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8 EDITORIAL NOIDA/DELHI
The federalist principles
Deep questions of equity are raging in India and the U.S. — hypernationalism is blurring the debate
dents circumvent provisions of the lion people can elect a member of tional identity and purpose, the
federal tax law. Lok Sabha from Kerala, while in more prosperous people and re
Q ing moments of crises than during periods of re
lative calm and quiet. After sealing a deal on a D
ebates over taxation and re
presentation have been
central to the evolution of
contribute a relatively higher
share per capita to the national tax
kitty. After the 2031 Census, India
desh, Bihar, post2031. Kerala
could lose six of its current 20 Lok
Sabha seats and Tamil Nadu could
It is not that regionalism was never
a part of politics in the U.S. or In
dia, but in recent years the compe
postpoll coalition in Karnataka even before the count democracy over centuries. India will switch to a pancountry delim lose 11 of its 39. In the U.S., political tition among States has been insti
ing of votes drew to a close, the Congress and the Janata and America, the biggest and ol itation of parliamentary consti power will shift, post2020, from tutionalised and the rationale of
Dal (Secular) are unable to reach an understanding on dest democracies, respectively, tuencies, as opposed to the cur Snow Belt States in the Northeast taxation and redistribution itself is
Cabinet berths and portfolios almost a week after the are in the midst of a renewed de rent practice of redrawing and Midwest such as New York being undermined by the market
coalition proved its majority on the fl oor of the Assemb bate over these subjects in recent constituencies without aff ecting remains open as a backdrop to the and Michigan to Sun Belt States in economy. Since 2015, Indian
months, the repercussions of the number of seats in individual Trump administration’s move to the South and West, such as Texas States are ranked for ease of doing
ly. Other than on having H.D. Kumaraswamy of the JD
which will be felt decades into the States. This will result in reduced count citizens. and Washington. business; in a starker demonstra
(S) as the Chief Minister and G. Parameshwara of the future. parliamentary representation for A second critical principle of The impact on the political cha tion of this logic, Amazon is con
Congress as the Deputy Chief Minister, the two parties States with higher success in democracy, “one person, one racter of a region or the country as ducting a competition among
have been unable to agree on the contours of the coali The two cases checking population growth, typi vote,” was established in the U.S. a whole due to these shifts is diffi American States to decide where
tion government. The Congress, which was hurried into In the U.S., the Donald Trump ad cally through better social welfare through a series of judgments by cult to anticipate. But there are to house its second headquarters.
conceding considerable ground to the JD(S) by a fast ministration’s decision to include and education strategies. the Supreme Court through the reasons why minorities and vul States that do well by competition,
moving opponent in the Bharatiya Janata Party, is now a question on citizenship in the 1960s, alongside the Voting Rights nerable groups feel unsettled. In often by off ering sops to investors,
2020 Census form is being chal Deeper questions Act that empowered African the U.S. several Republican States are then expected to concede re
driving a hard bargain on the strength of its own num
lenged by several States and cities. Underlying the many concerns ex Americans to exercise their fran have in recent years introduced sources to weaker States for the
bers. The reasoning is that the party, with twice as ma Unlike India, the U.S. reallocates pressed in terms of federalism and chise. Both debates were political measures that make minority vo good of the collective, creating a
ny members as the JD(S) in the Assembly, should have the 435 seats in the House of Re the regional power balance, ho ly fraught. The American electoral ters less eff ective, diluting the tense dynamic.
