Bearing SKF

Rolling bearings
MITCalc
(Content) Rolling bearings.
This document can be used for the selection, calculation and check of rolling bearings of the company
www.mitcalc.com
SKF. The programme provides solutions to the following tasks:
1. Selection and check of a suitable bearing. The document includes a database of approx. 10,000
different rolling bearings SKF in all basic types and design.
Rolling bearings 2. Calculation of basic bearing parameters (life, static safety, etc.).
3. Calculation of adjusted bearing life acc. to the new methodology of ISO 281.
● Control and syntax
● Information on the project 4. Calculation of load with a pair of tapered roller bearings or a pair angular contact ball bearings
● Theory - Fundamentals resp.
● Process of calculation 5. Support of 2D and 3D CAD systems.
● Selection of bearing type,
bearing loads
In addition to the above given basic calculations, the document also includes several other auxiliary
● Selection of bearing size calculations (e.g. a calculation of lubricant operational viscosity, calculation of mean loads for bearings
● Adjusted bearing life loaded by variable loads, calculation of permitted bearing speed, etc.).
● Auxiliary calculations
The programme uses data, procedures, algorithms and other information from specialised literature,
● Fluctuating bearing load catalogues of rolling bearings SKF, ISO, ANSI, SAE standards and other sources.
● Calculation of bearings with
angular contact Related standards: ISO 15, ISO 76, ISO 104, ISO 281, ISO 355, ISO 1132, ISO 5593, ISO 5753, ISO
3448, ISO 15312, DIN 615, DIN 620, DIN 625, DIN 628, DIN 630, DIN 635, DIN 711, DIN 715, DIN 720,
Graphic output
DIN 722, DIN 728, BS 290, BS 292, BS 3134
●
● Setting, change the language

● Workbook modifications Hint: When selecting a suitable type of bearing, you can use the comparative document "Selection of a
rolling bearing".
Control, structure and syntax of calculations.

Information on the syntax and control of the calculation can be found in the document "Control,
structure and syntax of calculations".
Information on the project.

Information on the purpose, use and control of the paragraph "Information on the project" can be found
in the document "Information on the project".
Theory - Fundamentals.
Rolling bearings are produced in a wide scope of different designs and sizes. They usually consist of two
rings, rolling elements and a cage. The bearings are divided into several basic types according to their
inner design, the shape of rolling bodies and directions of the forces that can be retained. A comparison
of individual types of rolling bearings can be found in the document "Selection of a rolling bearing".
Basic types of rolling bearings are internationally standardized. Within the scope of each type the
bearings are produced in various designs whose properties may differ from the basic design. Detailed
technical parameters of rolling bearings are given in catalogues of individual producers.
Calculation of rolling bearings.
Selection of suitable dimensions of the bearing is determined by the amount, direction and type of load
on the bearing and its speed. Depending on the type of load on the bearing in operation, the bearings
may be divided into two groups for calculation purposes:
● Bearings loaded dynamically

In case of a dynamic loading the loaded bearing rotates and selection of a suitable bearing is
determined by its life due to contact fatigue of the material.
● Bearings loaded statically

In case of a static loading the bearing is loaded at standstill, at very slow rotation or slow swinging
movements. Selection of a suitable bearing is determined by its static load rating.
Basic bearing life.

The life of a rolling bearing is understood as the number of its revolutions (or the period of its operation
at the given speed) to the moment when the first traces of fatigue of material on rolling elements or
orbital paths appear. Practical tests show that the life of identical bearings differs under the same
operational conditions. In order to assess the service life of bearings, the so-called basic life
measurement has been introduced.
The basic life of rolling bearings is the life that is achieved or exceeded by 90% of identical bearings
under the same operational conditions provided that commonly used materials were used, usual
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Rolling bearings
production quality achieved and bearings are operated under normal operational conditions. The basic
life is defined by the equation:
where:
C ... basic dynamic bearing load rating [N, lb]
P ... equivalent bearing dynamic load [N, lb]
n ... bearing speed [1/min]
p ... exponent (p=3 for ball bearings, p=10/3 for other bearings)
Basic dynamic load rating of the bearing is defined as a constant non-variable load at which the
bearing reaches the basic life of 1 million revolutions. Values of dynamic loading capacities are given for
each bearing in the respective catalogue.
Equivalent dynamic load rating of the bearing is defined exclusively as a radial load (with radial
bearings) or axial load (with axial bearings), at which all bearings of the same type show the same life as
reached under conditions of a real load. The amount of the equivalent load is described in the relation:
where:
F ... radial component of the real load [N, lb]
r
Fa ... axial component of the real load [N, lb]
X ... coefficient of radial dynamic load
Y ... coefficient of axial dynamic load
Values of the coefficients X, Y depend on the type, design and size of the bearing; with some types of
bearings, also on the direction and amount of the real load. These values are given for each bearing in
the respective catalogue.
Hint: Guiding values of the life can be found in par. [1.13].
Adjusted bearing life.

The basic life assesses the life of the rolling bearing only in view of loads acting on it and does not take
into account any other effects such as operational conditions, production quality or properties of the
materials used. Efforts to enhance the quality and reliability of the designs lead to the requirement to
calculate the life of the bearing more precisely and therefore the standard ISO has introduced a modified
equation of the life:
where:
a1 ... coefficient of the life for the required reliability (see the table below)
a2 ... coefficient of the life for the given material properties and level of production technology
a3 ... coefficient of the life for the given operational conditions
Values of coefficient a1
Reliability [%] 90 95 96 97 98 99
a1 1.00 0.62 0.53 0.44 0.33 0.21
Due to the mutual dependence of coefficients a2 and a3 producers of bearings usually introduce the
common value a23. The value of this coefficient will depend, above all, on the quality of lubrication and
according to recommendations in ISO 281 it is determined in dependence on the type of bearing using
the respective diagram (see the picture).
Values of the coefficient a23 for radial roller bearings

Rolling bearings
where:
κ ... viscosity ratio (gives the rate between operational and rated lubricant viscosity κ=ν/ν1 - see the
chapter on lubrication of bearings)
η ... coefficient of the level of contamination of the lubricant (see par. [3.10])
P .... equivalent dynamic load
PU ... fatigue load limit (given for each bearing in the respective catalogue)
In case the producer does not give these values of limit fatigue loads with the bearings, you can use
approximate values in calculations as given in the following theoretical relations:
... for ball bearings
... for self-aligning ball bearings
... for other bearings
Load of the bearing.

The external system of forces acting on the seating must be distributed with a calculation of the bearing
into the forces acting in the radial and axial directions. The intersection of normal lines at contact points
of rolling bodies and orbital paths with the axis of the bearing (see the illustration) is considered the
centre of the acting forces.
Additional dynamic forces (vibrations and surges) that increase loading on bearings usually occur with

Rolling bearings
machines in operation. These additional forces cannot usually be calculated or measured precisely. Their
effects are therefore expressed by various empirical factors that multiply the calculated radial and axial
forces. In case of toothed gears, the amount of these additional forces depends on the accuracy of
toothing and in case of machines connected to belt drives, on the type of belt and its prestressing.
Values of the respective coefficients are usually given in documents of producers of belts and gears,
orientation values can be found in par. [1.15].
Fluctuating load.
The above-mentioned calculations of the life of rolling bearings are based on the presumption that the
bearing is operated under constant non-variable operational conditions. However, in practice this
presumption is often not fulfilled. In applications where the amount of direction of the load or speed,
temperature, conditions of lubrication or level of contaminations varies over the course of time, it is not
possible to determine the bearing life directly. In such cases it is necessary to divide the bearing working
cycle into several time periods in which the operational conditions are approximately constant (see the
picture).
It is necessary to calculate the bearing life separately for each such period. The total bearing life can be
determined using the relation
where:
Lmhi ... partial bearing life for individual time periods with constant operational conditions [h]
ti ....... time portions of individual periods in the bearing’s total working cycle [%]
In an effort to design a bearing quickly, practical procedures use a simplified way of calculation of the
bearing life for some types of loads. In this calculation the external load of the bearing is replaced by a
virtual mean permanent load that shows the same effects on the bearing as an actually acting variable
load. The procedures for determination of the mean load for some common types of loads are given in
the table.
Calculation of the bearing mean load Fm
Fluctuating load with linear change of the amount, at constant speed
Fluctuating load with sinusoidal course, at constant speed

Rolling bearings
Rotating load, at constant speed
Fluctuating load, at constant speed
Fluctuating load, at variable speed
where mean speed:
Oscillating motion
Oscillating motion is replaced by virtual rotation at the

speed equal to the frequency of oscillation:
where:
Fi ... partial non-variable load [N, lb]
ni ... constant speed during acting of partial loads [1/min]
ti ... time portions of acting of partial loads in the bearing’s total working cycle [%]

Rolling bearings
Note: The simplified calculation method gives sufficiently accurate results with calculations of basic life
provided that a variable load of constant direction is applied. Use of the simplified calculation is not
suitable in case of a load with variable amounts and directions and with calculations of modified life.
Effects of temperature on the bearing load rating.

Commonly produced and delivered rolling bearings are designed for operational temperatures up to 120 °
C (100 °C for sealed bearings). In case of use of a bearing at permanently higher temperatures it is
necessary to modify it during production to ensure its dimensional stability under operation. Bearings for
use at high temperatures are produced with thermal treatment, usually with greater clearances and a
differently designed cage, possibly with the use of special materials.
Requirements for the use, production and delivery of stabilized bearings must usually be consulted with
the producer, where you can find detailed technical parameters of the bearing. For the purposes of
preliminary designs it is possible to use the following orientation table.
Approximate load rating of stabilized bearings compared with common bearings of the same sizes
Limiting temperature 150 200 250 300 350
Supplementary
S0 S1 S2 S3 S4
designation
Load rating [%] 90 - 100 75 - 90 60 -75 50 - 60 45 - 50
Safety of bearings at static load.

A bearing at static load is loaded by forces at standstill, at very slow speed or slow swinging movements.
The load rating of the bearing is determined by permissible permanent deformations of orbital paths and
rolling bodies. The coefficient of safety s0 gives the standard of safety of static-loaded rolling bearings
and is defined by the following relation:
where:
C0 ... basic bearing static load rating [N, lb]
P0 ... equivalent bearing static load rating [N, lb]
Basic static load rating of the bearing is defined as the external load that causes a permanent
deformation of 0.0001 of the diameter of the rolling body at the contact point of the most loaded rolling
body. This permanent deformation usually has no adverse effects on the bearing function. Values of
static load ratings are given for each bearing in the respective catalogues.
Equivalent static load rating of the bearing is defined exclusively as radial load (with radial bearings)
and axial load (with axial bearings) respectively, which causes a permanent deformation in the bearing
and this deformation is of the same size as under actual conditions of loading. The amount of the
equivalent load is described by the relation
where:
r
X0 ... coefficient of radial static load
Y0 ... coefficient of axial static load
Values of the coefficient X0,Y0 depend on the type, design and size of the bearing. These values are
given for each bearing in the respective catalogue.
Hint: Guide values of the coefficient of safety can be found in par. [1.14].
Friction and warming of bearings.

