If y = k, then y' = 0

The Derivative of a Constant is 0

If ƒ(x) = k for some constant k, then ƒ'(x) = 0

2. Power Rule

If y = x", then y' = nxn-1

If ƒ is a differentiable
function, and if ƒ(x)
= x", then ƒ'(x) =nxn-
1
for any real
number n

3. Exponential Rule:

If y = ex, then y' = ex

4. Logarithm Rule:

If y = 1n|x|, then y' = 1/x

5. Constant Times a Function Rule:

If y = kƒ, then y' = kf '

6. Sum Rule

If y = ƒ g, then y' = ƒ' g'

7. Product Rule

If y = ƒg, then y' = ƒg' ƒ' g

If ƒ and g are
differentiable functions
such thaty = ƒ(x)g(x),
then y' = ƒ(x)g'
ƒ' (x)g(x)

8. Difference Rule

If y = ƒ - g, then y' = ƒ' - g'

9. Quotient Rule

To remember this formula: Simply remember that b comes before t in the alphabet
Thus, the bottom function times the derivative of the top minus the top times the
derivative of the bottom, all divided by the bottom squared!

10. Chain Rule:

If y is a differentiable function of u and u is a differentiable function of x and

Some Differentiation Formulas

Let c, a0, a1,...,an be real numbers, then Trigonometric

Functions:
Techniques of differentiation:

If f and g are differentiable at x, and a constant then:

Let y=f(u) and u=g(x), then (chain rule)

The theory of differential equations is quite developed and the methods used to study them vary
significantly with the type of the equation.

 An ordinary differential equation (ODE) is a differential equation in which the unknown

function (also known as the dependent variable) is a function of a single independent
variable. In the simplest form, the unknown function is a real or complex valued function, but
more generally, it may be vector-valued or matrix-valued: this corresponds to considering a
system of ordinary differential equations for a single function. Ordinary differential equations
are further classified according to the order of the highest derivative of the dependent
variable with respect to the independent variable appearing in the equation. The most
important cases for applications are first order and second order differential equations. In the
classical literature also distinction is made between differential equations explicitly solved with
respect to the highest derivative and differential equations in an implicit form.

 A partial differential equation (PDE) is a differential equation in which the unknown

function is a function of multiple independent variables and the equation involves its partial
derivatives. The order is defined similarly to the case of ordinary differential equations, but
further classification into elliptic, hyperbolic, and parabolic equations, especially for second
order linear equations, is of utmost importance. Some partial differential equations do not fall
into any of these categories over the whole domain of the independent variables and they are
said to be of mixed type.

Both ordinary and partial differential equations are broadly classified as linear and nonlinear. A
differential equation is linear if the unknown function and its derivatives appear to the power 1
(products are not allowed) and nonlinear otherwise. The characteristic property of linear
equations is that their solutions form an affine subspace of an appropriate function space, which
results in much more developed theory of linear differential equations. Homogeneous linear
differential equations are a further subclass for which the space of solutions is a linear subspace
i.e. the sum of any set of solutions or multiples of solutions is also a solution. The coefficients of
the unknown function and its derivatives in a linear differential equation are allowed to be (known)
functions of the independent variable or variables; if these coefficients are constants then one
speaks of a constant coefficient linear differential equation.

There are very few methods of explicitly solving nonlinear differential equations; those that are
known typically depend on the equation having particular symmetries. Nonlinear differential
equations can exhibit very complicated behavior over extended time intervals, characteristic
of chaos. Even the fundamental questions of existence, uniqueness, and extendability of
solutions for nonlinear differential equations, and well-posedness of initial and boundary value
problems for nonlinear PDEs are hard problems and their resolution in special cases is
considered to be a significant advance in the mathematical theory (cf Navier–Stokes existence
and smoothness).

Linear differential equations frequently appear as approximations to nonlinear equations. These

approximations are only valid under restricted conditions. For example, the harmonic oscillator
equation is an approximation to the nonlinear pendulum equation that is valid for small amplitude
oscillations (see below).

[edit]Examples

In the first group of examples, let u be an unknown function of x, and c and ω are known
constants.

 Inhomogeneous first order linear constant coefficient ordinary differential equation:

 Homogeneous second order linear ordinary differential equation:

 Homogeneous second order constant coefficient linear ordinary differential

equation describing the harmonic oscillator:
  First order nonlinear ordinary differential equation:

 Second order nonlinear ordinary differential equation describing

the motion of a pendulum of length L:

In the next group of examples, the unknown function u depends on

two variables x and t or x and y.

 Homogeneous first order linear partial differential equation:

 Homogeneous second order linear constant coefficient

partial differential equation of elliptic type, the Laplace
equation:

 Third order nonlinear partial differential equation,

the Korteweg–de Vries equation:

Differential Calculus Formula Sheet:

Derivatives of polynomial functions:

(c) = 0

(x) = 1
 (cx) = c

(xn) = nxn-1

(cxn) = ncxn-1
Derivatives of trigonometric functions:

(sin x) = cos x

(cos x) = - sin x

(tan x) = sec2 x

(cot x) = - cosec2x

(sec x) = sec x tan x

(cosec x) = - cosec x cot x

Derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions:

(sin-1 x) =

(cos-1 x) = -

(tan-1 x) =

(sec-1 x) =

(cosec-1 x) = -

(cot-1 x) = -
Derivatives of hyperbolic functions:

(sinh x) = cos hx

(cosh x) = sin hx

(tanh x) = sec h2x

(sech x) = - tanh x sech x

(cosech x) = - coth x cosech x

(coth x) = - cosech2x

Integral Calculus Formula Sheet:

List of integrals of rational functions:

k dx = kx + C
 xa dx = +C

1/x dx = ln|x| + C
List of integrals of logarithmic functions:

ln x dx = x ln x - x + C

logax dx = xlogax - x(ln a) + C

List of integrals of exponential functions:

ex dx = ex + C

ax dx = +C
List of integrals of trigonometric functions:

sin x dx = - cos x + C

cos x dx = sin x + C

tan x dx = - ln |cos x| + C

cot x dx = ln |sin x| + C

sec x dx = ln |sec x + tan x| + C

csc x dx = ln |csc x - cot x| + C

List of integrals of inverse trigonometric functions:

sin-1 x dx = x sin-1 x + +C

cos-1 x dx = x cos-1 x - +C

tan-1 x dx = x tan-1 x - ln |1 + x2| + C

cot-1 x dx = x cot-1 x + ln |1 + x2| + C

sec-1 x dx = x sec-1 x - cosh-1 x + C

 csc-1 x dx = x csc-1 x + cosh-1 + C
List of integrals of hyperbolic functions:

sinh x dx = cosh x + C

cosh x dx = sinh x + C

tanh x dx = ln |coshx| + C

csch x dx = ln |tanh |+C

sech x dx = sin-1 (tanh x) + C

coth x dx = ln |sinh x| + C