PENGENALAN SIMULASI

RESERVOIR
(MPR-307)

Petroleum Engineering Department Trisakti University

2013
@edw
 Agenda

I. Persamaan Dasar Dalam Simulasi Reservoir

Integrated Modeling Workflow
Persamaan Dasar Dalam Simulasi
Reservoir
 Three Fundamental Relationships

1. Continuity equations (conservation of mass)

2 .Flow rate equations (for example, Darcy's Law)
3. Equations of state (PVT properties)
 BASIC EQUATIONS
CONSERVATION OF MASS
IN – OUT = ACCUMULATION

DARCY’S LAW
V = k/ 

EQUATION OF STATE
C = 1/ /P
 Conservation Of Mass

Reservoir block

mass entering the block - mass leaving the block = accumulation of mass in the block
Mass in - Mass out = Mass accumulation

total mass of phase ‫( ﻠ‬oil, water, or gas), length (Ax), width/lebar (Ay) depth (Az), time interval (At) , (C)akumulasi, (J)Mass
Please refer to :
 Flow Rate Equations
Darcy's Law : ditemukan pada tahun 1856 oleh Darcy sebagai tambahan dari
pengembangan equation of Continuity untuk melihat hubungan antara flow rate
dan pressure gradient dalam tiap phase

Bentuk diffrential dari persamaan tersebut adalah :

Please refer to :
 Equations Of State
PVT properties :
For single-phase fluid,

for oil or water,

 Fluid Flow through a Control Volume

• mi = Mass in
• mo = Mass out
• ms = sink/source = mass of the component leaving or entering the control
volume externally (through wells)
• ma = Mass accumulated (stored in/depleted from the control volume over
a time interval)
 Mass Conservation for Single-phase Flow in 1D
Material balance can be written as

• or

• Where:
• Fluid enters control volume across its surface at x-x/2
at mass rate wx.
• Fluid enters control volume through well at mass rate qm.
• Fluid leaves control volume across its surface at x+x/2
at mass rate wx.
Mass Conservation for Single-phase Flow in 1D

• = mass flux vector (aliran massa persatuan waktu

persatuan luas)
= massa fluida yang dikandung oleh satuan
volume reservoir
= laju produksi massa melalui sumur (massa
persatuan waktu)
Mass Conservation for Single-phase Flow in 1D
• Substitusi Persamaan (3) ke dalam Persamaan (2)

• Pembagian kedua sisi persamaan (4) dengan t dan pembagian

dan pengalian ruas pertama sisi kiri dengan x, maka
diperoleh:

• Jika x dan t mendekati nol, maka persamaan menjadi

 Mass Conservation for Single-phase Flow in 1D
• Jika Ax konstan (bebas dari x) maka Vb = Ax x dan
persamaan disederhanakan menjadi

• For single-phase flow

• therefore
Mass Conservation for Single-phase Flow in 1D

• The mass flux can be expressed as the product of the

fluid density and velocity, that is

• Therefore
 Mass Conservation for Single-phase Flow in 3D

and

• Dimana:
• mi = massa masuk
• wx = laju massa
Mass Conservation for Single-phase Flow in 3D
The limits are x0, y0, z0, t0. The mass-
conservation equation for 3D rectangular flow becomes
(similar to Eq. 6)

It is also possible to express the mass flux as the

product of the fluid density and velocity, i.e.
Mass Conservation for Single-phase Flow in 3D
• For single-phase flow

• and

• Substituting Eqs. 13 through 17 into Eq. 12

Mass Conservation for Single-phase Flow in 3D
• Dividing the above equation by csc then

• Using the definition of formation volume factor B

• Substituting Eq. 20 into Eq. 19

 Single-phase Flow Equation in Porous Media
• The equation of single-phase flow can be obtained by
combining the appropriate form of Darcy’s law and the
mass-conservation equation.
• Darcy’s law is an empirical relationship between fluid
flow rate through a porous medium and potential
gradient.
• For single-phase, 1D flow can be expressed as

• c = transmissibility coefficient
•  = fluid potential
•  = fluid viscosity
• k = rock permeability in the direction of flow
 Single-phase Flow Equation in Porous Media

• For 3D flow, the differential form of Darcy’s law is

• The potential gradien is defined as

• With the definition for potential gradient (Eq. 24)

the Eq. 23 becomes
 Single-phase Flow Equation in Porous Media
• Combining Darcy’s law for single-phase flow (Eq.
25), and the mass conservation (Eq. 21), yields
the flow equation for single-phase flow.
• For 3D porous media

• For 1D porous media

 Single-phase Flow Equation in Porous Media
Potential () = Pressure (p) + Elevation (Z)
If Eqs. 26 and 27 are written in terms of pressure only
(assuming horizontal flow and ignoring gravitational
force in the z direction), it takes the forms
• For 3D porous media