The friction moment of rolling bearings depends on many factors (design of the bearing, method of
lubrication, speed, etc.) and it is very difficult to determine exactly. Practical calculations therefore use a
simplified model with the use of an estimated coefficient of friction. Under the assumption of normal
operational conditions and good lubrication an approximate friction moment can be calculated with
rolling bearings operated at mean speed using the equation

Rolling bearings
where:
P ... equivalent dynamic load of the bearing [N]
d ... diameter of the bearing hole [mm]
f ... coefficient of friction (depending on the type of bearing, f=<0.0010...0.0050>)
In case of sealed bearings the moment from the friction sealing must be added to the calculated friction
moment. The resulting friction moment further determines the power loss NR that is equal to the heat
produced in the seating:
where:
n ... speed of the bearing [1/min]
Calculation of bearings with angular contact

In case the shaft is seated in two single row angular contact ball bearings or in two tapered roller
bearings, a mutual inner axial force is produced with radial load in the bearings. This force will naturally
affect the bearing load rating and therefore it must be included in the calculation. The amount of the
axial load of one bearing depends on the contact angle and arrangement of both bearings, on the
amount of radial forces F , F and on the direction and amount of the external axial force K .
rA rB a
The calculation must also consider the seating as a unit and both bearings must be designed at the same
time.
Operational conditions.
Required minimum load rating of the bearing.
Higher speeds create a danger of rolling elements slipping between the orbital paths of the rings with
unloaded bearings due to centrifugal forces. This may adversely affect wear of the bearing and thus
reduce its life. The bearing should be loaded by a certain minimum force under operation to ensure
correct rolling. The amount and size of this force depends on the type, design and size of bearing and
operational conditions. The relations for determining the minimum load are usually given in catalogues of
individual producers.
Operating temperature.
The heat that is produced by friction must be dissipated to achieve thermal balance. The operational
temperature depends on many factors; its calculation is very complicated and leads to a system of non-
linear equations. The following relation can be used for fast orientation:
where:
t0 ..... ambient temperature [°C]
NR .... power loss [W]
WS ... coefficient of cooling [W/°C]
The coefficient of cooling gives the amount of heat being dissipated into the ambient air at a
temperature drop of 1 °C. For bearings seated in frame machines it can be determined approximately
using the relation

Rolling bearings
where:
D ... outer diameter of the bearing [mm]
v ... velocity of air [m/s] (v~1-2 for bearings inside the buildings, v~2-4 for bearings in the open air)
Limiting speed.
The speed of rolling bearings cannot be increased without any limitation. Centrifugal forces of the
bearing increase its loading, inaccuracy of its run causes vibrations and friction in the bearing causes
warming. Limit speed depends on the type, design and size of bearing, its accuracy, and the design of
the cage, inner clearances and operational conditions in its seating and, above all, the highest
permissible temperature of the lubricant.
No specific and generally applicable limit of permissible speed can be determined exactly for rolling
bearings. Producers give in their dimensional tables guide values of limit speeds for individual bearings
for the purposes of fast orientation. These values are based on practical experience and are applicable
for bearings with normal clearances and produced at normal levels of accuracy provided that they are
operated under normal conditions and with usual cooling. The given limit speeds can be exceeded in
certain individual cases, however, it is advisable to consult this with the producer.
In addition to limit speeds, some producers also state in their catalogues of rolling bearings values of so-
called thermal reference speeds. The reference speed gives the limit permissible speed of the bearing
under exactly defined conditions and serves as an initial value for determining the permitted speed of the
bearing for the given operational conditions.
where:
nr ... reference speed [1/min]
fp ... adjustment factor for the given type, size and load of bearing
fv ... adjustment factor for the chosen conditions of lubrication
The method of determining adjustment factors is described in catalogues of individual producers or in

ISO 15312. The reference speeds given in the dimensional tables are defined for the following
operational conditions:
● Bearing temperature 70 °C
● Ambient temperature 20 °C
● load P=0.05*C0
● Lubricant kinematic viscosity

ν = 12 [mm2/s] ... oil lubricated radial bearings
ν = 24 [mm2/s] ... oil lubricated thrust bearings
ν40 = 100-200 [mm2/s] ... grease lubrication
Lubrication of rolling bearings.

The reason for lubricating rolling bearings is to create a carrying lubrication film on contacts between
rolling bodies with orbital paths of the rings. In addition, the lubricant protects the bearing from
corrosion, improves its sealing, exhibits cooling effects and lubricates the surfaces of the bearing with
sliding friction.
Rolling bearings can be lubricated by plastic or liquid lubricants. Selection of a suitable lubricant is
determined, above all, by the speed, operational temperature, position of the shafts, general concept of
seating and economy of operation. If permitted by operational conditions, greases are preferred with
rolling bearings.
Grease lubrication.
Grease lubrication is preferential particularly as regards easy operation, economy and sealing of bearings
against dirt and moisture. It enables a simple arrangement of seating and is better suited for high and
surge loading. Greases must show good lubrication capability and high chemical, thermal and mechanical
stability. The market offers a wide range of suitable greases. In addition, most producers of rolling
bearings offer their own ranges of lubricants.
Greases offered by SKF

Rolling bearings
Viscosity [mm2/s] Temperature

Design. Description
40 °C 100 °C [°C]
All purpose industrial and
LGMT2 110 11 -30 ... 120
automotive
All purpose industrial and
LGMT3 120 12 -30 ... 120
automotive
LGEP2 Extreme pressure, high load 200 16 -20 ... 110
Low load and temperature, high
LGLT2 15 3.7 -55 ... 100
speed
High performance and high
LGHP2 96 10.5 -40 ... 150
temperature
LGFP2 Food compatible 130 7.3 -20 ... 110
LGGB2 Biodegradable and low toxicity 110 13 -40 ... 120
LGLC2 Low temperature and high speed 24 4.7 -40 ... 120
LGWA2 Wide temperature range 185 15 -30 ... 140
High viscosity and high
LGHB2 450 26.5 -20 ... 150
temperature
LGET2 Extreme temperature 400 38 -40 ... 260
LGEM2 High viscosity 500 32 -20 ... 120
LGEV2 Extreme high viscosity 1000 58 -10 ... 120
Extreme pressure, low
LGWM1 200 16 -30 ... 110
temperature
Grease has a limited life in the bearing. The reason is its leakage from the bearing and impairment of its
properties over the course of time. Therefore, it is necessary to refill or replace the lubricant at certain
time intervals. The refill intervals will depend on the type and size of bearing and operational conditions.
The recommended refill periods are given for individual bearings in catalogues of the producers
Oil lubrication.
Lubrication of rolling bearings by oil is not so good and is usually used only in the following cases:
● Speed of the bearing is so high that refilling intervals for lubrication by grease would be too short
● Operational temperature is higher than the permissible temperature for greases
● The adjacent parts are lubricated by oil
● Lubrication by oil flow is required for intensive cooling of the bearing
● Lubrication of spherical roller bearings
Depending on the operational conditions and desired design of seating several different types of oil
lubrication of rolling bearings are used (oil bath, circulation of oil, spraying of oil, oil mist). Bearings are
usually lubricated by mineral oils. Kinematic viscosity is the decisive property of oil; it decreases with
increasing temperature. Practical experience shows that in the case of common seating the viscosity of
oil should not drop below 12 mm2/s at operational temperatures. The rated viscosity that is determined
in dependence on the mean diameter and speed of the bearing is the guiding factor for the selection of
an oil with suitable operational viscosity.
Rated viscosity ν1

Rolling bearings
The qualitative standard of lubrication of rolling bearings is given in the viscosity ratio:
where:
ν .... viscosity of the lubricant at operational temperatures [mm2/s]
ν1 ... rated viscosity [mm2/s]
For the viscosity ratio κ<1 it is recommended to use a high-pressure oil with EP additives. Very long
fatigue life can be achieved at κ=3..4.
Viscosity of mineral oils ν40 at reference temperature 40 °C (~100 °F).
Hint: The auxiliary calculation in par. [4.1] can be used for fast determination of viscosity of the lubricant.

Rolling bearings
Production accuracy and matching of rolling bearings.

Accuracy of dimensions and run.
Accuracy of rolling bearings is understood as accuracy of their dimensions, shape and run (radial and
axial run-out of the rings). Bearings are commonly produced at normal accuracy, which is not marked in
the name of the bearing. Accuracy of bearings is standardized internationally, and markings of individual
levels of accuracy can be found in the table:
Standard Accuracy class

GB G E D C B
ISO Normal Class6 Class5 Class4 Class2
ANSI ABEC-1 ABEC-3 ABEC-5 ABEC-7 ABEC-9
DIN P0 P6 P5 P4 P2
JIS 0 6 5 4 2
Detailed information can be found in the respective catalogue of bearings.
Bearing clearance.
Clearance of the bearing is the amount of free shift of one ring against the other from one margin
position to the other. Correct run of the bearing is influenced, above all, by its radial clearance. Bearings
with normal radial clearance, C0, which is not marked in the name of the bearing, are designed for
normal operational conditions. Smaller clearances, C2, or greater clearances, C3, C4, C5, are chosen for
significantly different operational conditions.
Matching of rolling bearings.

Selection of correctly matching bearing rings on the shaft and in the body has great importance as for
the life of the rolling bearing. When selecting suitable tolerances, the following conditions are critical:
● Amount and way of loading
● Dilatation of the seated parts
● Thermal conditions in the bearing
● Requirements for accuracy, installation and dismounting of bearings
● Material and rigidity of the parts
Orientation values for the selection of tolerances can be found in the following tables; exact data for
individual types and sizes of bearings can be found in the respective catalogue.
Tolerances of diameters of shafts for radial bearings
Tolerance for bearings
spherical
cylindrical
Operating conditions and
ball and taper
toroidal
roller
roller
Stationary inner ring load
Light and normal loads g6
Heavy and shock loads h6
Rotating inner ring load or direction of load indeterminate
Light and variable loads (P<0.07*C) j6, k6 j6, k6
k5, k6, m5,
j5, k5, k6, k5, k6, m5,
Normal and heavy loads (P>0.07*C) m6, n6, p6,
m5, m6, n6 m6, n6, p6
r6, r7
Very heavy loads, shock loads
n6, r6, p6 n6, r6, p6
(P>0.15*C)
High mounting precision, light loads h5, j5, k5 j5, k5
Axial loads only
j6, js6 j6, js6
Tolerances of diameters of holes for radial bearings

Operating conditions Tolerance
Rotating outer ring load
Very heavy loads, shock loads
P7
(P>0.15*C)

Rolling bearings
Normal and heavy loads (P>0.07*C) N7

Light and variable loads (P<0.07*C) M7
Direction of load indeterminate
Heavy shock loads M7
Normal and heavy loads (P>0.07*C) K7
Light and normal loads (P<0.07*C) J7
Accurate or quiet running
Ball bearings J6
Other bearings JS5, K5, K6
Stationary outer ring load
All loads (P<0.15*C) H7, H8
Heat conduction through shaft G7
Tolerances of diameters of shafts and holes of bodies for axial bearings

Tolerance
Bearing type
shaft housing
Thrust ball, Cylindrical roller thrust
j6, h6, h8 H7, H8, H10
bearings
Spherical roller thrust bearings j6, js6, k6, m6, n6 H7, K7, M7
Process of calculation.
Selection, calculation and check of a rolling bearing consist of the following steps:
1. Set up the desired calculation units (SI/Imperial). [1.1]
2. Select the desired type of bearing in the selection list [1.2]. When selecting a suitable type of
bearing, you can use the comparative document "Selection of a rolling bearing".
3. Provided that the type of the bearing is produced in various designs, select the suitable design in
the lists in par. [1.3].
4. In par. [1.7] enter the parameters of loading of the bearing. In case of bearings loaded by
variable loads use the auxiliary calculation [5] to determine the mean load.
5. In case the bearing will be loaded by additional dynamic forces under operation, define the
respective coefficients in par. [1.15].
6. Enter the desired life of the bearing [1.13] and safety at static loading of the bearing [1.14].
7. Activate the automatic search for a suitable bearing by pressing the button "Find first" in row
[2.1]. In case the calculation cannot find any suitable bearing, select another type [1.2] or
design of bearing [1.3] and repeat the calculation.
Warning: For shafts seated in a pair of tapered roller bearings or angular contact ball bearings,
use the special calculation in chapter [6] for selection of the bearings.
8. Check the parameters of the designed bearing in par. [2]; perform an additional calculation, if
necessary, to arrive at the modified life of the bearing in par. [3] for known operational
parameters. In case some recommended values are exceeded with the designed bearing or the
bearing does not meet your requirements, use the button "Find next" to find another bearing. A
suitable bearing can also be selected manually in the list [2.1].
9. Save the book with the suitable solution under a new name.
Selection of bearing type, bearing loads. [1]