its choice of ministries such as fi nance, home, public presentatives after each Census. wever, are also deeper questions map had overlooked the massive “one person, one vote” principle. The current climate of hyper
works and energy as the bigger partner that had This process of reapportionment of citizenship, identity and margi urbanisation in the country in the Many fear that the citizenship nationalism in India and America
stepped back from the race for the chief ministership. also leads to a redistribution of the nalisation of religious, linguistic fi rst half of the 20th century. Rural question in the Census could be a is only exacerbating tensions in
Otherwise, this would leave the JD(S) as the recognisa 538 electoral college votes that and ethnic minorities in both voters in thinly populated Con prelude to citizenshipbased redis stead of tempering this conversa
ble face of the government, leaving little for the Con elect the President. Besides deter democracies. gressional districts held hugely tricting and resource allocation tion. Who are the more authentic
mining how many seats each State America’s founding fathers had disproportionate political power which would disempower immi members of the nation and who
gress. The JD(S) appears willing to concede more berths
will have in the U.S. House, the made “no taxation without repre compared to expanding cities, and grants, legal and undocumented. the more legitimate claimants for
to the Congress, but would like to have some of the key Census will also determine alloca sentation” a principle of democra lawmakers had no incentive to re In India, political marginalisation its resources were questions that
portfolios, especially fi nance, for itself. tion of federal, State, and local go cy, but the correlation between draw the political map. Since the of the Muslim minority is taking fuelled the populist, hypernation
In the postGST regime the fi nance portfolio in a vernment funds for social servic taxation and representation is late 1960s, regular reapportion place not through legal manoeuvr alism undercurrents in India in
State is shorn of substantial taxlevying powers, but the es, community programmes and rather weak now. Every year, a ments have been institutionalised. ing but through social polarisa 2014 and in the U.S. in 2016. Sever
presentation of the budget in the Assembly is still the infrastructure. Critics say seeking million people come to the U.S. as Universal franchise and the tion. The current Lok Sabha has al policies enacted by govern
occasion for announcing schemes and major policy in citizenship information will sup legal residents and potential fu principle that everyone’s vote 4% Muslim members against their ments in both countries since then
press the count of noncitizens, ture citizens and start paying taxes must carry equal value were part share of 14% in the total popula smack of a majoritarian project.
itiatives. The home portfolio is important for the con
who may be legal or undocument without legislative representation. of the Indian Constitution original tion, an imbalance of power as As new debates over representa
trol of the police force, and its intelligence wing. In ed, in the Census, disadvantaging So is the case with hundreds of ly. Subsequent constitutional problematic as the regional imba tion and taxation open old
deed, the fi rst major decision that B.S. Yeddyurappa States and cities with more immi thousands of guest workers. Ho amendments have mandated that lance of power. The enthusiasm to wounds, the challenge before both
took after being sworn in Chief Minister was to make grants. Simultaneously, the federal wever, they get represented in an the distribution of parliamentary promote Hindi demonstrated by democracies is to imagine a na
appointments to the intelligence wing of the police. Pu tax code rolled out by the Trump oblique manner by virtue of being representation among various the Narendra Modi government is tional community that is inclusive,
blic works, another soughtafter portfolio, allows the administration seeks to punish counted in the Census. Some con States be based on the 1971 Cen hardly a reassuring prelude to dis representative and reassuring for
minister in charge control over construction of govern States with high taxation and high servative groups are campaigning sus, until the fi rst Census after cuss looming shift of political pow all its minorities — religious, lin
welfare spend, which tend to be for redistricting and resource allo 2026. The eff ort was to avoid dis er and relative share of tax reve guistic, ethnic and the economi
ment buildings and road works with huge outlays. Pu
Democratic. In response, several cation based on the number of citi advantaging States that stabilised nue from nonHindi States to the cally marginalised.
blic works contractors constitute the middle rungs in Democratic states have an zens, as opposed to residents, in a their populations. But the result is, Hindi belt.
