TAREA PROCESOS EXTRACTIVOS I

NOMBRES: Gil Sanchez Josue CODIGO: 20120328H

1. Haga el análisis termodinámico del proceso de calcinación de los

siguientes compuestos: CaCO3(caliza) y CaCO3.MgCO3 (dolomita) en el
rango de temperatura de 298 a 2000K. Comente.

 CaCO3(caliza)

THERMO CALC version M for PC / Windows NT

Copyright (1993,1995) Foundation for Computational Thermodynamics,
Stockholm, Sweden
Double precision version linked at 08-17-98 16:31:34
For use at: Pontificia Universidade Catolica
By only: Fernando Rizzo, Roberto R. de Avillez

SYS:go tab
TAB:tab-rea
Reaction:CA1C1O3=CA1O1+C1O2<G>
&
Use one of these databases

KP = Kaufman binary alloys database

PURE = SGTE pure element database
GEO = Saxena geochemical database
G35 = Semiconductor III-V binary database
AQ = TC public aqueous solution database
PSUB = TC public pure substance database
PION = TC public ionic database
BIN97 = TC public binary solution database
BIN = Binary database
TER98 = TC public ternary solution database
SUB94 = TC Banco de dados das substancias
SSOL = TC banco de dados SGTE das substancias
POT = TC banco de dados para diagramas de potenciais
IRSID = IRSID database
ION = Ionic KTH database
CHAT = Chatenary post-transitional binarys
SLAG = Fe slag database
IFACO = Interstitial Free Steel database
COST = Cost507 version 1999 database
FRIB = Fridberg Dilute Fe-alloy Database
BISH = Bishop Dilute Al-alloy Database
MOB2 = TCAB Alloy Mobility Solution Database
OIKA = Oikawa Dilute Fe-alloy Database
USER = User defined Database

DATABASE NAME: SUB 94

THERMODYNAMIC DATABASE module running on PC/WINDOWS NT
Current database: TC Banco de dados das substancias

VA DEFINED
VA DEFINED
REINITIATING GES5 .....
C1CA1O3 C1O2 CA1O1
DEFINED
ELEMENTS .....
SPECIES ......
PHASES .......
PARAMETERS ...

List of references for assessed data

C1O2<G> T.C.R.A.S Class: 2

CA1O1<G> T.C.R.A.S Class: 2
C1CA1O3 T.C.R.A.S Class: 5
CA1O1 T.C.R.A.S Class: 4

The list of references can be obtained in the Gibbs Energy System also
by the command LIST_DATA and option R

-OK-
Pressure /100000/: 101325
Low temperature limit /298.15/:
High temperature limit /2000/:
Step in temperature /100/:

Output file /SCREEN/:

OUTPUT FROM THERMO-CALC

15. 9. 5 15.30.10

Reaction: C1CA1O3=C1O2<G>+CA1O1
C1CA1O3 stable as C1CA1O3_S
C1O2<GAS>
CA1O1 stable as CA1O1_S

******************************************************************************
T Delta-Cp Delta-H Delta-S Delta-G
(K) (Joule/K) (Joule) (Joule/K) (Joule)
******************************************************************************
298.15 -4.28433E+00 1.78170E+05 1.60064E+02 1.30447E+05
300.00 -4.39452E+00 1.78162E+05 1.60037E+02 1.30151E+05
400.00 -8.48995E+00 1.77493E+05 1.58141E+02 1.14237E+05
500.00 -1.08203E+01 1.76520E+05 1.55979E+02 9.85306E+04
600.00 -1.25701E+01 1.75348E+05 1.53847E+02 8.30399E+04
 700.00 -1.41453E+01 1.74012E+05 1.51790E+02 6.77587E+04
800.00 -1.57155E+01 1.72519E+05 1.49799E+02 5.26797E+04
900.00 -1.73635E+01 1.70866E+05 1.47854E+02 3.77973E+04
1000.00 -1.89959E+01 1.69049E+05 1.45942E+02 2.31078E+04
1100.00 -2.07431E+01 1.67063E+05 1.44050E+02 8.60833E+03
1200.00 -2.25394E+01 1.64899E+05 1.42168E+02 -5.70249E+03
1300.00 -2.43438E+01 1.62555E+05 1.40293E+02 -1.98255E+04
1400.00 -2.61278E+01 1.60031E+05 1.38423E+02 -3.37612E+04
1500.00 -2.80052E+01 1.57324E+05 1.36556E+02 -4.75101E+04
1600.00 -2.98223E+01 1.54432E+05 1.34690E+02 -6.10724E+04
1602. ---- C1CA1O3 becomes C1CA1O3_L ,delta-H = 36000.00
1700.00 -4.66747E+01 1.13767E+05 1.09405E+02 -7.22213E+04
1800.00 -4.56633E+01 1.09150E+05 1.06766E+02 -8.30281E+04
1900.00 -4.46759E+01 1.04633E+05 1.04323E+02 -9.35810E+04