In this paragraph perform selection of the desired type and design of bearing, define its loading and
enter the desired physical properties of the bearing.
1.1 Calculation units.
Select the desired calculation units in the selection list. When switching over the units, all values will be
recalculated immediately.
Warning: When setting units different from the units used in the respective catalogue of a producer of
bearings, the respective table parameters of the bearing will be rounded during recalculation.
1.2 Bearing type.
Select the desired type of bearing in the selection list. A comparison of basic types of rolling bearings can
be found in the document "Selection of a rolling bearing".
Warning: In case the shaft is seated in two single row angular contact ball bearings or in two tapered

Rolling bearings
roller bearings, use the auxiliary calculation in par. [6] for selection and check of the bearings.
1.3 Bearing design.
Within the range of each type, rolling bearings may be produced in a different design with some
properties different from the basic design. In case the producer delivers various designs of the selected
type [1.2], the programme offers the respective selection lists in rows [1.4 .. 1.6]. Set up the desired
design of the bearing in these lists.
1.7 Bearing load.
In this paragraph enter the radial and axial components of external loads of the bearing and its speed at
constant non-variable operational conditions.
Hint: In case the actual load of the bearing is fluctuating, use the auxiliary calculation in par. [5] to
determine the mean non-variable load. Detailed information on calculations of bearings operated under
variable operational conditions can be found in the theoretical section of the Help.
1.12 Required parameters of bearing.
In this paragraph enter the required physical properties of the bearing. In case of bearings loaded
dynamically their life will be critical; in case of bearings loaded statically their safety coefficient will be
critical.
1.13 Bearing life.
Enter the desired life of the bearing.
Guide values of the life of rolling bearings
Bearing life
Machine type
[hours]
Household machines, agricultural machines, instruments,
300 - 3000
technical equipment for medical use
Machines used for short periods or intermittently: electric
3000 - 8000 hand tools, lifting tackle in workshops, construction
equipment and machines
Machines used for short periods or intermittently where high
8000 - 12000 operational reliability is required: lifts (elevators), cranes for
packaged goods or slings of drums etc.
Machines for use 8 hours a day, but not always fully utilized:
10000 - 25000 gear drives for general purposes, electric motors for industrial
use, rotary crushers
Machines for use 8 hours a day and fully utilized: machine
tools, woodworking machines, machines for the engineering
20000 - 30000
industry, cranes for bulk materials, ventilator fans, conveyor
belts, printing equipment, separators and centrifuges
Machines for continuous 24 hour use: rolling mill gear units,
40000 - 50000 medium-sized electrical machinery, compressors, mine hoists,
pumps, textile machinery
30000 - Wind energy machinery, this includes main shaft, yaw,
100000 pitching gearbox, generator bearings
60000 - Water works machinery, rotary furnaces, cable stranding
100000 machines, propulsion machinery for ocean-going vessels
Large electric machines, power generation plant, mine
> 100000 pumps, mine ventilator fans, tunnel shaft bearings for ocean-
going vessels
In case of wheeled vehicles, their life is usually given in millions of driven kilometres.
Bearing life
Type of vehicle
[106 km]
0.1 - 0.3 Road vehicles
0.8 Railway vehicles - freight wagons
1.5 Railway vehicles - underground carriages, tramway vehicles
3 Railway vehicles - passenger coaches
3-5 Railway vehicles - diesel and electric locomotives
For recalculation use the following relation:
where:

Rolling bearings
D ... diameter of the vehicle wheel [m]

1.14 Static safety factor.
Enter the desired safety at static loading of the bearing.
Minimum permissible values of the static safety coefficient
Other
Operating conditions Ball bearings
bearings
Rotation movement, only requirements regarding quiet running
Smooth operation, vibration-free 0.5 1
Normal operating conditions 0.5 1
Pronounced shock loads 1.5 2.5
Rotation movement, normal requirements regarding quiet running
Smooth operation, vibration-free 1 1.5
Normal operating conditions 1 1.5
Pronounced shock loads 1.5 3
Rotation movement, high requirements regarding quiet running
Smooth operation, vibration-free 2 3
Pronounced shock loads 2 4
Non-rotating bearings
Smooth operation, vibration-free 0.4 0.8
Oscillating motion
great oscillation amplitude with small frequency
and with 1.5 2
approximately steady periodic loading
small oscillation amplitude with high frequency
and with 2 3
shock uneven loading
Note: In case of axial spherical roller bearings it is recommended to use the minimum value of the
coefficient s0=4.
1.15 Additional dynamic forces.
Additional dynamic forces (vibrations and surges) that increase loading on bearings usually occur with
machines in operation. These additional forces cannot usually be calculated or measured precisely. Their
effects are therefore expressed by various empirical factors that multiply the calculated radial and axial
forces.
In this paragraph define the individual factor depending on the type of machine used. The resulting
factor of additional forces is calculated additionally in [1.11].
1.17 Additional forces from geared transmission.
In case of transmissions with toothed gears the amount of additional forces will depend on the accuracy
of the toothing and machines connected to the transmission.
The factor of additional forces fk, resulting from inaccuracy of toothing, should be entered in row [1.19].
The recommended values for the selected type of toothing [1.18] are given in the green field.
The factor of additional forces from the connected machines fd should be entered in row [1.21]. The
recommended values for the selected type of machine [1.20] are given in the green field.
Note: When ticking the checkboxes [1.19, 1.21] the calculation automatically introduces the mean values
of factors.
1.22 Additional forces from belt drives.
In case of belt drives, the amount of additional forces will depend on the type of belt and its pre-
stressing. The factor of additional forces fp should be entered in row [1.24]. Data on its amount are
usually given in materials from the producers of the belts. If the data are not available, use the
recommended values that are given for the selected type of belt [1.23] in the green field. Higher values
in the given range should be used for short lengths of shafts, surge loads or large pre-stressing of belts.
Note: When ticking the checkbox [1.24] the calculation automatically introduces the mean value of the
factor.
Selection of bearing size. [2]

This paragraph can be used for selection of a bearing of a suitable size. Dimensions of the bearing
should be selected in par. [2.1]. Physical properties, dimensional and operational parameters of the
selected bearing are calculated in par. [2.2] in real time.
Hint: The programme provides a function of automatic searching for a bearing of a suitable size to
facilitate the design. Automatic selection of the bearing can be activated using the buttons in row [2.1].
Rolling bearings
2.1 Bearing size.

In the selection list select a bearing with the desired dimensions. Individual bearings are listed in
ascending order according to inner diameter. The table parameters of the bearing are arranged in
columns in the following order:
- Main dimensions of the bearing (inner and outer diameter, width of the bearing)
- Basic dynamic and static load rating of the bearing (C, C0)
- Reference and limit speeds (nr, nmax)
- Marking of the bearing
Automatic selection of the bearing
The programme provides a function of automatic searching for a bearing of a suitable size to facilitate
the design. After pressing the button "Find first" the programme finds the first bearing that meets the
requirements for life and static safety as defined in par. [1.12]. In case some recommended values are
exceeded with the proposed bearing or this bearing does not meet the desired requirements, use the
button "Find next" to find another bearing.
When searching for a suitable bearing, the programme also checks any possible exceeding of the
permitted load [2.9, 2.10]. In case the calculation cannot find a suitable bearing, select another type
[1.2] or design of bearing [1.3] and repeat the calculation.
Note: Bearings that are marked with "*" belong to a new range of high quality bearings, "SKF Explorer".
2.2 Parameters of the selected bearing.
Basic parameters of the selected bearing are calculated additionally in this paragraph in real time.
Physical properties and operational parameters of the bearing are given in the left part, its dimensions in
the right part.
Hint: The meaning and a detailed description of individual parameters can be found in the theoretical
section of the Help.
2.9, 2.10 Permissible radial or axial load.
Not all types of rolling bearings can carry combined loads. Some types are designed only for retaining
radial forces, other types for axial forces; some types may carry only limited loads in the given direction.
The recommended amounts of permitted loads are prescribed for the given types by producers and
calculated additionally for the selected bearing in row [2.9] or [2.10] resp.
Note: In case the producer does not give any limitations to carrying combined loads for the given type
and design of bearing, no values will be given in rows [2.9, 2.10].
2.13 Power loss.
Reference value which is valid for given type and size of the bearing with the assumption of standard
operating conditions, load P/C≈0.1 and good type of lubrication.
Operating parameters, adjusted bearing life. [3]
The adjusted life [3.12] and recommended amount of minimum load [3.6] are calculated additionally for
the given operational parameters (lubrication) of the selected bearing in this paragraph.
3.1 Kinematic viscosity of the lubricant.
In row [3.3] enter the kinematic viscosity of the lubricant used at the operating temperature. In case of
plastic lubricants the kinematic viscosity of its basic oil component is given.
Practical experience shows that in the case of common seating the viscosity of oil should not drop below
12 mm2/s at operating temperatures. The rated viscosity [3.2] that is determined in dependence on the
mean diameter and speed of the bearing is the guiding factor for the selection of an oil with suitable
operating viscosity. The qualitative standard of lubrication of rolling bearings is given in the viscosity ratio
[3.4]. For the viscosity ratio κ<1 it is recommended to use a high-pressure oil with EP additives. Very
long fatigue life can be achieved at κ=3..4.
Hint: Use the auxiliary calculation [4.1] to determine the operational viscosity of the lubricant.
Warning: Commonly produced and used rolling bearings are designed for operational temperatures up to
120 °C (100 °C for sealed bearings).
Note: Detailed information on lubrication of rolling bearings can be found in the theoretical section of the
Help and catalogues of producers.
3.5 Requisite minimum load.
Higher speeds create a danger of rolling elements slipping between the orbital paths of the rings with
unloaded bearings due to centrifugal forces. This may adversely affect wear of the bearing and thus
reduce its life. The bearing should be loaded by a certain minimum force under operation to ensure
correct rolling. The amount and size of this force depends on the type, design and size of bearing and
operational conditions. The recommended amount of the minimum load is additionally calculated for the
given bearing in row [3.6].
3.7 Calculation of the adjusted rating life.
The basic life [2.5] assesses the life of the rolling bearing only in view of loads acting on it and does not
take into account any other effects such as operational conditions, production quality or properties of the

Rolling bearings
materials used. This paragraph includes the adjusted life of the selected bearing calculated for the given
load, desired reliability and assumed operating viscosity and the level of contamination of the lubricant.
Note: Calculation of the adjusted life is performed according to the methodology of ISO 281.
Hint: Detailed information on calculating the adjusted life of rolling bearings can be found in the
theoretical section of the Help.
3.9 Required reliability.
Select the desired reliability in the selection list.
The reliability gives the percentage share of bearings from a group of identical bearings working under
the same operational conditions that reach the calculated operation life. The basic life of rolling bearings
[2.5] is determined for a reliability of 90%.
3.10 Contamination of the lubricant.
In row [3.11] enter the factor of the level of contamination of the lubricant. Its amount varies in the
interval <0..1>; the recommended values for the selected level of contamination [3.10] are given in the
green field.
Level of contamination of the lubricant is divided into several levels:
● Extreme cleanliness - Laboratory conditions (η=1)
● High cleanliness - Oil filtered through an extremely fine filter; typical for greases with sealed
bearings
● Normal cleanliness - Oil filtered through a fine filter; typical for greases with bearings shields on
both sides
● Slight contamination - Slightly contaminated lubricant
● Typical contamination - Typical conditions for bearings without integrated sealing; coarse oil
filter, lubricant contaminated by particles rubbed from neighboring machine parts
● Severe contamination - Strongly contaminated ambient environment; arrangement of bearings

with insufficient sealing
● Very severe contamination - η=0
Note: When ticking the checkbox [3.11] the calculation automatically introduces the mean value of the
coefficient depending on the selected level of contamination of the lubricant [3.10].
Auxiliary calculations. [4]