most political parties, and ministers need to distribute nounced measures to help resi geographical area. The question for example, that around 1.7 mil For any country to have a na varghese.g@thehindu.co.in
patronage, favours and contracts to keep up their own
Charting its own path
network of power and infl uence. The more protracted
the tussle for berths and portfolios, the harder it will be
for the new government to infuse confi dence in the pu
blic mind about the postpoll coalition. After having
thwarted the BJP by off ering unconditional support to
Why the 20th anniversary of the Pokhran nuclear tests was so muted this month
the JD(S), the Congress cannot aff ord to get into an un nuclear deal. This status is a pro and China are modernising their test before 1968 to be NWS. So the
seemly scramble for portfolios now. But neither can it duct and a refl ection of the steady nuclear assets; the U.S. and Russia only way to fully legitimise India’s
allow the JD(S) to run the government as its own show. attempt by New Delhi to shift at are also developing weapons with (legal) nuclear choices is to make
Tact is everything in reaching a compromise. tention away from its nuclear wea calibrated yields. Pakistan claims the NPT irrelevant to India, while
pons and towards its civil nuclear to have developed tactical nuclear not undermining the Treaty. Join
technology. India could not act weapons. India has stayed away ing the NSG and MTCR would help
Paper chase Priyanjali Malik
like just another nuclear weapons
power. That route to the top table
from these discussions. Its posi
tion, as declared in 2003, states
as the informal guidelines for
membership require accession to
The Election Commission must review the use closed when the NPT was negotiat that India will respond to WMD the NPT. India has most of what it
S
of paper trail machines in the polling process ome anniversaries are cele ed. India has therefore had to learned that its international inter use against it with a strike de needs from the NSG from the 2008
brated with enthusiasm while make diff erent choices from the locutors were unable to view nu signed to cause unacceptable waiver, certainly for the current
T
he high incidence of glitches in the Voter Verifi a
others are merely observed. original fi ve. By the time the NPT clear possession by the two South damage. desultory progress in nuclear pow
ble Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) machines in Mon The muted response to the 20th was negotiated, the world had wit Asian neighbours with any degree In contrast, India has been very er production. Membership would
day’s byelections should be a major cause of con anniversary of India’s nuclear wea nessed 925 tests by the NWS, in of equanimity. Never mind that vocal about joining the Nuclear not signifi cantly aff ect power pro
cern for the Election Commission of India. Fresh pons tests this past month puts cluding 96 by the U.S. in 1962 the then Prime Minister, A.B. Vaj Suppliers Group (NSG) and the duction, and yet accession re
polling had to be ordered in dozens of booths in Kaira this milestone fi rmly in the second alone. New Delhi declared a mora payee, had mentioned two nu Missile Technology Control Re mains so totemic as to overshadow
na and BhandaraGondiya in Uttar Pradesh and Maha category (picture is of the test site at torium on testing after the two se clear neighbours, not one, in ex gime (MTCR), the informal group the fact that we have actually
rashtra, respectively, as a consequence. Ever since the Pokhran). It is a far cry from the ries of tests on May 11 and 13. plaining the reasons for the test. ings that control trade in nuclear joined the MTCR, Wassenaar Ar
triumphalism that overtook India India published a draft nuclear Nuclear weapons bound India ev and dualuse technology. Along rangement and Australia Group in
implementation of the VVPAT system last year, ma
20 years ago. And yet, in crossing doctrine within fi ve years of test er closer to Pakistan; worse, they with the Wassenaar Arrangement 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively.