Vemos que se debe comenzar de una temperatura de 298,15 ºK y la caliza a 1602 ºK

pasa de CaCO3 solido a CaCO3 liquido , y necesita una entalpia de ΔH = 36000.00
joules.

2. Se quiere analizar la calcinación de los siguientes carbonatos: ZnCO3,

FeCO3, BaCO3, Li2CO3 ¿Podría Ud. indicar las temperaturas de
descomposición de cada uno de los carbonatos presentados?.

 ZnCO3

THERMO CALC version M for PC / Windows NT

Copyright (1993,1995) Foundation for Computational Thermodynamics,
Stockholm, Sweden
Double precision version linked at 08-17-98 16:31:34
For use at: Pontificia Universidade Catolica
By only: Fernando Rizzo, Roberto R. de Avillez

SYS:go tab
TAB:tab-rea
Reaction:Zn1C1O3=Zn1O1+C1O2<G>
&
Use one of these databases

KP = Kaufman binary alloys database

PURE = SGTE pure element database
GEO = Saxena geochemical database
G35 = Semiconductor III-V binary database
AQ = TC public aqueous solution database
PSUB = TC public pure substance database
PION = TC public ionic database
BIN97 = TC public binary solution database
BIN = Binary database
TER98 = TC public ternary solution database
SUB94 = TC Banco de dados das substancias
SSOL = TC banco de dados SGTE das substancias
POT = TC banco de dados para diagramas de potenciais
IRSID = IRSID database
ION = Ionic KTH database
CHAT = Chatenary post-transitional binarys
SLAG = Fe slag database
IFACO = Interstitial Free Steel database
COST = Cost507 version 1999 database
FRIB = Fridberg Dilute Fe-alloy Database
BISH = Bishop Dilute Al-alloy Database
MOB2 = TCAB Alloy Mobility Solution Database
OIKA = Oikawa Dilute Fe-alloy Database
USER = User defined Database

DATABASE NAME: SUB 94

THERMODYNAMIC DATABASE module running on PC/WINDOWS NT
Current database: TC Banco de dados das substancias

VA DEFINED
VA DEFINED
REINITIATING GES5 .....
C1O3ZN1 C1O2 O1ZN1
DEFINED
ELEMENTS .....
SPECIES ......
PHASES .......
PARAMETERS ...

List of references for assessed data

C1O2<G> T.C.R.A.S Class: 2

O1ZN1<G> T.C.R.A.S Class: 5
C1O3ZN1 S.G.T.E. SGTE **
DECOMPOSITION BEFORE MELTING. ESTIMATED COEFFICIENTS FOR CP.
O1ZN1 RWTH-91 SGTE **
MOLWT(G/M): 81.3690

The list of references can be obtained in the Gibbs Energy System also
by the command LIST_DATA and option R

-OK-
Pressure /100000/: 101325
Low temperature limit /298.15/:
High temperature limit /2000/:
Step in temperature /100/:

Output file /SCREEN/:

OUTPUT FROM THERMO-CALC

15. 9. 5 15.57.21

Reaction: C1O3ZN1=C1O2<G>+O1ZN1
C1O3ZN1 stable as C1O3ZN1_S
C1O2<GAS>
O1ZN1 stable as O1ZN1_S