This paragraph gives some auxiliary calculations for approximate determination of some operational
parameters of rolling bearings (operating viscosity of the lubricant, length of relubrication intervals,
desired oil flow, etc.).
4.1 Calculation of operating viscosity.
This paragraph is designed to determine the approximate kinematic viscosity of the selected lubricant at
the operating temperature [4.2]. The calculation is divided into two parts:
● Determination of operating viscosity of mineral oils [4.3]

Calculation of the operating viscosity is based on the known oil viscosity [4.5] at the reference
temperature 40 °C (~100 °F).
● Determination of operating viscosity of other lubricants [4.7]

Calculation of the operating viscosity is based on two known values of kinematic viscosity of the
lubricant [4.9] at various temperatures [4.8].
Note: Exact values of operating viscosity can be found in the material sheets of the respective lubricants.
4.11 Bearing lubrication.
The desired oil flow [4.13] or the length of the relubrication interval [4.14] resp. are additionally
calculated for the selected bearing [2.1] and the selected method of lubrication [4.12].
Note: The selected method of lubrication is also decisive in calculating the permissible speed of the
bearing [4.15].
4.13 Desired oil volume flow.
The necessary flow of oil for cooling the bearing with circulatory lubrication is determined for the given
warming of the bearing (power loss [2.13]) in this row. The calculated oil flow is a theoretical table value
that is determined for the difference in temperatures at the oil inlet and outlet, ∆T=10 °C.
Note: The calculation does not take into account any external cooling of the bearing due to heat

Rolling bearings
conduction, radiation or convection. Practical experience shows that under normal cooling conditions
there will be sufficient oil flow approx. 20-40% lower, under very good cooling conditions up to 70% lower.
4.14 Relubrication interval.
The recommended length of the relubrication interval is determined for the given load and speed of the
selected bearing. The given value is valid for loads C/P>4, normal lubrication conditions and operational
temperature of the lubricant up to 70 °C (~160 °F). In case of higher temperatures the additional
lubrication interval is shorter.
4.15 Calculation of permissible speed.
The permissible speed of the bearing is determined for the given load, method of lubrication [4.12] and
viscosity of the lubricant [4.17] in this paragraph. The calculated value is for orientation purposes only
and can be applied for a lubricant with reference viscosity ν40 up to 460 [mm2/s], at normal cooling
conditions, temperature of the lubricant 70 °C and ambient temperature 20 °C.
Fluctuating bearing load. [5]
The used calculations of the life of rolling bearings are based on the presumption that the bearing is
operated under constant non-variable operational conditions. However, in practice this presumption is
often not fulfilled.
The auxiliary calculation in this paragraph is designed to determine the mean non-variable loading in
applications where the bearing is exposed to a loading of a variable amount in a constant direction at a
constant or variable speed.
When calculating the mean loading, proceed in the following steps:
1. Divide the working cycle into several time periods in which the operational conditions are
approximately constant (see the picture).
2. In the selection list [5.1] set up the number of these time periods.
3. In the input table [5.2] define the operational conditions for individual time periods.
4. The mean non-variable loading is additionally calculated in par. [5.3]. Using the button
"Transfer" then transfer data on the loading to the main calculation.
Warning: This calculation is approximate only and gives sufficiently accurate results with calculations of
basic life provided that the variable loading has a constant direction. For calculations of a adjusted life (or
if the bearing is exposed to a load of variable amounts and directions) it is more suitable to select a more
complex method of calculating the life of rolling bearings. Detailed information on calculations of bearings
working under variable operational conditions can be found in the theoretical section of the Help.
Calculation of bearings with angular contact. [6]

In case the shaft is seated in two single row angular contact ball bearings or in two tapered roller
bearings, a mutual inner axial force is produced with radial load in the bearings. This force will naturally
affect the bearing load rating and therefore it must be included in the calculation. The amount of the
axial load of one bearing depends on the contact angle and arrangement of both bearings, on the
amount of radial forces F , F and on the direction and amount of the external axial force K .
rA rB a

Rolling bearings
The calculation must also consider the seating as a unit and both bearings must be designed at the same
time. In case of the design of bearings, proceed in the following steps:
1. Activation of a switch in Fig. [6.1] selects the respective arrangement of bearings and direction
of action of the external axial force. The calculation assumes action of an external force in the
shaft axis. In case the external axial force is acting on the bearing body, forces in the opposite
direction in the shaft must be considered.
2. In the selection list [6.2] select the desired bearing type.
3. Enter the amount of the external axial force [6.3].
4. In the pop-up lists [6.5, 6.13] select the designs of both bearings.
5. Enter the respective radial loads [6.6, 6.14] for both bearings.
6. In the following step it is necessary to select both bearings step-by-step. In case the entered
data are definite, the programme shows recommendations in rows [6.4] or [6.12] respectively,
for which bearing must be designed the first.
7. Activate the automatic search for a suitable bearing using the buttons "Find first" in rows [6.7,
6.15]. The basic life of both bearings will be additionally calculated in rows [6.10, 6.18].
8. Using the buttons "Transfer" in rows [6.11, 6.19] you can transfer the selected bearings into
the main calculation. Here check the parameters of the designed bearing in par. [2] and
additionally calculate the adjusted life of the bearing in par. [3] for known operational
parameters, if necessary.
Warning: Here the performed calculation of the bearings works with the following data from the
introductory paragraph:
- speed of the bearing [1.8]
- desired life [1.13]
- additional dynamic forces defined in par. [1.15]
Therefore it is necessary to enter these data in par. [1].
Graphic output, CAD systems.

Information on options of 2D and 3D graphic outputs and information on cooperation with 2D and 3D
CAD systems can be found in the document "Graphic output, CAD systems".
Setting calculations, change the language.

Information on setting of calculation parameters and setting of the language can be found in the
document "Setting calculations, change the language".
Workbook modifications (calculation).

General information on how to modify and extend calculation workbooks is mentioned in the
document "Workbook (calculation) modifications".

Selection of a rolling bearing
Selection of a rolling bearing.

The following comparison of basic properties of types of rolling bearings may help in selecting the suitable type. When selecting the type, it is necessary to take
into account, above all, the following facts:
● Amount and type of the load
● Design of seating and way of lubrication of the bearing
● Operational parameters of the bearing (speed, thermal conditions, etc.)
● Requirements for accuracy
● Requirements for installation and dismantling
Rolling bearings are usually composed of two rings, rolling bodies and a cage. The bearings are divided into several basic types according to their inner design,
the shape of rolling bodies and directions of the forces that can be retained.
Basic types of rolling bearings are internationally standardised. Within the scope of each type the bearings are produced in various designs whose properties
may differ from the basic design. The following text gives brief characteristics of individual types of rolling bearings; a comparison of their utility properties can
be found in the table at the end of this document:
A. Deep groove ball bearings
● The cheapest and most commonly used bearing type; produced in many designs and sizes
● The bearings are characterised by simple designs and cannot be disassembled
● The bearings can handle operational conditions and their maintenance is simple
● The bearings show relatively good load rating both in radial and axial directions
● The bearings are suitable for high and very high speeds
● The bearings require good alignment of the journal and bearing body; the permissible tilting angle is approx. 10'
● The bearings are delivered with shields or seals
B. Angular contact ball bearings
● Orbital paths are offset mutually in the direction of the bearing axis
● Designed to retain combined load with relatively large axial forces (axial load of bearings increases with increasing contact angles)
● Single-row bearings enable the retention of axial forces only in one direction; therefore these bearings are installed in pairs in opposite positions and as
close to each other as possible
● The bearings can be paired or double-row bearings can be used to retain axial forces (pairs of bearings are delivered in one packing; as the bearings are
paired, bearings from different pairs must not be used together)
● Lower load rating than tapered roller bearings, however, may be used at higher speeds
● Double-row bearings can retain tilting moments in the axial plane. However, these types need perfect alignment and rigidity of seating and do not allow
any swinging of shafts
● Double-row bearings are also delivered with shields or seals
C. Self-aligning ball bearings
● Provided with two rows of ball bearings with spherical orbital path on the outer ring
● Their design allows mutual tilting of rings (approx. 2-3°, depending on the design)
● Suitable, above all, for seating, where the shaft shows deflections or misalignment may occur
● Load rating of these bearings is lower than with single-row ball bearings of the same size; not suitable for retaining larger axial forces
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● Produced usually with cylindrical or tapered holes
● Delivered also with seals
D. Cylindrical roller bearings
● Dismountable bearings, designed for transmissions of large radial loadings (up to 60% higher load rating compared with ball bearings of the same size)
● High rigidity, therefore suitable for fluctuating and surge loads
● Bearings without cages (full complement) show higher loading capacities; however, bearings with cages can be used for higher speeds
● Bearings with guiding collars on the outer and inner rings allow the retention of higher axial forces. Other designs cannot retain any axial forces, however,
allow axial misalignment of the rings
● Cylindrical roller bearings require perfect alignment of the journal and bearing body; the permissible maximum tilting angle is 3-4'
● Double-row cylindrical roller bearings are usually produced with both cylindrical and tapered holes
E. Needle roller bearings
● In fact, needle bearings are cylindrical roller bearings with long slim rollers (acc. to ISO, the roller length is min. 2.5 diameter)
● Show small installation height, high accuracy and rigidity
● Despite their low cross section, the bearings have a high load rating and are therefore very suitable for seating where radial dimensions are limited
● Used, above all, for low speeds or swinging movements; also suitable for fluctuating and surge loads
● Cannot retain any axial forces, however, allow axial misalignment of the rings
● One or both rings may be omitted to reduce the installation height; however, seating surfaces on the shaft must then be hardened and machined carefully
● Show high requirements for alignment of the journal and bearing body, the maximum permissible tilting angle is 3-4'
F. Taper roller bearings
● Designed usually as dismountable, provided with tapered orbital paths on the outer and inner rings with tapered rollers arranged in the paths
● High load rating; suitable especially for retaining simultaneously acting large radial and axial forces
● Allow the retention of axial forces in one direction only; therefore installed in pairs in opposite positions and as close to each other as possible
● In case of too high loading on the bearing or if axial forces must be retained in both directions, the bearings can be paired (pairs of bearings are delivered
in one packing; as the bearings are paired, bearings from different pairs must not be used together)
● Higher load rating than angular contact ball bearings, however, these types are designed for lower speeds
● Seating surfaces for tapered roller bearings must be aligned; the permissible tilting angle is 2-4'
G. Spherical roller bearings
● Two rows of spherical rollers with a common spherical path on the outer ring
● Their design allows mutual tilting of rings (approx. 1.5-2.5°, depending on the design)
● High load rating, retention of radial and simultaneously also axial forces in both directions
● Suitable for large loads with misaligned seating and deflections of shafts
● Produced usually with cylindrical and tapered holes; non-dismountable
H. Toroidal roller bearings
● Single-row bearings with long, slightly spherical rolling elements; orbital paths of the outer and inner rings are concave and symmetrical along the axis
running through the bearing centre
● The design combines the tilting ability of a spherical roller bearing (permissible tilting angle approx. 0.5°) with the ability of axial balancing, typical for
rolling elements; they also show relatively small installation height
● High radial load rating even if the bearing must compensate a misalignment or axial shifts
● Reduce vibrations in seating; axial vibrations of the shaft are not transferred to the body
● Load rating of full complement bearings is significantly higher than bearings with cages
● Produced with both cylindrical and tapered holes

