PAB ASSIGNMENT

“Wastewater Treatment System In Yogyakarta”

Reyhan Zakaria 25-2012-001

Iftikar Rizkia N 25-2012-006
Irfan Naufan 25-2012-010
M Yusnadinata 25-2012-020
Adhitya Indrayana 25-2012-028
M Yudha Ramdhani 25-2012-029
Imom Abdullah 25-2012-033
Ali Al Madaidy S 25-2012-039

JURUSAN TEKNIK LINGKUNGAN

FAKULTAS TEKNIK SIPIL DAN PERENCANAAN

INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI NASIONAL

BANDUNG

2015
 INTRODUCTION

Urbanization refers to a process in which an increasing proportion of an entire

population lives in cities and the suburbs of cities and/or change of land use from agriculture
to human settlements, commercial sectors and industries. Urbaniziation and population
pressure are two main challenges to water ressource management, especially in cities of
developing countries. Regarding the groundwater resources it has te be mentioned that
urbanization affects both the quantity and quality of underlaying groundwater systems. In
order to recognize the issues of groundwater deterioration due to the improper urbanization
condition in Yogyakarta City, studies of urban groundwater recharge, groundwater
vulnerability, potential contaminant load and groundwater quality are carried out and new
predictive relationship is derived for the assessment of the groundwater contamination
hazard.

First of all, before we can take society to have a clean or hygiene behaviour, supporting
facilities should be build before in order to make it works and done by whomever the targets.
It is a core to make a system of water sanitation running well. As we all know that many
people in Indonesia that don’t have a proper sanitation with cause of whether they don’t
know or they don’t care, either they can’t afford such a set of tools. As the time goes, their
lack of attention for sanitation showing their danger that they can cause a waterborne diseases
transmission.

Yogyakarta is one of famous city in Indonesia that is regularly visited by a domestic

and foreign tourists in entire year. Cleanliness is one of consideration factor for tourism, as it
have direct connections to the quality of local health. While most people with higher income
can afford on site sanitation, some with lower income can’t and they should be supported by
government to have a proper sanitary appliance. It will be cheaper if the government take
place to build an off-site santation instead of installing on site sanitation on every side of the
city. Since septic tank installation require a lot of money invested, or at least they are
afforded by ones who owned the facilities (or communities on communal system), the
government should build a system that can serve an entire city. On the other hand, on-site
sanitation require a careful treatment and continious observation by the owners and regulators
to prevent contamination of surrounding soil.
 The effect of urban infrastructures on individuals in a community should be a major
concern in its provision since they are geared towards the improvement of their living
standards, been economic, social and environmental effects. Infrastructure may include
facilities and processes, like: public utilities such as power, piped water supply, sanitation and
sewerage.

Off-site sanitation is a system of household waste water disposal (bathing, washing,

kitchen, and sewage) that channel of the location of each house yard line to the wastewater
collection and subsequently distributed to centralized wastewater treatment plant before being
discharged into water bodies. Around 5,6 Million ton/day untreated wastewater, infiltrate and
polutted the water resources. 75% Rivers & 80% of groundwater already polluted.
Community pays 25% higher price for water supply. Economical loss caused by inadequate
sanitation is around US $ 6,3 billion ~ 2,3% GDP of Indonesia. Most of the septic tank used
by the households did not fulfill the safety standard.

CONTENTS

Less than 2% of total population of DIY are served by off-site sewerage system which
is situated in the Urban Agglomeration of Yogyakarta (UAY). The system consists of lateral
networks and flushing systems (built since 1926); and the main network of Sewerage
Treatment Plant (IPAL) which was constructed in 1995. Approximately 70% of community’s
sanitation needs have been served by on-site facilities or communal system, and the rest
dispose their waste directly into the river. Industrial liquid waste (both large-scale and
medium-scale industries) is still disposed directly into off-site sewerage systems or the
surrounding areas without any treatment process. Even the industries that have treatment
plants do not often operate them optimally. The desludging activity is served by both the
local government and private sectors. The septic tank is usually desludged when it is full or
stuck. The sludge can be treated in IPAL, but it is usually disposed into an open area nearby.
Together with urban development and the increasing density rate of buildings, the need for
sufficient sewerage facility increases, too. The less sufficient facilities will cause
underground water pollution (such as by detergent, bacteria, etc.). The investment cost of
centralized sewerage system remains high, as well as operational and maintenance costs; it
can not be covered by retribution only. Meanwhile, community’s awareness to build the legal
channels and their willingness to pay for sufficient sewerage facility remains low.
 Selection of Target Area