chine malfunction and subsequent delays in polling the rubicon (a phrase from that ing. The U.S. fi rst published its Nu gave Pakistan the ability to invite and the Australia Group, they con
have been recurring issues. Close to 4.2% of the VVPAT era) India took a gamble with the clear Posture Review in 1994. international attention to the bilat trol trade in sensitive materials Focus on civil use
machines deployed in the Karnataka Assembly elec international nuclear regime that, None of the other NWS has an ex eral relationship by playing on ex and technology; together, they India’s choosing to clear its path to
tions this month developed glitches during the testing despite the turbulent reception, plicitly published doctrine, traregional fears of tensions esca provide ballast for the nuclear re that seat using civil nuclear rather
as well as polling processes. The overall fault rate was as has largely paid off . Even if India though enough can be gleaned lating to a nuclear level. Witness gime underpinned by the NPT. than weapons development is a
high as 11.6% in the byelections held in four parliamen today is not quite at the Nuclear from U.K. White Papers and offi the anxiety generated by Kargil And here we come to perhaps purely pragmatic decision. Decid
tary and nine Assembly constituencies on Monday. The NonProliferation Treaty (NPT) cial French and Chinese pronoun and the 2001/2002 deployment. the main reason for India’s nuclear ing to test in May 1998 at Pokhran
sanctioned top table of the origi cements. Even though debate on By the Mumbai attacks in 2008, In behaviour. India has a troubled re was probably the last truly sove
ECI has suggested that these machines were more
nal fi ve nuclear weapons states doctrine has since stalled, the dia had shifted attention away lationship with the NPT. Though reign decision that it made in this
prone to malfunctioning due to their sensitivity to ex (NWS), it is not in the company point remains that India hoped from weapons to the civil nuclear deciding against accession in 1968, fi eld. Now declared, what India
treme weather conditions and exposure to light. It also either of the other two selfde transparency would help legiti side of things. That it kept the res India supports the Treaty and has chooses to do with its nukes is —
blamed the relative inexperience of polling offi cers han clared nuclear weapons powers, mise its nuclear choices and carve ponse to Mumbai fi rmly in the di benefi tted from the stability it has legitimately — a global concern.
dling them, compared to the ballot and control units for Pakistan and North Korea. Therein out a path to the nuclear top table. plomatic sphere despite Pakistan’s provided by limiting the spread of This may explain why May 11 is
the electronic voting machines (EVMs) that have been lies the rub. Reality, however, did not pan attempts to raise the bogey of In nuclear weapons. And yet, India is now National Technology Day and
in use for much longer. The technical committee of the out that way. Each pronounce dian troop deployments speaks to the prize sought by several NPT a rising India is protecting its eco
No place at the top table ment on deterrence only streng the realisation that India’s nuclear adherents who wish to bring it into nomy by shifting attention away
ECI is now faced with a challenge to ensure that the
Today India occupies a special po thened the link between India and weapons could be used against In the fold as a nonnuclear weapons from the Bomb.
VVPAT machines hold up, with the general election due sition as a responsible state with Pakistan. From being accused of dia by those outside its borders. state. By the terms of the NPT, In
next year in the hot summer months. The VVPAT was advanced nuclear technology, to precipitating Pakistan’s 1998 tests, This might explain India’s mut dia cannot be a ‘nuclear have’ as Priyanjali Malik is an independent
added to the EVM to audit the voter tallies stored in the quote from the 2005 Joint State to not appreciating the potential ed presence in current discussions the Treaty only recognises those researcher focussing on politics and
machine. Its universal implementation — which began ment announcing the IndiaU.S. for a nuclear exchange, India on deterrence. The U.S., Russia states that conducted a nuclear nuclear security in South Asia
in the Goa Assembly polls in February 2017 — was
deemed necessary as many political parties com LETTERS TO THE EDITOR Letters emailed to letters@thehindu.co.in must carry the full postal address and the full name or the name with initials.
plained about the possible hacking of EVMs. These
complaints lacked any basis, but the VVPAT implemen Viva Brazil Indian community in Brazil this, India is fortunate that A prognosis crosspractitioners. The In the House
tation was hastened to bring back trust in the election This year marks seven comprises mainly it is not a water scarce The National Health private sector too needs to People are well aware of the
process. In all elections where it has been used, the decades of diplomatic professors, businessmen nation. Since the world’s Protection Scheme, introspect about cost challenges Speakers in our
VVPAT tallies have matched with the EVM counts, but relations with Brazil. Both and some scientists. There fresh water supply is fi xed, Ayushman Bharat, has a curtailment. legislative bodies face today
for a stray case or two when the VVPAT machine was India and Brazil share many are about 500 Brazilians in we will have to increasingly political agenda and lacks Dr. J. Terrence Jose Jerome, (OpEd page, ‘The
similarities, are committed India; about 60 Brazilian rely on technologies of transparency, in turn Tiruchi Wednesday Interview’ – P.J.
not reset before polling began.