I. Thrust ball bearings
● Designed only for retaining axial forces; radial forces cannot be retained
● Produced as single direction bearings or double direction bearings for retaining axial forces in one or both directions respectively
● Not suitable for higher speeds; limit speeds are limited by adverse effects of centrifugal forces
● These bearings must not work unloaded to prevent slipping of the balls
● Dismountable bearings; simple shapes and designs
● Correct functioning needs perpendicularity of the rings’ face surfaces to the shaft axis
● The bearings designed with spherical seating surfaces can be used to compensate for misalignment between the support surface in the housing and the
shaft
J. Cylindrical roller thrust bearings
● Designed to retain large axial forces in one direction; radial forces cannot be retained
● Form rigid seating; low sensitivity to surge loads
● Usable only at lower speeds; must not be operated unloaded to prevent slipping of rolling elements
● Show simple shapes and designs; dismountable, require small spaces in axial directions
● Used especially where axial ball bearings cannot provide sufficient load rating
K. Needle roller thrust bearings
● Designed to retain large axial loads in one direction; radial forces cannot be retained
● Form rigid seating with minimum space requirements; low sensitivity to surge loads
● Usable only at lower speeds; must not be operated unloaded to prevent slipping of rolling elements
● Cages can be used in seating with needles independently or in combinations with rings of various designs (all parts must be ordered separately due to
possibility to create various combinations)
● Used especially where space is limited in axial directions
L. Spherical roller thrust bearings
● High axial load rating; can retain radial forces
● Suitable for retaining large axial forces even with relatively high speeds
● Their design allows balancing of misalignment of the shaft and body (permissible tilting of approx. 2-3° depends on the bearing design)
● The shaft ring and cage with spherical rollers form a non-dismountable unit
● These types always need oil lubrication due to their inner arrangement
Comparative table of rolling bearings utility properties

Bearing properties
Bearing type
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N
Deep groove ball single row 3 3 3 4 1 1 3 1 1 4 4 2 3 5
bearings double row 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 5 5 2 3 5
single row 3 3 2 4 2 1 3 2 2 4 4 2 5 5
Angular contact ball
bearings pair, double row 2 3 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 5 5 2 3 5
bearings
four-point contact 4 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 5 5 2 4 5
Self-aligning ball bearings 3 4 4 5 1 2 4 2 1 1 1 3 3 5
single row - design N, NU, NUB 2 5 5 5 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 5 1 1
single row - design NJ, NF, NUP 2 3 3 5 2 2 2 3 2 4 4 2 3 3
Cylindrical roller
double row 1 5 5 3 2 1 1 2 2 5 5 5 1 1
bearings
single row, full complement 1 4 3 5 4 3 1 4 4 4 4 3 3 3

double row, full complement 1 4 3 3 4 3 1 4 4 5 5 3 3 3

Needle roller bearings 2 5 5 5 3 3 2 3 4 5 5 5 1 1
single bearing 2 2 1 4 3 3 2 3 3 4 4 1 5 5
Taper roller bearings
bearings pair 1 2 1 3 3 3 1 3 3 4 5 1 4 5
Spherical roller bearings 1 3 1 5 3 3 2 3 3 1 1 2 3 5
Toroidal roller with cage 1 5 5 5 3 3 2 3 3 1 1 5 1 1
bearings full complement 1 5 5 5 4 3 1 3 3 1 1 5 1 1
with flat seating surface 5 3 5 5 4 2 3 4 3 4 5 2 5 5
Thrust ball bearings
with sphered seating surface 5 3 5 5 4 3 3 4 3 4 2 2 5 5
Cylindrical roller thrust bearings 5 2 5 5 4 2 2 4 4 5 5 2 5 5
Needle roller thrust bearings 5 2 5 5 4 3 2 4 4 5 5 2 5 5
Spherical roller thrust bearings 5 1 3 5 4 3 2 4 3 1 1 1 5 5
Classification 1 - excellent 2 - good 3 - fair 4 - poor 5 - unsuitable
where:
A ... purely radial load F ... high running accuracy K ... compensation for errors of alignment
B ... purely axial load G ... high stiffness L ... locating bearing arrangements
C ... combined load H ... quiet running M ... non-locating bearing arrangement
D ... moment load I ... low friction N ... axial displacement possible in bearing
E ... high speed J ... compensation for misalignment in operation

Rolling bearings
Rolling bearings.
This document can be used for the selection, calculation and check of rolling bearings of the company SKF. The
programme provides solutions to the following tasks:
1. Selection and check of a suitable bearing. The document includes a database of approx. 10,000 different
rolling bearings SKF in all basic types and design.
2. Calculation of basic bearing parameters (life, static safety, etc.).
3. Calculation of adjusted bearing life acc. to the new methodology of ISO 281.
4. Calculation of load with a pair of tapered roller bearings or a pair angular contact ball bearings resp.
5. Support of 2D and 3D CAD systems.
In addition to the above given basic calculations, the document also includes several other auxiliary calculations (e.
g. a calculation of lubricant operational viscosity, calculation of mean loads for bearings loaded by variable loads,
calculation of permitted bearing speed, etc.).
The programme uses data, procedures, algorithms and other information from specialised literature, catalogues of
rolling bearings SKF, ISO, ANSI, SAE standards and other sources.
Related standards: ISO 15, ISO 76, ISO 104, ISO 281, ISO 355, ISO 1132, ISO 5593, ISO 5753, ISO 3448, ISO
15312, DIN 615, DIN 620, DIN 625, DIN 628, DIN 630, DIN 635, DIN 711, DIN 715, DIN 720, DIN 722, DIN 728,
BS 290, BS 292, BS 3134
Hint: When selecting a suitable type of bearing, you can use the comparative document "Selection of a rolling
bearing".
Control, structure and syntax of calculations.

Information on the syntax and control of the calculation can be found in the document "Control, structure and
syntax of calculations".
Information on the project.

Information on the purpose, use and control of the paragraph "Information on the project" can be found in the
document "Information on the project".
Theory - Fundamentals.
Rolling bearings are produced in a wide scope of different designs and sizes. They usually consist of two rings,
rolling elements and a cage. The bearings are divided into several basic types according to their inner design, the
shape of rolling bodies and directions of the forces that can be retained. A comparison of individual types of rolling
bearings can be found in the document "Selection of a rolling bearing".
Basic types of rolling bearings are internationally standardized. Within the scope of each type the bearings are
produced in various designs whose properties may differ from the basic design. Detailed technical parameters of
rolling bearings are given in catalogues of individual producers.
Calculation of rolling bearings.
Selection of suitable dimensions of the bearing is determined by the amount, direction and type of load on the
bearing and its speed. Depending on the type of load on the bearing in operation, the bearings may be divided into
two groups for calculation purposes:
● Bearings loaded dynamically

In case of a dynamic loading the loaded bearing rotates and selection of a suitable bearing is determined by
its life due to contact fatigue of the material.
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Rolling bearings
● Bearings loaded statically

In case of a static loading the bearing is loaded at standstill, at very slow rotation or slow swinging
movements. Selection of a suitable bearing is determined by its static load rating.
Basic bearing life.

The life of a rolling bearing is understood as the number of its revolutions (or the period of its operation at the
given speed) to the moment when the first traces of fatigue of material on rolling elements or orbital paths appear.
Practical tests show that the life of identical bearings differs under the same operational conditions. In order to
assess the service life of bearings, the so-called basic life measurement has been introduced.
The basic life of rolling bearings is the life that is achieved or exceeded by 90% of identical bearings under the
same operational conditions provided that commonly used materials were used, usual production quality achieved
and bearings are operated under normal operational conditions. The basic life is defined by the equation:
where:
C ... basic dynamic bearing load rating [N, lb]
P ... equivalent bearing dynamic load [N, lb]
n ... bearing speed [1/min]
Basic dynamic load rating of the bearing is defined as a constant non-variable load at which the bearing
reaches the basic life of 1 million revolutions. Values of dynamic loading capacities are given for each bearing in
the respective catalogue.
Equivalent dynamic load rating of the bearing is defined exclusively as a radial load (with radial bearings) or
axial load (with axial bearings), at which all bearings of the same type show the same life as reached under
conditions of a real load. The amount of the equivalent load is described in the relation:
where:
r
X ... coefficient of radial dynamic load
Y ... coefficient of axial dynamic load
Values of the coefficients X, Y depend on the type, design and size of the bearing; with some types of bearings,
also on the direction and amount of the real load. These values are given for each bearing in the respective
catalogue.
Hint: Guiding values of the life can be found in par. [1.13].
Adjusted bearing life.

The basic life assesses the life of the rolling bearing only in view of loads acting on it and does not take into
account any other effects such as operational conditions, production quality or properties of the materials used.
Efforts to enhance the quality and reliability of the designs lead to the requirement to calculate the life of the
bearing more precisely and therefore the standard ISO has introduced a modified equation of the life:
where:
a1 ... coefficient of the life for the required reliability (see the table below)

Rolling bearings
a2 ... coefficient of the life for the given material properties and level of production technology
a3 ... coefficient of the life for the given operational conditions
Values of coefficient a1
Reliability [%] 90 95 96 97 98 99
a1 1.00 0.62 0.53 0.44 0.33 0.21
Due to the mutual dependence of coefficients a2 and a3 producers of bearings usually introduce the common value
a23. The value of this coefficient will depend, above all, on the quality of lubrication and according to
recommendations in ISO 281 it is determined in dependence on the type of bearing using the respective diagram
(see the picture).
Values of the coefficient a23 for radial roller bearings
where:
κ ... viscosity ratio (gives the rate between operational and rated lubricant viscosity κ=ν/ν1 - see the chapter on
lubrication of bearings)
η ... coefficient of the level of contamination of the lubricant (see par. [3.10])
P .... equivalent dynamic load
PU ... fatigue load limit (given for each bearing in the respective catalogue)
In case the producer does not give these values of limit fatigue loads with the bearings, you can use approximate
values in calculations as given in the following theoretical relations:
... for ball bearings

Rolling bearings
... for self-aligning ball bearings
... for other bearings
Load of the bearing.

The external system of forces acting on the seating must be distributed with a calculation of the bearing into the
forces acting in the radial and axial directions. The intersection of normal lines at contact points of rolling bodies
and orbital paths with the axis of the bearing (see the illustration) is considered the centre of the acting forces.
Additional dynamic forces (vibrations and surges) that increase loading on bearings usually occur with machines in
operation. These additional forces cannot usually be calculated or measured precisely. Their effects are therefore
expressed by various empirical factors that multiply the calculated radial and axial forces. In case of toothed gears,
the amount of these additional forces depends on the accuracy of toothing and in case of machines connected to
belt drives, on the type of belt and its prestressing. Values of the respective coefficients are usually given in
documents of producers of belts and gears, orientation values can be found in par. [1.15].
Fluctuating load.
The above-mentioned calculations of the life of rolling bearings are based on the presumption that the bearing is
operated under constant non-variable operational conditions. However, in practice this presumption is often not
fulfilled. In applications where the amount of direction of the load or speed, temperature, conditions of lubrication
or level of contaminations varies over the course of time, it is not possible to determine the bearing life directly. In
such cases it is necessary to divide the bearing working cycle into several time periods in which the operational
conditions are approximately constant (see the picture).

