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SAB 2032
FKM
Mechanical and
Electrical System
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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM Mazlan 2008
SAB 2032
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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM Mazlan 2008
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Contents:
A. Combustion
B. Ignition Temperature
C. Sources of Ignition
D. Classification of fire
E. Three ways of extinguishing a fire
F. Types of Fire Services Installations and Equipment
G. Portable Fire Extinguishers
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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM Mazlan 2008
SAB 2032
FKM A. Combustion
1. Combustion may be defined as a chemical reaction
accompanied by the evolution of light and heat. It is only
when fuel, oxygen and heat come together in the right
proportions that you have a fire. These three elements make
up what is commonly known as FIRE TRIANGLE or
Triangle of Combustible.
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2. Combustible materials exist as solids, liquids and gases. The
burning of any substance is usually accompanied by a flame; and
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as a flame is produced as the result of the burning of a gas or
vapor, it can be seen that liquids, and solids with minor
exceptions, must emit inflammable vapors before combustion can
take place.
3. A supply of oxygen is required to support combustion and this
is usually drawn from the atmosphere, of which it form about 20
% but in some cases the material themselves contain sufficient
oxygen to maintain combustion when deprived of atmospheric
oxygen.
4. Most solids and liquids require to be heated above their normal
temperature before they can emit inflammable vapors; and some
liquids (e.g. petrol) emit inflammable vapors at normal
temperatures.
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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM Mazlan 2008
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B. Ignition Temperature
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The temperatures at which combustion can take place fall into
three categories, they are:
1. Flash Point: The lowest temperatures at which a substances
gives off sufficient inflammable vapor to produce a momentary
flash on the application of a small flame.
2. Fire Point: The lowest temperatures at which the heat from
the combustion of a burning vapor is capable of producing
sufficient vapor to sustain combustion. It will be seen that the
difference between flash point and fire point is that the flash
point temperature is only required to produce vapor to enable a
momentary flash to take place whereas the fire point
temperature has to be high enough to produce sufficient vapor
to enable combustion to be maintained.
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C. Sources of Ignition
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Combustible materials may be ignited in various ways:
1. Open flame e.g. bunsen burners in lab, welding torch, lighting
of a match
2. Electrical sparks or arc e.g. static electricity, overloading or
supply, short circuit, electric arc welding
3. Mechanical sparks caused by friction, e.g. cutting, grinding
4. Spontaneous ignition certain chemical reactions generate
sufficient heat to cause fire; e.g. yellow phosphorus oxidises
very rapidly and ignites on contact with air
5. Hot surface e.g. heater
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D. Classification of fire
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1. Fires involving solid materials
e.g. wood, paper, textiles, etc.
2. Fires involving liquids or liquifiable solids
e.g. petroleum, solvents, oil, paint
3. Fires involving gases
e.g. LPG, Town Gas
4. Fires involving metals
e.g. Magnesium, Sodium, etc.
5. Fires involving electrical hazards
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E. Three ways of extinguishing a fire
1. Starving
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(a) Take the fuel away from the fire. For example, by removing
combustible material from the neighborhood of the fire.
(b) Take the fire away from the fuel. For example, by
subdividing the burning material into smaller fires which
may be left to burn out or to be extinguished.
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2. Smothering
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Allow the fire to consume the oxygen while preventing inward
flow of more oxygen.
For examples:
use of covers or blankets
use of foam on oil
use of finely divided particles of dry powder
(e.g. sodium bicarbonate)
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3. Cooling
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F. Types of Fire Services Installations and Equipment
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2. Foam type extinguisher
FKM use on fires involving flammable liquids, such as
gasoline, oil, solvents.
3. Carbon Dioxide ( CO2 ) gas extinguisher
CO2 are designed for flammable liquid and electrical
fires only.
4. Dry Powder extinguisher
use on most fires, flammable liquids, metal fires or
electrical fires.
5. B.C.F. ( BROMOCHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE )
extinguisher
use on electrical fires, flammable liquids, delicate
UTM equipment, important documents.
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Function to:
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Secondary Objectives
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1. High-rise building
2. Architectural design
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Building codes:
FKM Specify the type of construction methods and materials that
can be used for building occupancies.
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Classification of Fire and Construction Hazards
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Fire is a rapid combustion of materials in the presence of oxygen,
without oxygen a fire cannot be sustained.
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Classification of Fires
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Classification of Hazards
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Example of an Escape Floor Plan SAB 2032
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