Inadvertently, the use of these machines, which are to democratic values and students enrolled in India water conservation and leading to corruption in the Kurien, “‘Stress and disorder
aim to foster economic for ITEC programmes, reuse, including recycled working system, a lack of ■ There is no doubt that are increasing in
adjuncts to the ballot and control units of the EVMs, has
growth with social communications, sewage water. Currently, a enthusiasm in the medical there are a lot of gaps in the Parliament’,” May 30).
added to the complexity of an otherwise simple, single inclusion. Their foreign management and defence minuscule part of treated fraternity and a huge loss as health sector in terms of because of the adversarial
programmablechip based system, and rendered it policy is anchored in studies. At the academic water is used for industrial far as poor patients are aff ordability of health attitude being adopted in
prone to more glitches. There is enough empirical evi dialogue, peaceful level, Brazilian and Indian purposes. The aversion to concerned. It is a pity that services (public or private), a politics. Parliament has
dence to show that EVMs have eased polling and helped resolution of confl icts and universities have displayed using recycled water is the writer (Editorial page, lack of standard quality and become a place only for a
increase voter turnout since being put to use. But in us SouthSouth cooperation. interest in bilateral psychological. “A health scheme that insuffi cient investment in show of strength. The
ing VVPAT machines to reassure sceptics about an elec While IndiaBrazil bilateral relations. Finally, Brazil and Newer technologies, should not fail”, May 28) human resources and camaraderie of the past is
trade has increased India can also collaborate in including advanced has failed to highlight the equipment. Unregulated rare. Whenever sessions are
tion’s integrity, the ECI has introduced a new element,
substantially over the last the promotion of sports. irrigation systems that use core issues. The current commercialisation of the on, one only hears negative
and cost, to the process. Considering these challenges, decade, there is still Football is one area. India less water, and precision political dispensation and health sector is what has led terms — “logjam”
the ECI should consider deploying the VVPAT machines enormous potential. The in turn can off er its cricket agriculture that its predecessors have failed to a rise in unethical “disruption”, “bedlam”
in a limited, statistically signifi cant, randomly chosen fi rst forms of Indian culture expertise to Brazil. incorporates data to boost miserably in allocating practices. Ayushman Bharat “impasse”, “standstill”,
set of polling booths. This will reduce the possibility of to reach Brazil were related Eduardo Faleiro, productivity and improve funds (less than 2% GDP); can progress only if it is pandemonium”,
glitches aff ecting the polling process as welltested ma to spirituality, philosophy Raia, Salcete, Goa soil health should be looked synchronising reforms; accompanied by a regulation “adjournment”. Just as we
chines could be deployed (with enough replacements and religion. Mahatma into. There should also be upgrading primary, of the sector, better are exhorted to observe our
Gandhi is highly regarded Managing water an emphasis on water secondary and tertiarycare accountability and responsibilities, our
also handy) to such booths. The current verifi cation
in Brazil. A 10day festival of Although water scarcity is a recycling and effi cient medical colleges and monitoring, equity in rural representatives need to
process, after all, only involves the counting of VVPAT India was held last year in global issue, solutions such water use in agriculture headquarters hospitals with urban health services and a follow the same.