Rolling bearings
It is necessary to calculate the bearing life separately for each such period. The total bearing life can be
determined using the relation
where:
Lmhi ... partial bearing life for individual time periods with constant operational conditions [h]
ti ....... time portions of individual periods in the bearing’s total working cycle [%]
In an effort to design a bearing quickly, practical procedures use a simplified way of calculation of the bearing life
for some types of loads. In this calculation the external load of the bearing is replaced by a virtual mean
permanent load that shows the same effects on the bearing as an actually acting variable load. The procedures for
determination of the mean load for some common types of loads are given in the table.
Calculation of the bearing mean load Fm
Fluctuating load with linear change of the amount, at constant speed
Fluctuating load with sinusoidal course, at constant speed

Rolling bearings
Rotating load, at constant speed
Fluctuating load, at constant speed
Fluctuating load, at variable speed
where mean speed:
Oscillating motion

Rolling bearings
Oscillating motion is replaced by virtual rotation at the

speed equal to the frequency of oscillation:
where:
Fi ... partial non-variable load [N, lb]
ni ... constant speed during acting of partial loads [1/min]
ti ... time portions of acting of partial loads in the bearing’s total working cycle [%]
Note: The simplified calculation method gives sufficiently accurate results with calculations of basic life provided
that a variable load of constant direction is applied. Use of the simplified calculation is not suitable in case of a load
with variable amounts and directions and with calculations of modified life.
Effects of temperature on the bearing load rating.

Commonly produced and delivered rolling bearings are designed for operational temperatures up to 120 °C (100 °
C for sealed bearings). In case of use of a bearing at permanently higher temperatures it is necessary to modify it
during production to ensure its dimensional stability under operation. Bearings for use at high temperatures are
produced with thermal treatment, usually with greater clearances and a differently designed cage, possibly with
the use of special materials.
Requirements for the use, production and delivery of stabilized bearings must usually be consulted with the
producer, where you can find detailed technical parameters of the bearing. For the purposes of preliminary designs
it is possible to use the following orientation table.
Approximate load rating of stabilized bearings compared with common bearings of the same sizes
Limiting temperature 150 200 250 300 350
Supplementary
S0 S1 S2 S3 S4
designation
Load rating [%] 90 - 100 75 - 90 60 -75 50 - 60 45 - 50
Safety of bearings at static load.

A bearing at static load is loaded by forces at standstill, at very slow speed or slow swinging movements. The load
rating of the bearing is determined by permissible permanent deformations of orbital paths and rolling bodies. The
coefficient of safety s0 gives the standard of safety of static-loaded rolling bearings and is defined by the following
relation:
where:
C0 ... basic bearing static load rating [N, lb]
P0 ... equivalent bearing static load rating [N, lb]
Basic static load rating of the bearing is defined as the external load that causes a permanent deformation of
0.0001 of the diameter of the rolling body at the contact point of the most loaded rolling body. This permanent
deformation usually has no adverse effects on the bearing function. Values of static load ratings are given for each
bearing in the respective catalogues.

Rolling bearings
Equivalent static load rating of the bearing is defined exclusively as radial load (with radial bearings) and axial
load (with axial bearings) respectively, which causes a permanent deformation in the bearing and this deformation
is of the same size as under actual conditions of loading. The amount of the equivalent load is described by the
relation
where:
r
X0 ... coefficient of radial static load
Y0 ... coefficient of axial static load
Values of the coefficient X0,Y0 depend on the type, design and size of the bearing. These values are given for each
bearing in the respective catalogue.
Hint: Guide values of the coefficient of safety can be found in par. [1.14].
Friction and warming of bearings.

The friction moment of rolling bearings depends on many factors (design of the bearing, method of lubrication,
speed, etc.) and it is very difficult to determine exactly. Practical calculations therefore use a simplified model with
the use of an estimated coefficient of friction. Under the assumption of normal operational conditions and good
lubrication an approximate friction moment can be calculated with rolling bearings operated at mean speed using
the equation
where:
P ... equivalent dynamic load of the bearing [N]
d ... diameter of the bearing hole [mm]
f ... coefficient of friction (depending on the type of bearing, f=<0.0010...0.0050>)
In case of sealed bearings the moment from the friction sealing must be added to the calculated friction moment.
The resulting friction moment further determines the power loss NR that is equal to the heat produced in the
seating:
where:
Calculation of bearings with angular contact

In case the shaft is seated in two single row angular contact ball bearings or in two tapered roller bearings, a
mutual inner axial force is produced with radial load in the bearings. This force will naturally affect the bearing load
rating and therefore it must be included in the calculation. The amount of the axial load of one bearing depends on
the contact angle and arrangement of both bearings, on the amount of radial forces F , F and on the direction
rA rB
and amount of the external axial force K .
a

Rolling bearings
The calculation must also consider the seating as a unit and both bearings must be designed at the same time.
Operational conditions.
Required minimum load rating of the bearing.
Higher speeds create a danger of rolling elements slipping between the orbital paths of the rings with unloaded
bearings due to centrifugal forces. This may adversely affect wear of the bearing and thus reduce its life. The
bearing should be loaded by a certain minimum force under operation to ensure correct rolling. The amount and
size of this force depends on the type, design and size of bearing and operational conditions. The relations for
determining the minimum load are usually given in catalogues of individual producers.
Operating temperature.
The heat that is produced by friction must be dissipated to achieve thermal balance. The operational temperature
depends on many factors; its calculation is very complicated and leads to a system of non-linear equations. The
following relation can be used for fast orientation:
where:
t0 ..... ambient temperature [°C]
NR .... power loss [W]
WS ... coefficient of cooling [W/°C]
The coefficient of cooling gives the amount of heat being dissipated into the ambient air at a temperature drop of
1 °C. For bearings seated in frame machines it can be determined approximately using the relation
where:
D ... outer diameter of the bearing [mm]
v ... velocity of air [m/s] (v~1-2 for bearings inside the buildings, v~2-4 for bearings in the open air)
Limiting speed.
The speed of rolling bearings cannot be increased without any limitation. Centrifugal forces of the bearing increase
its loading, inaccuracy of its run causes vibrations and friction in the bearing causes warming. Limit speed depends
on the type, design and size of bearing, its accuracy, and the design of the cage, inner clearances and operational
conditions in its seating and, above all, the highest permissible temperature of the lubricant.
No specific and generally applicable limit of permissible speed can be determined exactly for rolling bearings.
Producers give in their dimensional tables guide values of limit speeds for individual bearings for the purposes of

Rolling bearings
fast orientation. These values are based on practical experience and are applicable for bearings with normal
clearances and produced at normal levels of accuracy provided that they are operated under normal conditions and
with usual cooling. The given limit speeds can be exceeded in certain individual cases, however, it is advisable to
consult this with the producer.
In addition to limit speeds, some producers also state in their catalogues of rolling bearings values of so-called
thermal reference speeds. The reference speed gives the limit permissible speed of the bearing under exactly
defined conditions and serves as an initial value for determining the permitted speed of the bearing for the given
operational conditions.
where:
nr ... reference speed [1/min]
fp ... adjustment factor for the given type, size and load of bearing
fv ... adjustment factor for the chosen conditions of lubrication
The method of determining adjustment factors is described in catalogues of individual producers or in ISO 15312.
The reference speeds given in the dimensional tables are defined for the following operational conditions:
● Bearing temperature 70 °C
● Ambient temperature 20 °C
● load P=0.05*C0
● Lubricant kinematic viscosity

ν = 12 [mm2/s] ... oil lubricated radial bearings
ν = 24 [mm2/s] ... oil lubricated thrust bearings
ν40 = 100-200 [mm2/s] ... grease lubrication
Lubrication of rolling bearings.

The reason for lubricating rolling bearings is to create a carrying lubrication film on contacts between rolling bodies
with orbital paths of the rings. In addition, the lubricant protects the bearing from corrosion, improves its sealing,
exhibits cooling effects and lubricates the surfaces of the bearing with sliding friction.
Rolling bearings can be lubricated by plastic or liquid lubricants. Selection of a suitable lubricant is determined,
above all, by the speed, operational temperature, position of the shafts, general concept of seating and economy
of operation. If permitted by operational conditions, greases are preferred with rolling bearings.
Grease lubrication.
Grease lubrication is preferential particularly as regards easy operation, economy and sealing of bearings against
dirt and moisture. It enables a simple arrangement of seating and is better suited for high and surge loading.
Greases must show good lubrication capability and high chemical, thermal and mechanical stability. The market
offers a wide range of suitable greases. In addition, most producers of rolling bearings offer their own ranges of
lubricants.
Greases offered by SKF
Viscosity [mm2/s] Temperature [°
Design. Description
40 °C 100 °C C]
LGMT2 All purpose industrial and automotive 110 11 -30 ... 120
LGMT3 All purpose industrial and automotive 120 12 -30 ... 120
LGEP2 Extreme pressure, high load 200 16 -20 ... 110

Rolling bearings
Low load and temperature, high

LGLT2 15 3.7 -55 ... 100
speed
High performance and high
LGHP2 96 10.5 -40 ... 150
temperature
LGFP2 Food compatible 130 7.3 -20 ... 110
LGGB2 Biodegradable and low toxicity 110 13 -40 ... 120
LGLC2 Low temperature and high speed 24 4.7 -40 ... 120
LGWA2 Wide temperature range 185 15 -30 ... 140
LGHB2 High viscosity and high temperature 450 26.5 -20 ... 150
LGET2 Extreme temperature 400 38 -40 ... 260
LGEM2 High viscosity 500 32 -20 ... 120
LGEV2 Extreme high viscosity 1000 58 -10 ... 120
LGWM1 Extreme pressure, low temperature 200 16 -30 ... 110
Grease has a limited life in the bearing. The reason is its leakage from the bearing and impairment of its properties
over the course of time. Therefore, it is necessary to refill or replace the lubricant at certain time intervals. The
refill intervals will depend on the type and size of bearing and operational conditions. The recommended refill
periods are given for individual bearings in catalogues of the producers
Oil lubrication.
Lubrication of rolling bearings by oil is not so good and is usually used only in the following cases:
● Speed of the bearing is so high that refilling intervals for lubrication by grease would be too short
● Operational temperature is higher than the permissible temperature for greases
● The adjacent parts are lubricated by oil
● Lubrication by oil flow is required for intensive cooling of the bearing
● Lubrication of spherical roller bearings
Depending on the operational conditions and desired design of seating several different types of oil lubrication of
rolling bearings are used (oil bath, circulation of oil, spraying of oil, oil mist). Bearings are usually lubricated by
mineral oils. Kinematic viscosity is the decisive property of oil; it decreases with increasing temperature. Practical
experience shows that in the case of common seating the viscosity of oil should not drop below 12 mm2/s at
operational temperatures. The rated viscosity that is determined in dependence on the mean diameter and speed
of the bearing is the guiding factor for the selection of an oil with suitable operational viscosity.
Rated viscosity ν1

Rolling bearings
The qualitative standard of lubrication of rolling bearings is given in the viscosity ratio:
where:
ν .... viscosity of the lubricant at operational temperatures [mm2/s]
ν1 ... rated viscosity [mm2/s]
For the viscosity ratio κ<1 it is recommended to use a high-pressure oil with EP additives. Very long fatigue life
can be achieved at κ=3..4.
Viscosity of mineral oils ν40 at reference temperature 40 °C (~100 °F).

Rolling bearings
Hint: The auxiliary calculation in par. [4.1] can be used for fast determination of viscosity of the lubricant.
Production accuracy and matching of rolling bearings.

Accuracy of dimensions and run.
Accuracy of rolling bearings is understood as accuracy of their dimensions, shape and run (radial and axial run-out
of the rings). Bearings are commonly produced at normal accuracy, which is not marked in the name of the
bearing. Accuracy of bearings is standardized internationally, and markings of individual levels of accuracy can be
found in the table:
Standard Accuracy class

GB G E D C B
ISO Normal Class6 Class5 Class4 Class2
ANSI ABEC-1 ABEC-3 ABEC-5 ABEC-7 ABEC-9
DIN P0 P6 P5 P4 P2
JIS 0 6 5 4 2
Bearing clearance.
Clearance of the bearing is the amount of free shift of one ring against the other from one margin position to the
other. Correct run of the bearing is influenced, above all, by its radial clearance. Bearings with normal radial
clearance, C0, which is not marked in the name of the bearing, are designed for normal operational conditions.
Smaller clearances, C2, or greater clearances, C3, C4, C5, are chosen for significantly different operational
conditions.
Matching of rolling bearings.