******************************************************************************
T Delta-Cp Delta-H Delta-S Delta-G
(K) (Joule/K) (Joule) (Joule/K) (Joule)
******************************************************************************
298.15 -2.69844E+00 6.87720E+04 1.74899E+02 1.66260E+04
300.00 -2.72631E+00 6.87670E+04 1.74882E+02 1.63024E+04
400.00 -7.41924E+00 6.83025E+04 1.73578E+02 -1.12876E+03
500.00 -1.54386E+01 6.71766E+04 1.71099E+02 -1.83729E+04
600.00 -2.49462E+01 6.51662E+04 1.67460E+02 -3.53098E+04
700.00 -3.53122E+01 6.21590E+04 1.62845E+02 -5.18324E+04

Temperatura de descomposicion: 700 ºK

 FeCO3

THERMO CALC version M for PC / Windows NT

Copyright (1993,1995) Foundation for Computational Thermodynamics,
Stockholm, Sweden
Double precision version linked at 08-17-98 16:31:34
For use at: Pontificia Universidade Catolica
By only: Fernando Rizzo, Roberto R. de Avillez

SYS:go tab
TAB:tab-rea
Reaction:Fe1C1O3=Fe1O1+C1O2<G>
&
Use one of these databases

KP = Kaufman binary alloys database

PURE = SGTE pure element database
GEO = Saxena geochemical database
G35 = Semiconductor III-V binary database
AQ = TC public aqueous solution database
PSUB = TC public pure substance database
PION = TC public ionic database
BIN97 = TC public binary solution database
BIN = Binary database
TER98 = TC public ternary solution database
SUB94 = TC Banco de dados das substancias
SSOL = TC banco de dados SGTE das substancias
POT = TC banco de dados para diagramas de potenciais
IRSID = IRSID database
ION = Ionic KTH database
CHAT = Chatenary post-transitional binarys
SLAG = Fe slag database
IFACO = Interstitial Free Steel database
COST = Cost507 version 1999 database
FRIB = Fridberg Dilute Fe-alloy Database
BISH = Bishop Dilute Al-alloy Database
MOB2 = TCAB Alloy Mobility Solution Database

OIKA = Oikawa Dilute Fe-alloy Database

USER = User defined Database

DATABASE NAME: SUB 94

THERMODYNAMIC DATABASE module running on PC/WINDOWS NT
Current database: TC Banco de dados das substancias

VA DEFINED
VA DEFINED
REINITIATING GES5 .....
C1FE1O3 C1O2 FE1O1
DEFINED
ELEMENTS .....
SPECIES ......
PHASES .......
PARAMETERS ...

List of references for assessed data

C1O2<G> T.C.R.A.S Class: 2

FE1O1<G> T.C.R.A.S Class: 4
C1FE1O3 N.P.L. SGTE **
IL S'AGIT DU COMPOSE FE(CO3). IL SE DECOMPOSE AVANT FUSION.
FE1O1 JANAF THERMOCHEMICAL TABLES SGTE
PUBLISHED BY JANAF AT 6/65
Data estimated from those for wustite-see seperate entry Fe0.947O.

The list of references can be obtained in the Gibbs Energy System also
by the command LIST_DATA and option R

-OK-
Pressure /100000/: 101325
Low temperature limit /298.15/:
High temperature limit /2000/:
Step in temperature /100/:

Output file /SCREEN/:

OUTPUT FROM THERMO-CALC

15. 9. 5 22.24.34
Reaction: C1FE1O3=C1O2<G>+FE1O1
C1FE1O3 stable as C1FE1O3_S
C1O2<GAS>
FE1O1 stable as FE1O1_S

******************************************************************************
T Delta-Cp Delta-H Delta-S Delta-G
(K) (Joule/K) (Joule) (Joule/K) (Joule)
******************************************************************************
298.15 4.94643E+00 7.50143E+04 1.81541E+02 2.08880E+04
300.00 4.87368E+00 7.50234E+04 1.81571E+02 2.05521E+04
400.00 -2.84343E-01 7.52693E+04 1.82314E+02 2.34369E+03
500.00 -6.72963E+00 7.49252E+04 1.81573E+02 -1.58613E+04
600.00 -1.37601E+01 7.39043E+04 1.79731E+02 -3.39344E+04
700.00 -2.14594E+01 7.21464E+04 1.77037E+02 -5.17792E+04
800.00 -2.96018E+01 6.95976E+04 1.73645E+02 -6.93185E+04
Temperature range exceeded for C1FE1O3
Temperatura de descomposicion: 800ºK