• For 1D porous media

Unit for Variables
The Flow Equation of Different Fluid
Types
 Initial and Boundary Condition

• Boundary Condition:
Internal Boundary Condition (Wellbore Condition)
External Boundary Condition (Reservoir Boundary)

• Jenis Boundary Condition:

Pressure Specified on the Boundary (Dirichlet Problem)
Pressure Gradient Specified on the Boundary (Neumann Problem)
Pressure Gradient and Pressure Specifications on the Boundary
1. Pressure Specified on The Boundary (Dirichlet
Problem)

• Internal Boundary (Wellbore):

 Constant sandface pressure at producing/injection wells.
pinternal = pwf

• External Boundary:
 Constant pressure boundary at reservoir boundary (This
type of boundary condition occurs in reservoirs that are
constantly charged by strong water influx so that the
pressure at the interface between hydrocarbon reservoir
and the supporting aquifer remains constant)
pexternal = pe
1. Pressure Specified on The Boundary (Dirichlet
Problem)
2. Pressure Gradient Specified on The Boundary
(Neumann Problem)

• Internal Boundary (Wellbore):

A constant flow rate specified at producing/injection
wells.

• External Boundary:
Specification of the flux normal to boundary.
No-flow boundary for a volumetric reservoir with
completely sealed outer boundaries. It is equivalent to
a zero pressure gradient across its outer boundaries.
2. Pressure Gradient Specified on The Boundary
(Neumann Problem)
3. Pressure Gradient and Pressure Specification on
The Boundary (Mixed Boundary Condition)

• Internal Boundary (Wellbore):

Either a constant sandface pressure or A constant flow
rate specified at producing/injection wells.

• External Boundary:
Dirichlet type boundary condition is prescribed over a
part of the boundary and the Neumann condition is
prescribed over the remainder of the boundary.
An oil reservoir that is partially exposed to a strong
aquifer is a typical example of the mixed-boundary-
condition specification.
3. Pressure Gradient and Pressure Specification on
The Boundary (Mixed Boundary Condition)
General Equation of Single-Phase Flow in 1D
Porous Media

Where:
 = Fluid potential, p = Pressure, Z = Elevation
If the elevation parameter is ignored then Eq. 1 becomes

For Single-Phase Flow in 3D Porous Media

 Incompressible Fluid Flow Equation
If the fluid is incompressible, the density is constant.
Therefore formation volume factor (B) is constant.
If the thermal effect going up the wellbore is negligible B= 1
Furthermore viscosity is also constant.
Accordingly Eq. 4 can be rewritten as:

The solution is steady state flow problem (independent of

time)
The solution does not allow for accumulation or depletion
Pressure surface over the reservoir remain intact and
develope instantaneously.
 Incompressible Fluid Flow Equation
• For anisotropic (kx  ky  kz) but homogeneous (kx = ky = kz are
uniform) medium, Eq. 5 becomes

• Note that, Vb at Eq. 6 is defined as

• and if the medium is isotropic (kx = ky = kz = k) as well as

homogeneous, we obtain

• Furthermore, if no well is within the domain of interest (qsc = 0)

 Slightly Compressible Fluid Flow Equation
• It is assumed that fluid compressibility is small and
remains constant within the pressure range of
interest. Therefore FVF can be approximated as

Where:
c = fluid compressibility
Bo = formation volume factor at standard condition
po,To)
• Substituting for B on the right side of Eq. 4 with Eq.
10, and assuming incompressible porous medium,
yields
 Slightly Compressible Fluid Flow Equation
• The flow equation (Eq. 4) for a slightly
compressible fluid then becomes

• Treating  as a constant, Eq. 12 becomes

 Slightly Compressible Fluid Flow Equation
Expanding the derivatives on the left side gives
 Slightly Compressible Fluid Flow Equation
• Assuming that [1+c(p-po)]1 and neglecting the
square of pressure gradient terms yields

Equation 15 represents the flow of a single-phase ,

slightly compressible liquid in a heterogeneous and
anisotropic formation
 Slightly Compressible Fluid Flow Equation
For a homogeneous and isotropic formation, the equation
above can be simplified to obtain

Furthermore, if there is no external source/sink (well) in the

system, equation 16 becomes

Equation 17 is known as the diffusivity equation. It should

realized, however, that the flow dynamics described in Eq. 17
are not diffusional flow but laminar Darcy flow. Eq. 17 is called
the diffusivity equation because of the mathematical analogy to
diffusional flow.
 Compressible Fluid Flow Equation
For gas flow it is impossible to assume constant
compressibility and viscosity. Therefore , the real-
gas lawis used as an EOS to express the variation of
density of gas with pressure. Starting with Eq. 18