Rolling bearings
Selection of correctly matching bearing rings on the shaft and in the body has great importance as for the life of
the rolling bearing. When selecting suitable tolerances, the following conditions are critical:
● Amount and way of loading
● Dilatation of the seated parts
● Thermal conditions in the bearing
● Requirements for accuracy, installation and dismounting of bearings
● Material and rigidity of the parts
Orientation values for the selection of tolerances can be found in the following tables; exact data for individual
types and sizes of bearings can be found in the respective catalogue.
Tolerances of diameters of shafts for radial bearings
Tolerance for bearings
cylindrical spherical
Operating conditions
ball and taper and toroidal
roller roller
Stationary inner ring load
Light and normal loads g6
Heavy and shock loads h6
Rotating inner ring load or direction of load indeterminate
Light and variable loads (P<0.07*C) j6, k6 j6, k6
k5, k6, m5,
j5, k5, k6, m5, k5, k6, m5, m6,
Normal and heavy loads (P>0.07*C) m6, n6, p6,
m6, n6 n6, p6
r6, r7
Very heavy loads, shock loads (P>0.15*C) n6, r6, p6 n6, r6, p6
High mounting precision, light loads h5, j5, k5 j5, k5
Axial loads only
j6, js6 j6, js6
Tolerances of diameters of holes for radial bearings

Operating conditions Tolerance
Rotating outer ring load
Very heavy loads, shock loads (P>0.15*C) P7
Normal and heavy loads (P>0.07*C) N7
Light and variable loads (P<0.07*C) M7
Direction of load indeterminate
Heavy shock loads M7
Normal and heavy loads (P>0.07*C) K7
Light and normal loads (P<0.07*C) J7
Accurate or quiet running
Ball bearings J6
Other bearings JS5, K5, K6
Stationary outer ring load
All loads (P<0.15*C) H7, H8
Heat conduction through shaft G7
Tolerances of diameters of shafts and holes of bodies for axial bearings

Tolerance
Bearing type

Rolling bearings
shaft housing
Thrust ball, Cylindrical roller thrust
j6, h6, h8 H7, H8, H10
bearings
Spherical roller thrust bearings j6, js6, k6, m6, n6 H7, K7, M7
Process of calculation.
Selection, calculation and check of a rolling bearing consist of the following steps:
1. Set up the desired calculation units (SI/Imperial). [1.1]
2. Select the desired type of bearing in the selection list [1.2]. When selecting a suitable type of bearing, you
can use the comparative document "Selection of a rolling bearing".
3. Provided that the type of the bearing is produced in various designs, select the suitable design in the lists
in par. [1.3].
4. In par. [1.7] enter the parameters of loading of the bearing. In case of bearings loaded by variable loads
use the auxiliary calculation [5] to determine the mean load.
5. In case the bearing will be loaded by additional dynamic forces under operation, define the respective
coefficients in par. [1.15].
6. Enter the desired life of the bearing [1.13] and safety at static loading of the bearing [1.14].
7. Activate the automatic search for a suitable bearing by pressing the button "Find first" in row [2.1]. In
case the calculation cannot find any suitable bearing, select another type [1.2] or design of bearing [1.3]
and repeat the calculation.
Warning: For shafts seated in a pair of tapered roller bearings or angular contact ball bearings, use the
special calculation in chapter [6] for selection of the bearings.
8. Check the parameters of the designed bearing in par. [2]; perform an additional calculation, if necessary,
to arrive at the modified life of the bearing in par. [3] for known operational parameters. In case some
recommended values are exceeded with the designed bearing or the bearing does not meet your
requirements, use the button "Find next" to find another bearing. A suitable bearing can also be selected
manually in the list [2.1].
9. Save the book with the suitable solution under a new name.
Selection of bearing type, bearing loads. [1]

In this paragraph perform selection of the desired type and design of bearing, define its loading and enter the
desired physical properties of the bearing.
1.1 Calculation units.
Select the desired calculation units in the selection list. When switching over the units, all values will be
recalculated immediately.
Warning: When setting units different from the units used in the respective catalogue of a producer of bearings, the
respective table parameters of the bearing will be rounded during recalculation.
1.2 Bearing type.
Select the desired type of bearing in the selection list. A comparison of basic types of rolling bearings can be found
in the document "Selection of a rolling bearing".
Warning: In case the shaft is seated in two single row angular contact ball bearings or in two tapered roller
bearings, use the auxiliary calculation in par. [6] for selection and check of the bearings.
1.3 Bearing design.
Within the range of each type, rolling bearings may be produced in a different design with some properties

Rolling bearings
different from the basic design. In case the producer delivers various designs of the selected type [1.2], the
programme offers the respective selection lists in rows [1.4 .. 1.6]. Set up the desired design of the bearing in
these lists.
1.7 Bearing load.
In this paragraph enter the radial and axial components of external loads of the bearing and its speed at constant
non-variable operational conditions.
Hint: In case the actual load of the bearing is fluctuating, use the auxiliary calculation in par. [5] to determine the
mean non-variable load. Detailed information on calculations of bearings operated under variable operational
conditions can be found in the theoretical section of the Help.
1.12 Required parameters of bearing.
In this paragraph enter the required physical properties of the bearing. In case of bearings loaded dynamically
their life will be critical; in case of bearings loaded statically their safety coefficient will be critical.
1.13 Bearing life.
Enter the desired life of the bearing.
Guide values of the life of rolling bearings
Bearing life
Machine type
[hours]
Household machines, agricultural machines, instruments, technical
300 - 3000
equipment for medical use
Machines used for short periods or intermittently: electric hand
3000 - 8000 tools, lifting tackle in workshops, construction equipment and
machines
Machines used for short periods or intermittently where high
8000 - 12000 operational reliability is required: lifts (elevators), cranes for
packaged goods or slings of drums etc.
Machines for use 8 hours a day, but not always fully utilized: gear
10000 - 25000 drives for general purposes, electric motors for industrial use, rotary
crushers
Machines for use 8 hours a day and fully utilized: machine tools,
woodworking machines, machines for the engineering industry,
20000 - 30000
cranes for bulk materials, ventilator fans, conveyor belts, printing
equipment, separators and centrifuges
Machines for continuous 24 hour use: rolling mill gear units,
40000 - 50000 medium-sized electrical machinery, compressors, mine hoists,
pumps, textile machinery
Wind energy machinery, this includes main shaft, yaw, pitching
30000 - 100000
gearbox, generator bearings
Water works machinery, rotary furnaces, cable stranding machines,
60000 - 100000
propulsion machinery for ocean-going vessels
Large electric machines, power generation plant, mine pumps, mine
> 100000
ventilator fans, tunnel shaft bearings for ocean-going vessels
In case of wheeled vehicles, their life is usually given in millions of driven kilometres.
Bearing life
Type of vehicle
[106 km]
0.1 - 0.3 Road vehicles
0.8 Railway vehicles - freight wagons
1.5 Railway vehicles - underground carriages, tramway vehicles
3 Railway vehicles - passenger coaches
3-5 Railway vehicles - diesel and electric locomotives
For recalculation use the following relation:

Rolling bearings
where:
D ... diameter of the vehicle wheel [m]
1.14 Static safety factor.
Enter the desired safety at static loading of the bearing.
Minimum permissible values of the static safety coefficient
Other
Operating conditions Ball bearings
bearings
Rotation movement, only requirements regarding quiet running
Smooth operation, vibration-free 0.5 1
Pronounced shock loads 1.5 2.5
Rotation movement, normal requirements regarding quiet running
Smooth operation, vibration-free 1 1.5
Pronounced shock loads 1.5 3
Rotation movement, high requirements regarding quiet running
Smooth operation, vibration-free 2 3
Non-rotating bearings
Smooth operation, vibration-free 0.4 0.8
Oscillating motion
great oscillation amplitude with small frequency and
with 1.5 2
approximately steady periodic loading
small oscillation amplitude with high frequency and
with 2 3
shock uneven loading
Note: In case of axial spherical roller bearings it is recommended to use the minimum value of the coefficient
s0=4.
1.15 Additional dynamic forces.
Additional dynamic forces (vibrations and surges) that increase loading on bearings usually occur with machines in
operation. These additional forces cannot usually be calculated or measured precisely. Their effects are therefore
expressed by various empirical factors that multiply the calculated radial and axial forces.
In this paragraph define the individual factor depending on the type of machine used. The resulting factor of
additional forces is calculated additionally in [1.11].
1.17 Additional forces from geared transmission.
In case of transmissions with toothed gears the amount of additional forces will depend on the accuracy of the
toothing and machines connected to the transmission.
The factor of additional forces fk, resulting from inaccuracy of toothing, should be entered in row [1.19]. The
recommended values for the selected type of toothing [1.18] are given in the green field.
The factor of additional forces from the connected machines fd should be entered in row [1.21]. The recommended

Rolling bearings
values for the selected type of machine [1.20] are given in the green field.
Note: When ticking the checkboxes [1.19, 1.21] the calculation automatically introduces the mean values of factors.
1.22 Additional forces from belt drives.
In case of belt drives, the amount of additional forces will depend on the type of belt and its pre-stressing. The
factor of additional forces fp should be entered in row [1.24]. Data on its amount are usually given in materials
from the producers of the belts. If the data are not available, use the recommended values that are given for the
selected type of belt [1.23] in the green field. Higher values in the given range should be used for short lengths of
shafts, surge loads or large pre-stressing of belts.
Note: When ticking the checkbox [1.24] the calculation automatically introduces the mean value of the factor.
Selection of bearing size. [2]

This paragraph can be used for selection of a bearing of a suitable size. Dimensions of the bearing should be
selected in par. [2.1]. Physical properties, dimensional and operational parameters of the selected bearing are
calculated in par. [2.2] in real time.
Hint: The programme provides a function of automatic searching for a bearing of a suitable size to facilitate the
design. Automatic selection of the bearing can be activated using the buttons in row [2.1].
2.1 Bearing size.
In the selection list select a bearing with the desired dimensions. Individual bearings are listed in ascending order
according to inner diameter. The table parameters of the bearing are arranged in columns in the following order:
- Main dimensions of the bearing (inner and outer diameter, width of the bearing)
- Basic dynamic and static load rating of the bearing (C, C0)
- Reference and limit speeds (nr, nmax)
- Marking of the bearing
Automatic selection of the bearing
The programme provides a function of automatic searching for a bearing of a suitable size to facilitate the design.
After pressing the button "Find first" the programme finds the first bearing that meets the requirements for life
and static safety as defined in par. [1.12]. In case some recommended values are exceeded with the proposed
bearing or this bearing does not meet the desired requirements, use the button "Find next" to find another
bearing.
When searching for a suitable bearing, the programme also checks any possible exceeding of the permitted load
[2.9, 2.10]. In case the calculation cannot find a suitable bearing, select another type [1.2] or design of bearing
[1.3] and repeat the calculation.
Note: Bearings that are marked with "*" belong to a new range of high quality bearings, "SKF Explorer".
2.2 Parameters of the selected bearing.
Basic parameters of the selected bearing are calculated additionally in this paragraph in real time. Physical
properties and operational parameters of the bearing are given in the left part, its dimensions in the right part.
Hint: The meaning and a detailed description of individual parameters can be found in the theoretical section of the
Help.
2.9, 2.10 Permissible radial or axial load.
Not all types of rolling bearings can carry combined loads. Some types are designed only for retaining radial forces,
other types for axial forces; some types may carry only limited loads in the given direction. The recommended
amounts of permitted loads are prescribed for the given types by producers and calculated additionally for the
selected bearing in row [2.9] or [2.10] resp.
Note: In case the producer does not give any limitations to carrying combined loads for the given type and design
of bearing, no values will be given in rows [2.9, 2.10].
2.13 Power loss.
Reference value which is valid for given type and size of the bearing with the assumption of standard operating
conditions, load P/C≈0.1 and good type of lubrication.
Operating parameters, adjusted bearing life. [3]
The adjusted life [3.12] and recommended amount of minimum load [3.6] are calculated additionally for the given

Rolling bearings
operational parameters (lubrication) of the selected bearing in this paragraph.