 BaCO3

THERMO CALC version M for PC / Windows NT

Copyright (1993,1995) Foundation for Computational Thermodynamics,
Stockholm, Sweden
Double precision version linked at 08-17-98 16:31:34
For use at: Pontificia Universidade Catolica
By only: Fernando Rizzo, Roberto R. de Avillez
SYS:go tab
TAB:tab-rea
Reaction:Ba1C1O3=Ba1O1+C1O2<G>
&
Use one of these databases
KP = Kaufman binary alloys database
PURE = SGTE pure element database
GEO = Saxena geochemical database
G35 = Semiconductor III-V binary database
AQ = TC public aqueous solution database
PSUB = TC public pure substance database
PION = TC public ionic database
BIN97 = TC public binary solution database
BIN = Binary database
TER98 = TC public ternary solution database
SUB94 = TC Banco de dados das substancias
SSOL = TC banco de dados SGTE das substancias
POT = TC banco de dados para diagramas de potenciais
IRSID = IRSID database
ION = Ionic KTH database
CHAT = Chatenary post-transitional binarys
SLAG = Fe slag database
IFACO = Interstitial Free Steel database
COST = Cost507 version 1999 database
FRIB = Fridberg Dilute Fe-alloy Database
BISH = Bishop Dilute Al-alloy Database
MOB2 = TCAB Alloy Mobility Solution Database
OIKA = Oikawa Dilute Fe-alloy Database
USER = User defined Database

DATABASE NAME: SUB 94

THERMODYNAMIC DATABASE module running on PC/WINDOWS NT
Current database: TC Banco de dados das substancias

VA DEFINED
VA DEFINED
REINITIATING GES5 .....
BA1C1O3 C1O2 BA1O1
DEFINED
ELEMENTS .....
SPECIES ......
PHASES .......
PARAMETERS ...

List of references for assessed data

BA1O1<G> T.C.R.A.S Class: 1

C1O2<G> T.C.R.A.S Class: 2
BA1C1O3 T.C.R.A.S Class: 6
BA1O1 T.C.R.A.S Class: 5

The list of references can be obtained in the Gibbs Energy System also
by the command LIST_DATA and option R

-OK-
Pressure /100000/: 101325
Low temperature limit /298.15/:
High temperature limit /2000/:
Step in temperature /100/:

Output file /SCREEN/:

OUTPUT FROM THERMO-CALC

15. 9. 5 16. 8.14

Reaction: BA1C1O3=C1O2<G>+BA1O1
BA1C1O3 stable as BA1C1O3_S
C1O2<GAS>
BA1O1 stable as BA1O1_S
******************************************************************************
T Delta-Cp Delta-H Delta-S Delta-G
(K) (Joule/K) (Joule) (Joule/K) (Joule)
******************************************************************************
298.15 -1.83962E+00 2.72490E+05 1.73574E+02 2.20739E+05
300.00 -2.08828E+00 2.72486E+05 1.73561E+02 2.20418E+05
400.00 -9.21989E+00 2.71841E+05 1.71754E+02 2.03140E+05
500.00 -1.13590E+01 2.70798E+05 1.69434E+02 1.86081E+05
600.00 -1.31443E+01 2.69579E+05 1.67216E+02 1.69249E+05
700.00 -1.61652E+01 2.68127E+05 1.64984E+02 1.52638E+05
800.00 -2.10857E+01 2.66282E+05 1.62528E+02 1.36260E+05
900.00 -2.82248E+01 2.63836E+05 1.59655E+02 1.20146E+05
1000.00 -3.76136E+01 2.60564E+05 1.56217E+02 1.04347E+05
1083. ---- BA1C1O3 becomes BA1C1O3_S2 ,delta-H = 16300.00
1100.00 -5.01575E+01 2.39899E+05 1.37015E+02 8.91818E+04
1200.00 -4.87746E+01 2.34953E+05 1.32711E+02 7.56996E+04
1233. ---- BA1C1O3 becomes BA1C1O3_S3 ,delta-H = 2900.00
1300.00 -4.94315E+01 2.27109E+05 1.26402E+02 6.27857E+04
1302. ---- BA1O1 becomes BA1O1_S2 ,delta-H = 7119.00
1400.00 -4.81736E+01 2.29332E+05 1.28250E+02 4.97823E+04
1500.00 -4.53504E+01 2.24645E+05 1.25015E+02 3.71226E+04
1600.00 -4.13137E+01 2.20303E+05 1.22211E+02 2.47649E+04
1700.00 -3.63149E+01 2.16414E+05 1.19852E+02 1.26655E+04
1800.00 -3.05377E+01 2.13066E+05 1.17937E+02 7.79730E+02
1827. ---- BA1C1O3 becomes BA1C1O3_L ,delta-H = 40000.00
1900.00 -2.91180E+01 1.69968E+05 9.43798E+01 -9.35378E+03
2000.00 -2.22060E+01 1.67398E+05 9.30601E+01 -1.87223E+04