Substitute for the velocity terms and use Eq. 19 for

qm and Eq. 20 for Bg

and
 Compressible Fluid Flow Equation
to obtain

Eq. (21) assumed that . Dividing the

entire equation by gsc c yields
 Compressible Fluid Flow Equation
Assuming that porosity is independent of pressure and
substituting for the gas-phase FVF, as expressed by

On the right side of Eq. 22 yields the final form of the

compressible flow equation

Eq. 24 is a nonlinear PDE and can only be solved

numerically. The non linearity arises from the strong
dependency of g, Bg, and Z on P, the dependent variable.
Tekanan Kapiler
Integrated Modeling Workflow
Tekanan Kapiler Pseudo
Pengertian Tekanan Kapiler
Penggunaan Tekanan Kapiler
 Uses of Capillary Pressure Data

• Determine initial water saturation in the reservoir

• Determine fluid distribution in reservoir
• Determine residual oil saturation for water
flooding applications
• Determine pore size distribution index
• May help in identifying zones or rock types
• Input for reservoir simulation calculations.
Capillary Pressure Concept
 Tekanan Kapiler
Tekanan Kapiler (Pc) :
Sebagai perbedaan tekanan yang ada antara permukaan dua fluida yang tidak tercampur (cairan-
cairan atau cairan-gas) sebagai akibat dari terjadinya pertemuan permukaan yang memisahkan
kedua fluida tersebut.

Pengaruh Tekanan Kapiler Terhadap Sistem Reservoir :

• Mengontrol distribusi saturasi dalam reservoir, ref. Kurva distribusi fluida
• Merupakan mekanisme pendorong minyak dan gas untuk bergerak atau mengalir melalui pori-pori
secara vertikal
Capillary Pressure and Fluid Saturation
 Tekanan Dalam Pipa Kapiler

Gambar A : Tekanan Dalam Pipa Kapiler

Penjelasan Gambar A adalah bahwa sebuah pipa kapiler dalam suatu bejana
terlihat bahwa air naik ke atas di dalam pipa akibat gaya adhesi antara air
dan dinding pipa yang arah resultannya ke atas.
 Tekanan Kapiler

Gaya yang bekerja pada sistem tersebut adalah:

• Besarnya gaya tarik ke atas adalah , dimana r adalah jari2 pipa kapiler
• Sedangkan besarnya gaya dorong ke bawah adalah

Persamaan adalah :

Atau Dimana :
 Tekanan Kapiler

Besarnya tekanan kapiler sama dengan selisih antara tekanan fasa air dengan tekanan fasa minyak.

Pc berdasarkan sudut kontak :

Dimana :

Pc merupakan f (tegangan permukaan)

Perhitungan jari-jari kelengkungan rata-rata (Rm)

kedua jari2 kelengkungan diukur pada bidang yang saling tegak lurus
 Tekanan Kapiler

• Ketinggian (h) akan bertambah jika perbedaan densitas fluida

berkurang, sementara faktor lainnya tetap.
• Untuk reservoir minyak yang mempunyai deg API rendah maka kontak
minyak-air akan mempunyai zona transisi yang panjang.

• Batuan reservoir yang mempunyai permeabilitas besar akan mempunyai

tekanan kapiler yang rendah dan ketebalan zona transisinya lebih tipis
daripada reservoir dengan permeabilitas yang rendah
 Effects of Reservoir Properties
on Capillary Pressure
Karakteristik tekanan kapiler dalam reservoir dipengaruhi
oleh :
• Variations in permeability
• Grain size distribution (jari-jari kelengkungan pori)
• Saturation history
• Contact angle (sudut kontak antara minyak-air-zat
padat)
• Interfacial tension (tegangan permukaan)
• Density difference between fluids
Effect of Permeability
Effect of Grain Size Distribution
 Effect of Saturation History

Imbibition : membasahi batuan : (air mendesak minyak)

Effect of Contact Angle
Effect of Interfacial Tension
Effect of Density Difference
 Averaging Capillary Pressure Data Using the
Leverett J-Function
• Kurva tekanan kapiler universal tidak mungkin
menghasilkan dikarenakan adanya variasi sifat
yang mempengaruhi tekanan kapiler di dalam
reservoir
• Leverett J-fungsi dikembangkan sebagai upaya
untuk mengkonversi semua data tekanan kapiler
ke kurva yang universal

Use of Leverett J-Function

• J-function is useful for averaging capillary pressure data from a given
rock type from a given reservoir.
• J-function can sometimes be extended to different reservoirs having
same lithology's.
• J-function usually does not predict an accurate correlation for different
lithology's.
• If J-functions are not successful in reducing the scatter in a given set of
data, then this suggests that we are dealing with different rock types.
Exercise : Capillary Pressure