slips by randomly choosing one booth from each con Brasilia, Sao Paulo and Rio as rain water harvesting such as drip irrigation and manpower and equipment; balance in privatepublic R. Sridharan,
stituency (or segment), and this check should not be af de Janeiro to celebrate 70 must be identifi ed at the desalination. ensuring balance in State health services. Chennai
CM A ND-NDE
YK
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THE HINDU
THURSDAY, MAY 31, 2018
NOIDA/DELHI
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OPED 9
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Cost of indiff erence Sanctions against Rhodesia
he United Nations Security Council last night [May 30] im
T
The route to peace in Kashmir is a posed wideranging economic sanctions against white racist
political solution, involving all parties Southern Rhodesian regime and asked all States to observe
sanctions, report to the SecretaryGeneral and set up a sub
Zubair Nazeer committee of the Security Council to observe its implementa
The vicious cycle of violence in the tion. A farreaching resolution approved by the 15nation
Kashmir Valley, that has aff ected civi Council last night [May 30] decided that all nations should halt
lians, military forces and separatists, exports to and imports from Rhodesia. The decision also bars
fundamentally stems from a failure of travel abroad by Rhodesian citizens, international air services
the mainstream political parties to to the country and all foreign investment there. The only ex
implement their core vision. It has al ceptions would be for medical supplies, education and news
so been exacerbated by human rights material, food in certain special circumstances and remittanc
violations. But this was not always so. es to pensioners. The resolution, under mandatory provisions
REUTERS
even without their presence, as seen in 2016. Then, things source that is being sold of buyer interest. Private total current and noncur may still emerge out of the DATA POINT
changed a bit. In 2014, the PDP performed well in the elec may not be of much use to airlines such as IndiGo rent liabilities of IndiGo, blue and make a bid.
tions because its larger goal was to keep the Bharatiya Janata the bidder unless it is sold and Jet Airways did evince the market leader in terms Some believe that such a
Party (BJP) out. In fact, the PDP won more seats on the rhe as a package to him. Com some enthusiasm but have of domestic market share, buyer could combine its
toric of keeping the BJPRashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh out binatorial auctions can be since opted out of the for instance, add up to on own business operations
of the Valley. The indiff erence may have given way had the used to overcome holdout race. This seems to have ly around ₹ 14,000 crore. with Air India’s and reap
PDP communicated to the people that it had kept the right problems that are com pushed the Central go Apart from the huge debt the benefi ts of a synergy.
wing out. Its capitulation by sharing power with the BJP only mon when acquiring land vernment to extend the burden, Air India has also Selling some of Air India’s
ended up intensifying the indiff erence even further. or other resources for me deadline for submitting a been losing money for ov assets to pay back a por
The almost futile search for political alternatives has led gaprojects. It has been ad bid. The Centre had ear er a decade, with accumu tion of the debt and rene
to growing frustration and hopelessness, in turn fuelling a vocated as an alternative lier approved the sale of a lated losses of ₹ 46,805 gotiating loans are other
resurgence in militancy in Kashmir. What began in a subtle to the use of eminent do 76% stake in Air India. crore. In 201617, the air options on the table. The
way in 2012 grew into a ‘machine’ by 2015, churning out lo main laws which give the line suff ered a net loss of buyer could also make use
cal militants. Thus militancy refl ects the reality that all the government the power to Why are there no buyers? ₹ 5,765 crore. A major rea of Air India’s accumulated
stakeholders concerned have failed the people of Kashmir. seize resources without he Tairline’s poor fi nan son behind its huge losses losses to off set tax pay
Much needs to be done if the political mainstream in the the consent of private pro cial situation is what is the cost of paying inter ments in the future. This
State needs to overcome the common man’s indiff erence to perty owners. makes it largely unappeal est on its massive debt. will reduce the eff ective
wards it. It needs to make it clear to the Centre that there is a CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC ing. The airline had a debt Some analysts believe that debt burden.
need for a political solution and that New Delhi must dogg burden of around ₹ 48,781 Air India may not be If no buyer turns up, the
MORE ON
3
edly pursue it. In turn, New Delhi needs to realise that the crore as of March 2017, worth anything to its government could be
road to Kashmir has to go through both the mainstream and THE WEB which poses a huge fi nan buyers as they are unlikely forced to either continue
separatists and not through the security forces alone. Golden Boot winners of cial risk to a buyer. to obtain any free cash running Air India using
the FIFA World Cup To address this issue, the fl ow after paying money to taxpayer money or just
Zubair Nazeer teaches Public Policy at the Amity Institute of Public government has off ered to lenders. In fact, they may shut it down and sell off its
Policy, Amity University, Noida http://bit.ly/Goldboot transfer about a third of have to pay money from assets.
CM A ND-NDE
YK