Temperatura de descomposición: 1302ºK

 L12CO3
THERMO CALC version M for PC / Windows NT
Copyright (1993,1995) Foundation for Computational Thermodynamics,
Stockholm, Sweden
Double precision version linked at 08-17-98 16:31:34
For use at: Pontificia Universidade Catolica
By only: Fernando Rizzo, Roberto R. de Avillez

SYS:go tab
TAB:tab-rea
Reaction:Li2C1O3=Li2O1+C1O2<G>
&
Use one of these databases

KP = Kaufman binary alloys database

PURE = SGTE pure element database
GEO = Saxena geochemical database
G35 = Semiconductor III-V binary database
AQ = TC public aqueous solution database
PSUB = TC public pure substance database
PION = TC public ionic database
BIN97 = TC public binary solution database
BIN = Binary database
TER98 = TC public ternary solution database
SUB94 = TC Banco de dados das substancias
SSOL = TC banco de dados SGTE das substancias
POT = TC banco de dados para diagramas de potenciais
IRSID = IRSID database
ION = Ionic KTH database
CHAT = Chatenary post-transitional binarys
SLAG = Fe slag database
IFACO = Interstitial Free Steel database
COST = Cost507 version 1999 database
FRIB = Fridberg Dilute Fe-alloy Database
BISH = Bishop Dilute Al-alloy Database
MOB2 = TCAB Alloy Mobility Solution Database
OIKA = Oikawa Dilute Fe-alloy Database
USER = User defined Database

DATABASE NAME: SUB 94

THERMODYNAMIC DATABASE module running on PC/WINDOWS NT
Current database: TC Banco de dados das substancias

VA DEFINED
VA DEFINED
REINITIATING GES5 .....
C1LI2O3 C1O2 LI2O1
DEFINED
ELEMENTS .....
SPECIES ......
PHASES .......
PARAMETERS ...

List of references for assessed data

C1O2<G> T.C.R.A.S Class: 2

LI2O1<G> T.C.R.A.S Class: 6
C1LI2O3 **
NPL assessment (close to Janaf values) ; N.B Gurvich Vol4 has no
transit
below T(fus)
LI2O1 T.C.R.A.S Class: 6

The list of references can be obtained in the Gibbs Energy System also
by the command LIST_DATA and option R

-OK-
Pressure /100000/: 101325
Low temperature limit /298.15/:
High temperature limit /2000/:
Step in temperature /100/:
Output file /SCREEN/:

OUTPUT FROM THERMO-CALC

15. 9. 5 16.25.30
 Reaction: C1LI2O3=C1O2<G>+LI2O1
C1LI2O3 stable as C1LI2O3_S
C1O2<GAS>
LI2O1 stable as LI2O1_S