Concerning priority, the urban area is the main target of the medium-term development
of DIY in order to accelerate the economical development as well as to monitor spatial
demands for urban functions. Nevertheless, there is still wide possibility for the development
of the areas outside the urban areas, especially areas that serve as nodes for tourism
development. The selection of the target area should be based on following criteria:
 Areas with high economic potentials such as those serving as regional and rural-
urban nodes.
 High population density.
 Minimum risks or vulnerability to natural calamities.
Sewon WWTP

Bantul
Yogyakarta
Sleman

In general, almost all the districts in Yogyakarta City have connection to sewage. Only
two districts that do not have connection : Kotagede and Wirobrajan Districts. Mergangsan
District has the largest sewage system with 30.366,43 meters folowed by Kraton District with
26.212,70 meters and after that Jetis Distrit with 20.619 meters. During 1998 until 2001, the
construction of sewage system had increased 4,07% from the increasing of new connection.
In 2010, based on the population census, Yogyakarta had 388,627 people. It is clasified into a
medium city. The ideal water needs is 100 liter/person/day so that it needs 38,862,700
liter/day for a medium city.
 Technically, as we observe from the elevation of Yogyakarta city, it’s not tend to be the
cause of delay for the installation of wastewater distribution system. Yogyakarta city has a
quite even tophography, thus the elevation difference is not quite high between each area. But
the shallow groundwater might probably be one of the problem, because . This area become
the priority of installation for the wastewater distribution system because it is considered the
most populated and high density district of yogyakarta.

The services to clean-up septic tanks are usually was carried out by private sectors
using septic tank truck or manually. Sludge from septic tanks is sometime treated before
discharging. However they are sometimes discharge without treatment into the environment.
D.I Yogyakarta sewerage system was designed to treat domestic wastewater in Sewon
WWTP. With capacity of 15.500 m3/day, Sewon WWTP is planned to serve 18.400 House
Connections (HCs).

At this moment, with only 14.922 HCs connected to the sewerage, addition of HCs is
expected, but needs careful consideration on wastewater flow entering the WWTP. The
analysis indicated that the existing conditions are under utilized. It is recommended to flush
the sewer with flow less than 10% of the average capacity of the WWTP. Optimization of the
existing sewer can be implemented by adding 3.392 customers. Approximately 20% of the
total population are been served by the centralized sewage system. This system consists of
lateral network and a system to avoid clogging in the pipe.

If we are projecting the growth of yogyakarta population for the next 10 years, it will be
about a million persons. Thus if the amount drinking water needed perday is 100
liter/person/day, the amount wastewater will be 80.000.000 liter per day over the city or
80.000 m3/day. The currently provision of wastewater off-site system can serve about 20%
population, thus the amount of wastewater from Yogyakarta city alone that must be
distributed is 16.000 m3/day, it’s the flow rate with target of no increasing of percentage of
services. Sewon’s WWTP is capable of treating domestic wastewater about 18.400 m3/day,
but as stated above, this WWTP also receive wastewater from bantul and sleman.

The expansion of wastewater distribution system on Yogyakarta city that we prefer to

be installed is on area that has high density population, and we also prioritize areas that
produce only domestic wastewater, because the current wastewater treatment plant is only
viable to treat domestic wastewater. The chosen areas will be shown below.
 Pipe Jacking

Pipe-jacking is the most suitable method for the expansion of wastewater distribution
system on Yogyakarta City. What is pipe jacking?, Pipe jacking is a technique for installing
underground pipelines, ducts and culverts. Powerful hydraulic jacks are used to push
specially designed pipe through the ground behind a shield at the same time as excavation is
taking place with the shield. This method is considered to be the most appropriate because of
these benefits compared to traditional construction:
 No open trenches required – pipes are installed without the general public noticing
 Towns and landscapes do not suffer from the construction work
 Falls in water table level, which affect vegetation, can be prevented
 Due to the tight wall thickness of HOBAS Jacking Pipes relatively small amounts of
soil are excavated and removed
 No special storage areas are needed for materials and equipment
 Traffic disruption is kept to a minimum
 HOBAS Jacking Pipes can be installed irrespective of the weather conditions
 Residents nature and the environment are protected from noise, dirt and vibrations
 Damage to nature is substantially lower than with the open-cut method
 Carbon emissions are considerably lower during construction and from traffic, as
congestions can be prevented.