3.1 Kinematic viscosity of the lubricant.
In row [3.3] enter the kinematic viscosity of the lubricant used at the operating temperature. In case of plastic
lubricants the kinematic viscosity of its basic oil component is given.
Practical experience shows that in the case of common seating the viscosity of oil should not drop below 12 mm2/s
at operating temperatures. The rated viscosity [3.2] that is determined in dependence on the mean diameter and
speed of the bearing is the guiding factor for the selection of an oil with suitable operating viscosity. The
qualitative standard of lubrication of rolling bearings is given in the viscosity ratio [3.4]. For the viscosity ratio κ<1
it is recommended to use a high-pressure oil with EP additives. Very long fatigue life can be achieved at κ=3..4.
Hint: Use the auxiliary calculation [4.1] to determine the operational viscosity of the lubricant.
Warning: Commonly produced and used rolling bearings are designed for operational temperatures up to 120 °C
(100 °C for sealed bearings).
Note: Detailed information on lubrication of rolling bearings can be found in the theoretical section of the Help and
catalogues of producers.
3.5 Requisite minimum load.
Higher speeds create a danger of rolling elements slipping between the orbital paths of the rings with unloaded
bearings due to centrifugal forces. This may adversely affect wear of the bearing and thus reduce its life. The
bearing should be loaded by a certain minimum force under operation to ensure correct rolling. The amount and
size of this force depends on the type, design and size of bearing and operational conditions. The recommended
amount of the minimum load is additionally calculated for the given bearing in row [3.6].
3.7 Calculation of the adjusted rating life.
The basic life [2.5] assesses the life of the rolling bearing only in view of loads acting on it and does not take into
account any other effects such as operational conditions, production quality or properties of the materials used.
This paragraph includes the adjusted life of the selected bearing calculated for the given load, desired reliability
and assumed operating viscosity and the level of contamination of the lubricant.
Note: Calculation of the adjusted life is performed according to the methodology of ISO 281.
Hint: Detailed information on calculating the adjusted life of rolling bearings can be found in the theoretical section
of the Help.
3.9 Required reliability.
Select the desired reliability in the selection list.
The reliability gives the percentage share of bearings from a group of identical bearings working under the same
operational conditions that reach the calculated operation life. The basic life of rolling bearings [2.5] is determined
for a reliability of 90%.
3.10 Contamination of the lubricant.
In row [3.11] enter the factor of the level of contamination of the lubricant. Its amount varies in the interval
<0..1>; the recommended values for the selected level of contamination [3.10] are given in the green field.
Level of contamination of the lubricant is divided into several levels:
● Extreme cleanliness - Laboratory conditions (η=1)
● High cleanliness - Oil filtered through an extremely fine filter; typical for greases with sealed bearings
● Normal cleanliness - Oil filtered through a fine filter; typical for greases with bearings shields on both sides
● Slight contamination - Slightly contaminated lubricant
● Typical contamination - Typical conditions for bearings without integrated sealing; coarse oil filter,
lubricant contaminated by particles rubbed from neighboring machine parts
● Severe contamination - Strongly contaminated ambient environment; arrangement of bearings with

insufficient sealing

Rolling bearings
● Very severe contamination - η=0
Note: When ticking the checkbox [3.11] the calculation automatically introduces the mean value of the coefficient
depending on the selected level of contamination of the lubricant [3.10].
Auxiliary calculations. [4]

This paragraph gives some auxiliary calculations for approximate determination of some operational parameters of
rolling bearings (operating viscosity of the lubricant, length of relubrication intervals, desired oil flow, etc.).
4.1 Calculation of operating viscosity.
This paragraph is designed to determine the approximate kinematic viscosity of the selected lubricant at the
operating temperature [4.2]. The calculation is divided into two parts:
● Determination of operating viscosity of mineral oils [4.3]

Calculation of the operating viscosity is based on the known oil viscosity [4.5] at the reference temperature 40
°C (~100 °F).
● Determination of operating viscosity of other lubricants [4.7]

Calculation of the operating viscosity is based on two known values of kinematic viscosity of the lubricant
[4.9] at various temperatures [4.8].
Note: Exact values of operating viscosity can be found in the material sheets of the respective lubricants.
4.11 Bearing lubrication.
The desired oil flow [4.13] or the length of the relubrication interval [4.14] resp. are additionally calculated for the
selected bearing [2.1] and the selected method of lubrication [4.12].
Note: The selected method of lubrication is also decisive in calculating the permissible speed of the bearing [4.15].
4.13 Desired oil volume flow.
The necessary flow of oil for cooling the bearing with circulatory lubrication is determined for the given warming of
the bearing (power loss [2.13]) in this row. The calculated oil flow is a theoretical table value that is determined
for the difference in temperatures at the oil inlet and outlet, ∆T=10 °C.
Note: The calculation does not take into account any external cooling of the bearing due to heat conduction,
radiation or convection. Practical experience shows that under normal cooling conditions there will be sufficient oil
flow approx. 20-40% lower, under very good cooling conditions up to 70% lower.
4.14 Relubrication interval.
The recommended length of the relubrication interval is determined for the given load and speed of the selected
bearing. The given value is valid for loads C/P>4, normal lubrication conditions and operational temperature of the
lubricant up to 70 °C (~160 °F). In case of higher temperatures the additional lubrication interval is shorter.
4.15 Calculation of permissible speed.
The permissible speed of the bearing is determined for the given load, method of lubrication [4.12] and viscosity of
the lubricant [4.17] in this paragraph. The calculated value is for orientation purposes only and can be applied for
a lubricant with reference viscosity ν40 up to 460 [mm2/s], at normal cooling conditions, temperature of the
lubricant 70 °C and ambient temperature 20 °C.
Fluctuating bearing load. [5]
The used calculations of the life of rolling bearings are based on the presumption that the bearing is operated
under constant non-variable operational conditions. However, in practice this presumption is often not fulfilled.
The auxiliary calculation in this paragraph is designed to determine the mean non-variable loading in applications
where the bearing is exposed to a loading of a variable amount in a constant direction at a constant or variable
speed.

Rolling bearings
When calculating the mean loading, proceed in the following steps:
1. Divide the working cycle into several time periods in which the operational conditions are approximately
constant (see the picture).
2. In the selection list [5.1] set up the number of these time periods.
3. In the input table [5.2] define the operational conditions for individual time periods.
4. The mean non-variable loading is additionally calculated in par. [5.3]. Using the button "Transfer" then
transfer data on the loading to the main calculation.
Warning: This calculation is approximate only and gives sufficiently accurate results with calculations of basic life
provided that the variable loading has a constant direction. For calculations of a adjusted life (or if the bearing is
exposed to a load of variable amounts and directions) it is more suitable to select a more complex method of
calculating the life of rolling bearings. Detailed information on calculations of bearings working under variable
operational conditions can be found in the theoretical section of the Help.
Calculation of bearings with angular contact. [6]

In case the shaft is seated in two single row angular contact ball bearings or in two tapered roller bearings, a
mutual inner axial force is produced with radial load in the bearings. This force will naturally affect the bearing load
rating and therefore it must be included in the calculation. The amount of the axial load of one bearing depends on
the contact angle and arrangement of both bearings, on the amount of radial forces F , F and on the direction
rA rB
and amount of the external axial force K .
a
The calculation must also consider the seating as a unit and both bearings must be designed at the same time. In

Rolling bearings
case of the design of bearings, proceed in the following steps:
1. Activation of a switch in Fig. [6.1] selects the respective arrangement of bearings and direction of action of
the external axial force. The calculation assumes action of an external force in the shaft axis. In case the
external axial force is acting on the bearing body, forces in the opposite direction in the shaft must be
considered.
2. In the selection list [6.2] select the desired bearing type.
3. Enter the amount of the external axial force [6.3].
4. In the pop-up lists [6.5, 6.13] select the designs of both bearings.
5. Enter the respective radial loads [6.6, 6.14] for both bearings.
6. In the following step it is necessary to select both bearings step-by-step. In case the entered data are
definite, the programme shows recommendations in rows [6.4] or [6.12] respectively, for which bearing
must be designed the first.
7. Activate the automatic search for a suitable bearing using the buttons "Find first" in rows [6.7, 6.15]. The
basic life of both bearings will be additionally calculated in rows [6.10, 6.18].
8. Using the buttons "Transfer" in rows [6.11, 6.19] you can transfer the selected bearings into the main
calculation. Here check the parameters of the designed bearing in par. [2] and additionally calculate the
adjusted life of the bearing in par. [3] for known operational parameters, if necessary.
Warning: Here the performed calculation of the bearings works with the following data from the introductory
paragraph:
- speed of the bearing [1.8]
- desired life [1.13]
- additional dynamic forces defined in par. [1.15]
Therefore it is necessary to enter these data in par. [1].
Graphic output, CAD systems.

Information on options of 2D and 3D graphic outputs and information on cooperation with 2D and 3D CAD systems
can be found in the document "Graphic output, CAD systems".
Setting calculations, change the language.

Information on setting of calculation parameters and setting of the language can be found in the document
"Setting calculations, change the language".
Workbook modifications (calculation).

General information on how to modify and extend calculation workbooks is mentioned in the document
"Workbook (calculation) modifications".

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Rolling bearings

● Setting, change the language

Control, structure and syntax of calculations.

Information on the project.

● Bearings loaded dynamically

● Bearings loaded statically

Basic bearing life.

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Adjusted bearing life.

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... for ball bearings

... for self-aligning ball bearings

... for other bearings

Load of the bearing.

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Fluctuating load with sinusoidal course, at constant speed

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Rotating load, at constant speed

Fluctuating load, at constant speed

Fluctuating load, at variable speed

where mean speed:

Oscillating motion is replaced by virtual rotation at the

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Effects of temperature on the bearing load rating.

Safety of bearings at static load.

Friction and warming of bearings.

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Calculation of bearings with angular contact

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The method of determining adjustment factors is described in catalogues of individual producers or in

● Lubricant kinematic viscosity

Lubrication of rolling bearings.

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Viscosity [mm2/s] Temperature

● Operational temperature is higher than the permissible temperature for greases

● The adjacent parts are lubricated by oil

● Lubrication by oil flow is required for intensive cooling of the bearing

● Lubrication of spherical roller bearings

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Viscosity of mineral oils ν40 at reference temperature 40 °C (~100 °F).

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Production accuracy and matching of rolling bearings.

Standard Accuracy class

Matching of rolling bearings.

● Amount and way of loading

● Dilatation of the seated parts

● Thermal conditions in the bearing

● Requirements for accuracy, installation and dismounting of bearings

● Material and rigidity of the parts

Tolerances of diameters of holes for radial bearings

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Normal and heavy loads (P>0.07*C) N7

Tolerances of diameters of shafts and holes of bodies for axial bearings

1. Set up the desired calculation units (SI/Imperial). [1.1]

Selection of bearing type, bearing loads. [1]

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D ... diameter of the vehicle wheel [m]

Selection of bearing size. [2]

2.1 Bearing size.

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● Extreme cleanliness - Laboratory conditions (η=1)

● Slight contamination - Slightly contaminated lubricant