******************************************************************************
T Delta-Cp Delta-H Delta-S Delta-G
(K) (Joule/K) (Joule) (Joule/K) (Joule)
******************************************************************************
298.15 -4.97826E+00 2.24480E+05 1.61119E+02 1.76443E+05
300.00 -4.93776E+00 2.24471E+05 1.61088E+02 1.76144E+05
400.00 -6.73674E+00 2.23948E+05 1.59596E+02 1.60110E+05
500.00 -1.49657E+01 2.22911E+05 1.57316E+02 1.44253E+05
600.00 -2.87461E+01 2.20770E+05 1.53451E+02 1.28700E+05
623. ---- C1LI2O3 becomes C1LI2O3_S2 ,delta-H = 560.70
682. ---- C1LI2O3 becomes C1LI2O3_S3 ,delta-H = 2238.40
700.00 -1.44999E+01 2.15688E+05 1.45720E+02 1.13684E+05
800.00 -2.70564E+01 2.13611E+05 1.42965E+02 9.92388E+04
900.00 -3.95917E+01 2.10278E+05 1.39054E+02 8.51294E+04
1000.00 -5.18814E+01 2.05703E+05 1.34245E+02 7.14579E+04
1005. ---- C1LI2O3 becomes C1LI2O3_L ,delta-H = 44768.80
1100.00 -3.64712E+01 1.56943E+05 8.58885E+01 6.24658E+04
1200.00 -3.03484E+01 1.53599E+05 8.29753E+01 5.40291E+04
1300.00 -2.38727E+01 1.50885E+05 8.07993E+01 4.58462E+04
1400.00 -1.69938E+01 1.48838E+05 7.92793E+01 3.78474E+04
1500.00 -9.67788E+00 1.47501E+05 7.83537E+01 2.99705E+04
1600.00 -1.90112E+00 1.46918E+05 7.79748E+01 2.21585E+04
1700.00 6.35340E+00 1.47137E+05 7.81048E+01 1.43586E+04
1727. ---- LI2O1 becomes LI2O1_L ,delta-H = 35600.00
1800.00 -2.17463E+01 1.81311E+05 9.79249E+01 5.04634E+03
1900.00 -2.13949E+01 1.79154E+05 9.67587E+01 -4.68716E+03
Temperatura de descomposicion: 1727 ºK

3. Indique los tipos de cal y los factores que influyen en la calidad de cal
obtenida.
La cal viva es obtenida a partir de la calcinación de la caliza(CaCO3) por la
siguiente reacción:
CaCO3→ CaO + CO2

La cal apagada se obtiene a partir de la cal viva haciendo una reacción

estequiométrica con agua, esta reacción es exotérmica:

CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2

Los factores que influyen en la calidad de la cal obtenida son:

 La dureza de la cal obtenida, depende de las impurezas de la caliza utilizada
como también de la temperatura de calcinación, una impura, da una cal dura si
se calcina a temperaturas elevadas.
La porosidad - y como consecuencia la densidad – de las cales también
depende de la temperatura de calcinación, a mayor temperatura menor
porosidad y por lo tanto una mayor densidad, como consecuencia de esto a
mayor temperatura, la cal va perdiendo actividad química, es por esta razón
que conviene sintetizar la cal a temperaturas lo mas cercanas a la temperatura
de disociación de la caliza.
Las calizas que contienen entre un 15 – 30 % de materia arcillosa produce
cales altamente hidráulicas (cales cementicias)

4. Construya un Diagrama de Ellingham para los siguientes óxidos: Ag2O,

Cu2O, NiO, ZnO, SiO2, Al2O3, CaO e indique el orden de los óxidos de
mayor a menor estabilidad. ¿Cuál es la utilidad de este diagrama?
Según la figura :
m: Pendiente

m  0   rSO  0 Aumento de T   r G O disminuye

m  0   r SO  0 Aumento de T   r G O aumenta
(inestabil idad del óxido)
Por lo tanto según las graficas , el orden de mayor a menor estabilidad es:
Ag2O, Cu2O, SiO2, Al2O3,NiO,CaO,ZnO

Hay tres empleos principales del diagrama de Ellingham:

  Determinar la facilidad relativa de reducir un dado óxido metálico a
metal
 Determinar la presión parcial de oxígeno que está en el equilibrio con
un óxido metálico en una dada temperatura.

 Determinar la proporción de monóxido de carbono al dióxido de carbono

que será capaz de reducir el óxido a metal en una temperatura dada.

5. Construya un Diagrama de Ellingham para los siguientes sulfuros: Ag2S, PbS,

ZnS, MnS, CaS e indique el orden de los sulfuros de mayor a menor
estabilidad.
El orden de mayor a menor estabilidad según las graficas es:
Ag2S,MnS,PbS,CaS,ZnS