These advantage is necessary, as if the installation goes on without these, there will be
infrastructure damage and more cost should be spent upon this installation, including the
city’s reputation on tourism.

Table 1. Typical Land Uses and Potential Problems in Phase 2 - Pipe Jacking

Name Of Potential
Land Use Action
Location Problems
The traffic is quite
Coordination with the related
Jacking: heavy at certain
Trade/commercial area, institution/ services (police, office
Northern Ring times (06.30 am –
offices and services of transportation) to
Street (Phase 2) 08.00am; 16.00 pm
manage/control the traffic
– 18.00 pm)
Jacking: Educational area, The traffic is quite Coordination with the related
Selokan micro/ small-scale heavy at certain institution/ services (police, office
 Name Of Potential
Land Use Action
Location Problems
Mataram (Phase trade/ commercial area, times (06.30 am – of transportation) to
2) offices and services 08.00am; 16.00 pm manage/control the traffic
– 18.00 pm)
Coordination with RT and RW as
Residential street,
well as community/religious
Jacking: Bima Dense residential area the project is likely
leaders and to perform project
Sakti / Timoho and small-scale trade/ to impact on local-
socialization to acquire public
Street (Phase 2) commercial area community
understanding/non resistance
access/traffic
during the sewer lines construction
The traffic is quite
heavy at certain Coordination with the related
Kemakmuran Trade/commercial area, times institution-services (police, office
Street offices and services (06.30 am – 08.00 of transportation) to
am until 16.00 pm manage/control the traffic
– 18.00 pm)
The traffic is quite
heavy at certain Coordination with the related
Kusuma
Trade/commercial area, times institution-services (police, office
Negara/ Glagah
offices and services (06.30 am – 08.00 of transportation) to
Sari Street
am until 16.00 pm manage/control the traffic
– 18.00 pm)

Table 2. Typical Land Uses and Potential Problems in Phase 2 – Non Pipe Jacking

Name Of
Land Use Potential Problems Action
Location
Coordination with RT and RW as well
Residential street,
as community/religious leaders and to
Dense residential area the project is likely
Bimo Suko perform project socialization to
and small-scale to impact on local-
Street acquire public understanding/non
trade/commercial area community
resistance during the sewer lines
access/traffic
construction
Pandean Dense residential area Residential street, Coordination with RT and RW as well
Sari 1 Street and small-scale the project is likely as community/religious leaders and to
 Name Of
Land Use Potential Problems Action
Location
trade/commercial area to impact on local- perform project socialization to
community acquire public understanding/non
access/traffic resistance during the sewer lines
construction
Coordination with RT and RW as well
Access Residential street,
as community/religious leaders and to
street to The area of education the project is likely
perform project socialization to
Sanata and micro-scale to impact on local-
acquire public understanding/non
Dharma trading community
resistance during the sewer lines
Campus access/traffic
construction

The cyclic procedure uses the thrust power of the hydraulic jacks to force the pipe
forward through the ground as the PJ face is excavated. The spoil is transported through the
inside of the pipe to the drive shaft, where it is removed and disposed of. After each pipe
segment has been installed, the rams of the jacks are retracted so that another pipe segment
can be placed in position for the jacking cycle to begin again.

Because of the large jacking forces required to push large diameter pipe through the
ground, the design and construction of the jacking shaft are critical to the success of the
project. The shaft floor and thrust reaction structure must be designed to withstand the weight
of heavy pipe segments being placed on them repeatedly.

One of the important optional equipment available for the PJ method is the intermediate
jacking stations (IJSs). IJSs are used for pipes, 1.2 m (36 in) in diameter or larger, between
the drive shaft jacking plate and the jacking shield or Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) to
redistribute the total required jacking force on the pipe. IJSs consist of a steel cylinder
installed between two pipe segments in the pipeline being jacked. Hydraulic jacks are then
placed around the internal periphery of the steel cylinder. The IJS is pushed forward through
the ground with the pipeline until its operation is necessary. The basic PJ procedure is
described as follows:
1. Excavate and prepare the driving shaft.
 2. Set up the jacking frame and the hydraulic jacks to adjust to the proposed design
line and grade.
3. Install laser guidance system in the driving shaft. When the laser is switched on,
the laser points to the designated position as it is set up (picture). During the
drilling operation, the operator who stays inside the boring machine continuously
checks the mark on the steering head and the laser point. If the operator detects a
deviation, the operator will articulate the steering head back to the correct
alignment.
4. Lower the boring machine into the driving shaft and set it up.
5. Mate the jacking push plate (thrust ring) to the shield or the TBM. The thrust ring
is the frame that the main cylinders push against to advance the boring head and
pipe. The ring provides a 360-degree surface against the pipe to minimize point
pressure and reduce the chance of breakage.
6. Advance the shield or the TBM through the prepared opening in the forward shaft
support structure. Begin the excavation and spoil removal process. Continue
excavation, spoil removal, and forward advancement until the shield or the TBM is
installed. The movement of the jacking machine is controlled by the control panel
outside of boring machine, whereas the drilling operation is controlled by the
control levers inside the boring machine.
7. Retract the jacks and push plate to provide a space for the pipe segment.
8. Place the first pipe segment on the jacking tracks. For smooth boring operations,
IJSs can be installed next to the shield or TBM.
9. Mate the push plate to the pipe and pipe to the shield or the TBM.
10. Initiate forward advancement, excavation, and spoil removal.
11. Repeat pipe jacking cycles until the complete line is installed.
12. Remove the shield or the TBM from reception shaft.
13. Remove the jacking equipment, IJS, and the tracks from drive shaft.
14. Restore the site as required.

CONCLUSION

Wastewater has a main role in keeping the surface water, groundwater and soil
uncontaminated, therefore making it’s facilities of treatment is important. Yogyakarta clearly
needs to expand their wastewater distribution system for off-site wastewater treatment.
Because currently only 70% population have on-site facilities, while the current off-site
system serve 20% of the population that are on a parts of Kotagede and Wirobrajan Districts.
In other words, this city require more pipe line for wastewater distribution (also the WWTP).
Even if the goverment has no target of increasing their percentage of service, they still needs
to do an expansion to maintain the current percentage of service. According to our
observation based on the situation of the city, pipe-jacking method is the most proper method
to install this pipe line underground. Also, we observe areas that are necessary to be installed,
they are Northen Ring of Yogyakarta, Selokan Mataram, Bima Sakti, Kemakmuran Street,
Kusuma Negara, Bimo Suko Street, Pandean Sari I Street, Road Leading to Sanata Dharma
Campus.

SOURCE

1. Regional Development and Proverty Reduction Program. 2005. “Agenda Special Province
Yogyakarta”
2. Environtmentan Services Program. 2006. “Comparative Study Centralized Wastewater
Treatment Plants In Indonesia”. Development Alternatives, Inc. United State America
3. Salendu, Belinda. 2010. “Quality Assesment and Interrelations Of Water Supply and
Sanitation: A Case Study Of Yogyakarta City”. International Institute For Geo-Information
Science and Earth Observation Enschede. The Netherlands
4. Ministry Of Public Works Republic Of Indonesia Directorate General Of Human Settlements.
2012. “Metropolitan Sanitation Management and Health Project (Msmhp) Yogyakarta
Resettlement Plan”
5. Agung W, Pandu. 2014. “Studi Kapasitas Jaringan Eksisting Perpipaan Air Limbah
D.I. Yogyakarta”. Universitas Gajah Mada.
http://etd.ugm.ac.id/index.php?mod=penelitian_detail&sub=PenelitianDetail&act=vie
w&typ=html&buku_id=68535&obyek_id=4 (diunduh tanggal 26 Februari 2015)